AGENDA

Introduction Basics of Data Communication

Serial Communication
Ethernet Communication
Modbus Protocol
DNP Protocol

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 DATA COMMUNICATION

Communication Link Broadband Baseband Character Encoding

Symplex Many different Single channel ASCII
Ex A = 00101000
Half-Duplex channels Entire bandwidth

Full-Duplex Ex: Home cable of link transmits Hexadecimal

Base of 16
one bit Digits 0-9 and letters A-F

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 PARALLEL COMMUNICATION

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 SERIAL COMMUNICATION
Only 2 wires are Baud Rate
required between A measure of how
transmitter and fast serial data is
receiver moving between
devices per second
8 electrical on/off
Data Packet
voltage signals are
Characters
sent in a sequence transmitted one
w.r.t a time base after the other in
Data transfer is done short bursts.
bit by bit arranged in Contains address,
data and error check
a particular format

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 PARITY ERROR
Errors inevitably occur in the transfer of data due to noise and timing
errors
Parity error checking is a very simple form of error detection
Limited to detection of a single bit error
User can use even or odd parity

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 NETWORKS

The transfer of bits in a communication systems using on/off voltages

requires a tightly controlled electrical environment
For data communication across short distances between components
Parallel communication links
For data communication with external devices located some distance away
has electrical noise - Serial communication such as LAN

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 NETWORKS

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 NETWORK TOPOLOGIES
SCADA communication topologies classification:
Physical Topology: Physical connection of wires between the devices in a network.
Logical Topology: Refers to how the information is through the network among the devices.
In many instances, the logical topology is same as the physical topology.
Physical topologies:
Point to point and multi-point (multi-drop)
Bus topology
Ring topology
Star topology
Mesh topology

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 NETWORK TOPOLOGIES
Point to point
Dedicated communication link is used to connect two devices
Whole capacity of the link is used by the two devices.
Multi-point (multi-drop)
Single communication link is shared by more than two devices.
Time sharing: Specific time slots are allotted for each device.
Spatial sharing: The devices use the channel simultaneously by sharing the channel capacity.

Point to point Multi-point

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 NETWORK TOPOLOGIES
Bus topology
Commonly used for master station communication
Each node is connected to a single or redundant bus that carries the message
Advantages: Cost effective, reliable and easy to expand
Disadvantages: Bus failure and delay in message transmission during heavy traffic.

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 NETWORK TOPOLOGIES
Ring topology
All the nodes including the master form a ring

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 OPEN AND CLOSED
CLOSED
Specific to one manufacturer
Work with specific hardware connections and
protocols
Developed before standardization

OPEN
Confirm to specification and guidelines, which are
open to all
Updated on frequent basis
Take advantage of latest hardware and software
technologies
Optimal configuration: All devices directly
connected to the LAN eliminating the need for a
relaying device (data concentrator and delays)
Support is more common with increase in power
of modern microprocessor based devices

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 STANDARDS
Need for a common set of rules
COMPATIBILITY
The pure physical connection standard
The existence of complementary software standards used in conjunction with
the physical standards
Confirmability of physical connection and software to open system
interconnected model

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 OPEN SYSTEM INTERCONNECTION

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 OPEN SYSTEM INTERCONNECTION
PHYSICAL
Physical connection between the device and network
Network Topology
Electrical aspects of signaling voltages and currents
Which voltages are considered as logic zero and logic one
How much current the transmitter must be capable of supplying
Signal modulation technique
On/Off technique, FM or AM etc.
Mechanical aspects
Commonly used physical standards:
RS-232, RS-423, RS-485, 10/100 Base T, 10/100 Base F

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 OPEN SYSTEM INTERCONNECTION
DATA LINK
Provides service that allow communication between devices
Framing or separation of messages
Error detection
Correction mechanism
Addressing mechanism
Direct exchange of frames among devices on a single
communications channel

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 OPEN SYSTEM INTERCONNECTION
NETWORK
Responsible for device-to-device data delivery and optimal routing across
multiple data links

TRANSPORT
Guaranteed-delivery messaging service ensuring data is error free and correctly
sequenced
Allowing process-to process communications between devices across a network
or multiple networks

SESSION
Mechanism for the establishment of a communication session between
applications running within the devise
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 OPEN SYSTEM INTERCONNECTION
PRESENTATION
Ensures the correct translation of data

APPLICATION
Provides the facilities or interface to allow the applications
protocols or drivers such as Modbus or DNP to use the
network

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 RS 232/423

1969: EIA developed and introduced RS 232

Defined electrical and mechanical details of the interface for serial
transfer of characters between Data Terminal Equipment such as
printers and computers to Data Communication Equipment.
A lot of flexibility open to the designer of the hardware regarding the
rules of data exchange

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 RS 232/423
FOR THE RECEIVER
Logic one = - 3V to -25V
Logic zero = +3V to +25V
Undefined signal = > -3V and <+3V
SLEW RATE
It will take sometime for the transmitter
output to swing from +25V to -25V.
This delay is called the slew rate
Slew rate is one of the factors that
limits the maximum transmission rate

