Momentum and Its Conservation
1 Impulse and Momentum
REVIEW
VOCABULARY Recall and write the definition of the Review Vocabulary term.
angular velocity angular velocity the angular displacement of an object
divided by the time needed to make the angular
displacement.
NEW VOCABULARY
impulse Use your book to fill in the term that matches each definition.
the product of the average net force on an object and the time
Momentum interval over which it acts
the product of the object’s mass (m) and the object’s velocity (v)
impulse-momentum
theorem
states that the impulse on an object is equal to the change in its
momentum
angular momentum
the product of a rotating object’s moment of inertia and angular velocity
angular impulse-
angular momentum
states that an angular impulse on an object is equal to the change in
the object’s angular momentum
theorem.
Complete the diagram to identify two ways to write the equation for
impulse.
F∆t
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in terms of
in terms of momentum
velocity
ff-fi
mvp-mvi
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1 Impulse and Momentum (continued)
Describe the impulse-momentum theorem by completing the diagram.
Impulse-Momentum Theorem
relates
Impulse change in
and
on an object momentum.
w
which is
the which is
the
product of
product of
force
and mass
time and
velocity
Write a sentence about each of the following properties of an impulse.
Its direction second direction at applied force
Impulse How it is determined from a force-time graph
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Use with
Example TRY IT !
Problem 1. Problem
A skateboarder traveling at 4.45 m/s can be stopped by a strong
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Use this column for force in 1.82 s and by a weak force in 5.34 s. The mass of the
scratch work and skateboarder and the skateboard is 53.6 kg. What is the impulse on
sketches. the skateboarder? What is the average force on the skateboarder in
each of these stops?
1. ANALYZE AND SKETCH THE PROBLEM
KNOWNS UNKNOWNS
m = 53,6kg impulse = ?
∆vi = 4,45m/s ∆vf = 0 fstrong = ?
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1 Impulse and Momentum (continued)
∆tStrong force = 1,82s ∆tWeak force = 5.34s F weak = ?
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1 Impulse and Momentum (continued)
2. SOLVE FOR THE UNKNOWNS
Determine the initial and final momentum.
pf=MVf=53.6x0=0
pf=MVf=53.6x4.45=238.52 kg m/s
Apply the impulse-momentum theorem to determine the impulse.
p=pf-pi=o-238.52
=-238.52 kg m/s
Use the impulse to determine the force needed to stop the
skateboarder.
f strong=
3. EVALUATE THE ANSWER
• Explain why the magnitude of the force is realistic considering
the times. The change in momentum can be achieved by
a large force over short time or a small force over long
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Summarize a way that angular momentum is important for ice skating.
Ice skating happens in very low friction, any small change in direction
will increase the angular momentum and the skater will lose control.
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1 Impulse and Momentum (continued)
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1 Impulse and Momentum (continued)
Use with
Example TRY IT !
Problem 2. Problem
Use this column for An object spins with an angular momentum of 8.9 kg⋅m2/s. A torque
scratch work and on the object causes it to slow to a stop in 5.2 s. What was the
sketches. angular impulse on the object? What was the average torque on it?
1. ANALYZE AND SKETCH THE PROBLEM
KNOWNS UNKNOWNS
Li = 8.9kg.m2/s Lf = 0 angular impulse = ?
∆t = 5,25s average torque=
?
2. SOLVE FOR THE UNKNOWNS
Determine the angular impulse from the change in angular momentum.
Angular impulse=
Apply the impulse-momentum theorem to determine the impulse.
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3. EVALUATE THE ANSWER
• Is the unit of torque correct?
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• Is the magnitude of the torque realistic?
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1 Impulse and Momentum (continued)
CHECK YOUR PROGRESS
9. Momentum Which has more momentum, a truck that is parked or a
falling raindrop? Explain.
a falling raindrop has move momentum vecause a parked truck has zero momentum
10. Momentum Is the momentum of a car traveling south different from that of
the same car when it travels north at the same speed? Draw the momentum
vectors to support your answer.
no because momentum is a vector quantity
they has both magnitude and direction.
11. Impulse and Momentum When you jump from a height to the ground, you let
your legs bend at the knees as your feet hit the floor. Explain why you do this in
terms of the physics concepts introduced in this module.
12. Impulse and Momentum A 0.174-kg softball is pitched horizontally at 26.0 m/s.
The ball moves in the opposite direction at 38.0 m/s after it is hit by the bat.
a. Draw arrows showing the ball's
momentum before and after the bat hits
it.
b. What is the change in momentum of the ball?
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c. What is the impulse delivered by the bat? ©
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d. If the bat and ball are in contact for 0.80
ms, what is the average force the bat
exerts?
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1 Impulse and Momentum (continued)
13. Momentum The speed of a basketball as it is dribbled is the same just before
and just after the ball hits the floor. Is the impulse on and the change in momentum
of the basketball equal to zero when the basketball hits the floor? If not, in which
direction is the change in momentum? Draw the ball’s momentum vectors before and
after impact.
14. Frame of Reference Why is momentum defined for a particular frame of
reference? Explain.
momentum is a vector and its direction depend on the choice of the frame
of reference.
15. Angular Momentum The ice-skater in Figure 8 spins with her arms outstretched.
When she pulls her arms in and raises them above her head, she spins much faster
than before. Did a torque act on the ice-skater? What caused her angular velocity to
increase?
No external torque involved the conversation sets Lf=Li
Spinning slowly Spinning quickly
Figure 8
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16. Critical Thinking An archer shoots arrows at a target. Some of the arrows
stick in the target, while others bounce off. Assuming that the masses of the
arrows and the velocities of the arrows are the same, which arrows produce a
bigger impulse on the target?
Hint: Draw a diagram to show the momentum of the arrows before and after
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hitting the target for the two instances.
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