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Openmp: Openmp Adds Constructs For Shared-Memory

OpenMP is a specification for parallel programming that adds compiler directives to C/C++ and Fortran code. Key directives include: - #pragma omp parallel to create threads and run code in parallel - #pragma omp for to parallelize loops across threads - Reduction clauses to combine private results from each thread - Worksharing directives like sections to split work among threads Variables are shared by default, but private, shared, and default clauses control data sharing. The number of threads can be set using the OMP_NUM_THREADS environment variable. OpenMP simplifies parallel programming using compiler directives rather than requiring low-level threading code.

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43 views15 pages

Openmp: Openmp Adds Constructs For Shared-Memory

OpenMP is a specification for parallel programming that adds compiler directives to C/C++ and Fortran code. Key directives include: - #pragma omp parallel to create threads and run code in parallel - #pragma omp for to parallelize loops across threads - Reduction clauses to combine private results from each thread - Worksharing directives like sections to split work among threads Variables are shared by default, but private, shared, and default clauses control data sharing. The number of threads can be set using the OMP_NUM_THREADS environment variable. OpenMP simplifies parallel programming using compiler directives rather than requiring low-level threading code.

Uploaded by

Aaqib Ch
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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OpenMP

OpenMP adds constructs for shared-memory


threading to C/Fortran

for (i = 0; i < n; i++)


array[i] = convert(array[i]);

#pragma omp parallel for


for (i = 0; i < n; i++)
array[i] = convert(array[i]);

1
Compiling with OpenMP

Run gcc with the -fopenmp flag:


gcc -O2 -fopenmp ex1.c

Beware: If you forget -fopenmp, then all OpenMP


directives are ignored!

2
Reflecting on Threads

Include omp.h to get extra functions:

#include <omp.h>
#include <stdio.h>

int main() {
#pragma omp parallel
printf("hello from %d of %d\n",
omp_get_thread_num(),
omp_get_num_threads());
} Copy

3
Running OpenMP Programs

To control the number of threads used to run an


OpenMP program, set the OMP_NUM_THREADS
environment variable:
% ./a.out
hello from 0 of 2
hello from 1 of 2

% env OMP_NUM_THREADS=3 ./a.out


hello from 2 of 3
hello from 0 of 3
hello from 1 of 3

4
OpenMP Directives

For C, OpenMP directives start


#pragma omp
Some directives that can follow that prefix:
parallel private, shared, default
reduction

for
sections, section

barrier
exclusive

5
Creating Threads

The parallel directive creates threads and runs


following statement/block in each thread
#pragma omp parallel
printf("hello");

6
Threads and Sharing

Variables outside a parallel are shared, and


variables inside a parallel are private
private, shared and default control sharing:
#include <omp.h>
#include <stdio.h>

int main() {
int t, j, i;
#pragma omp parallel private(t, i) shared(j)
{
t = omp_get_thread_num();
printf("running %d\n", t);
for (i = 0; i < 1000000; i++)
j++; /* race! */
printf("ran %d\n", t);
}
printf("%d\n", j);
} Copy
7
Reduce

The reduction clause of parallel


makes the specified variable private to each
thread
combines private results on exit

int t;
#pragma omp parallel reduction(+:t)
{
t = omp_get_thread_num() + 1;
printf("local %d\n", t);
}
printf("reduction %d\n", t); Copy

8
Work Sharing

With a parallel section, workshare directives split


work among the available threads:
for
sections
single

Unless the nowait clause is specified, each


workshare is followed by an implicit barrier

9
Loop Workshare for Data Parallelism

The for workshare directive


requires that the following statement is a for loop
makes the loop index private to each thread
runs a subset of iterations in each thread

#pragma omp parallel


#pragma omp for
for (i = 0; i < 5; i++)
printf("hello from %d at %d\n",
omp_get_thread_num(), i);
Copy

Or use #pragma omp parallel for


10
Combining Loop and Reduce

int array[8] = { 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1};


int sum = 0, i;
#pragma omp parallel for reduction(+:sum)
for (i = 0; i < 8; i++) {
sum += array[i];
}
printf("total %d\n", sum); Copy

11
Section Workshare for Task Parallelism

A sections workshare directive is followed by a


block that has section directives, one per task
#pragma omp parallel
#pragma omp sections
{
#pragma omp section
printf("Task A: %d\n", omp_get_thread_num());
#pragma omp section
printf("Task B: %d\n", omp_get_thread_num());
#pragma omp section
printf("Task C: %d\n", omp_get_thread_num());
} Copy

12
Other Patterns

When OpenMP doesnt provide high-level support


for your goal (e.g., theres no scan directive), you
can always fall back to manual data management
and synchronization

13
Synchronization

barrier within a parallel block is as in Peril-L


exclusive within a parallel block is as in Peril-L
atomic is a restricted form of exclusive

14
OpenMP Documentation

http://www.openmp.org/

15

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