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 RS 232/423
RS 232 is susceptible to noise at higher baud rates
Signal common is capacitively or directly coupled to ground
Receive wire is connected to receiver high impedance input
Longer the conductor Higher probability of noise
Electromagnetic lines of radiation for sources such as a motor can induce voltage on the receiver
wire
This could superimpose a voltage that could change logic 1 voltage level to logic 0 voltage level
Therefore this type of communication link is only considered reliable over relatively short
distances (approximately 15m or less) and at lower baud rates (19.2 kilobits per second or less)

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 RS 232/423
RS 423
Logic 1 is between -3.6 to -6V DC
Logic 0 is between +3.6 to +6V DC
Reduction in voltage magnitude range allows transmission of data at
higher rates
Transmitters current rating increased to permit upto 10 receivers
Permits reliable communication upto 1200 meters with data rates upto
100 kilobits per second

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 RS 485
32 devices can be connected in parallel
or daisy chained using a 2 conductor
cable that is terminated at either end in
the characteristics impedance of the
cable
Cables have to be terminated correctly
to ensure data is received error free
Data manufacturers specify how cables
are terminated
Each cable is referred to as a segment
having a maximum length of 4000 ft or
1200 meters
The conductors are not connected to
ground i.e. electrically floating

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 CONNECTION OF RELAYS USING RS-485
All the devices have to be electrically isolated to reduce
potential equipment damage
Transmitter (also referred to as driver) has 3 states Logic 1,
Logic 0 and High Impedance (driver not connected to the
segment)
Logic 1: -1.5 to -6 V
Logic 0: +1.5 to +6 V
Protocol will ensure that only one driver is active at any time
Receivers measures the potential difference between the 2
conductors (embedded in the same cable)
Difference should be > 200 mV for the receiver to detect
logic 1 or logic 0
If a voltage is induced in one conductor due to EMI affect the
same voltage will be induced in 2nd conductor as well
This allows RS485 LANs to communicate successfully at
higher baud rates and higher distances than RS232/RS423
LANs.

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 ELECTRICAL ISOLATION

Sections of RS485 LAN should be isolated from each other for reliable operation
Reduces potential damage to equipment and ensures data is received error free
Isolation is highly recommended when
Sections of the LAN are situated on different ground planes (different buildings)
Long distance between groupings or clusters of RS485 devices
More than 32 devices must be located on a single RS485 LAN

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 RS422
Introduced in early 1970s and it is older than RS485
Similar to RS485 it is a differential system using 2 conductors
Goal was to provide a simplex connection from a master up to 10 slaves
1 driver transmitter and up to 10 receivers are permitted in the RS422 LAN
Driver output:
Logic 1: -2 to -6V
Logic 0: +2 to +6V

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 ETHERNET COMMUNICATION FUNDAMENTALS
ETHERNET
Standard high speed technology at the physical through network layers.
Industry and utility power applications are migrating from RS 232 & RS 485 based
LAN technology to Ethernet.
Older standards: Half duplex operation
Modern standards: Support full duplex Ethernet
Popular physical layer standards:
10/100 BASE T and 10/100 BASE F.
Both support full duplex operation.
10/100 Baud rates of 10 megabits/sec and 100 megabits/sec.
BASE Baseband: Entire bandwidth of the LAN is used to transmit one signal.
T Twisted pair: Devises use wire pairs for differential signals which are twisted together.

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 MODBUS
What is Modbus?
Digital communication of 2 or more devices
An application layer protocol
Open source code
Published by Schneider electric

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 MODBUS

ANALOG SIGNALS DIGITAL SIGNALS

Analog signals have an infinite Discrete number of values from 2
number of possible values over to billions determined by number
time of bits
Example Vary with sample times
12.9 mA
4.563 mA
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 PROTOCOL
Protocol can be considered as a
bridge between application and
communication link
Functions as a common set of rules
governing the exchange of data
between devices on a network
Determines the point at which
devices agree to exchange data (data
initialization)
Determines the supported services
(reading/writing, flow control, frame
format, synchronization etc.)

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 MODBUS IMPLEMENTATION
Works well when the maximum
required data update is less than
half of what the protocol and
network are capable of delivering
Physical Layer: RS232, RS484,
10/100 Base T, 10/100 Base F
Ethernet
Data flow is half duplex in all
configurations
Master transmits a command and
the slave responds

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 MODBUS IMPLEMENTATION
Modbus communication takes place in packets Groups of
asynchronously transmitted bytes of data arranged in a specific order

The packets are referred to as data frames

Data link layer: Responsible for ensuring that the data is framed
correctly

Master transmits a packet to a slave and the slave responds with a

packet

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 DATA TRANSFER
Each character is transmitted in an asynchronous
format
Consists of one start bit, 8 data bits, 1 stop bit
and 1 parity bit
10-11 bit character data may not be supported at
baud rates greater tan 300 by many modems
Messages transmitted over Modbus are comprised
of one or more data packets
Each data packet is made up of multiple
characters
Characters are separated into multiple groupings.
Each group performs a specific function during
communication
The arrangement in functions of groups of these
characters is known as Data Framing
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FRAMING OF MODBUS RTU COMMAND DATA
PACKET

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