IMPLEMENTATION OF AVoIP LIVE BROADCASTING TECHNOLOGY

REPUBLIC OF CAMEROON REPUBLIQUE DU CAMEROUN

Peace-Work-Fatherland Paix-Travail-Patrie
MINISTRY OF HIGHER EDUCATION MINISTERE DE L’ENSEIGNEMENT
SUPERIEURE

UNIVERSITY OF BUEA
FACULTY OF ENGINEERING AND TECHNOLOGY
DEPARTMENT OF ELECTRICAL AND ELECTRONIC ENGINEERING

INTERNSHIP REPORT ON THE THEME:

IMPLEMENTATION OF AVoIP LIVE BROADCASTING

TECHNOLOGY

Written and Presented by: BATCHANOU TATAP PERETS ARNAUD

FE15A031
tatapperets@gmail.com
Offered by:

CAMEROON RADIO TELEVISION MBALLA II

Internship Report Submitted to the Department of Electrical and Electronic Engineering,

Faculty of Engineering and Technology, University of Buea, in Partial Fulfilment of the
Requirements for the Award of a Bachelor of Engineering (B.Eng.) Degree in Electrical and
Electronic Engineering, specialized in Telecommunications.

Internship Duration: Monday 3rd September 2018 to Friday 28th of December 2018

Professional Supervisor: Academic Supervisor:

Mr. Norbert NDONGO Dr. Pierre TSAFACK
ndongonorbert@gmail.com pierro_tsafack@yahoo.com
Academic Year 2018/2019

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TITLE PAGE

IMPLEMENTATION OF AVoIP LIVE BROADCASTING

TECHNOLOGY

BATCHANOU TATAP PERETS ARNAUD

Matriculation Number: FE15A031

Academic Year: 2018/2019

Internship Report Submitted to the Department of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, Faculty of
Engineering and Technology, University of Buea, in Partial Fulfilment of the Requirements for the
Award of the Bachelor of Engineering (B.Eng.) Degree in Electrical and Electronic Engineering,
specialized in Telecommunications System Engineering.

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LETTER OF SUBMISSION TO THE DEPARTMENT

This internship report is submitted to the Department of Electrical and Electronic Engineering
of the Faculty of Engineering and Technology (FET) of the University of Buea, in Partial
Fulfilment of the Requirements for the Award of a Bachelor of Engineering (B.Eng.) Degree in
Electrical and Electronic Engineering, specialized in Telecommunications System Engineering.
This report is equivalent to Four months of full internship training at the Cameroon Radio
Television, Mballa II Headquarters.

Contact Information:
 Author:
BATCHANOU TATAP PERETS ARNAUD
FE15A031/ batchanou.tatap@ubuea.cm
Faculty of Engineering and Technology
Tel: +237 654142287/ 656134335
E-Mail: tatapperets@gmail.com

 Professional Supervisor:
Mr. NDONGO Norbert ONANA
Head of Unit of Mobile and TV Retransmission Links, CRTV.
Tel: +237 696601101
E-Mail: ndongonorbert@gmail.com
CRTV, Mballa II

 Academic Supervisor:
Dr. TSAFACK Pierre
Head of Department (HOD), Electrical and Electronic Engineering, FET
Tel: +237 670913197
E-Mail: pierro_tsafack@yahoo.com
P.O. Box 63, University of Buea

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INTERNSHIP CERTIFICATE

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DECLARATION

I, BATCHANOU TATAP PERETS ARNAUD with Matriculation Number FE15A031,

declare that this internship report with theme “IMPLEMENTATION OF AVoIP LIVE
BROADCASTING TECHNOLOGY” carried out at CRTV Yaoundé from Monday the 3rd
of September 2018 to Friday the 28th of December 2018 was done by me alone and has not
received any previous academic credit by this or any other institution.

Signature……………………………………..........Date……………………………………......

Student (FE15A031)

Signature…………………………………………...Date………………………………………

Professional Supervisor

Signature…………………………………………...Date………………………………………

Academic Supervisor

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ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS

First and most importantly, I thank GOD Almighty for his unconditional love, grace, protection
and guidance throughout my lifetime, and especially throughout my internship training.

I thank my dear parents, Mr. and Mrs. TATAP who love me and have shown me the light of
the world, Jesus Christ. I also thank my brothers and sisters, and all my family for their
refreshing presence. Special thanks to my elder brother TIWE TATAP Joel Ulrich.

I thank the Cameroon Radio Television for giving me the opportunity to intern in such a good
place. I thank Mr. Charles NDONGO, the Director General of CRTV, Mr. Jean Pierre CONGE,
Mr. Michel NGOUBE, Director of Technology and TV Solutions, Mr. Lucien BAMBOK, to
Mr. NDONGO Norbert my supervisor, Mr. NDANGA Thomas, and all those of the
Retransmission team. I also appreciate Mr. EBONG Frank who transferred true Engineering
skills in me. I also think of Mr. Charles EBUNE, Mr. Henry ECHU, Mr. MBALLA, Mr.
BEKOLO Thierry, Mr. Joseph LEISEN, and Mr. EYA’AN Parfait for his practical expertise,
Mr. Benjamin BAMBE for his social support, and many more.

I thank the University of Buea and our Faculty with all our lecturers for their continuous
investments in my life. I think of Professor Emmanuel TANYI, Dr. Pierre TSAFACK, Dr.
AKANA, Dr. NGWASHI, who taught me the ethics of report writing, Mme FENDJI Danielle
for her great support, Mr. Serge NOUADJEP, Mr. Valery NKEMENI, Dr. Janvier FOTSING
and Mr. Emmanuel BISSONG, just to name a few.

I also thank my elders, fellow classmates and friends for their motivations: Ferdinand
NDILLE, GOUMMO Yves Privat, TABE BIAYE Bismac, Husserl FONOU, NGOUNE
Bobby, Mohammed TATAH, TABAH Franklin, Gloria DEMGNE, NYAMSI Dimotho,
SCHOUNE Berthe Djambane, and many more. I also sincerely thank the Church, and Pastor
ADE Jacques-Dominique for spiritual and moral advice. Thanks to all.

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ABSTRACT

The Cameroon Radio Television is an audiovisual company that produces TV and radio signals
to the service of the public via satellite and DTT. These signals contain informational, cultural,
educational and social contents.

The field of video transport is constantly evolving. As new technologies emerge, they are put
to work in transporting video signals for live broadcasting. This has been true for radio, coaxial
cable, microwave, satellite, and optical fiber, and will also be true for the Internet Protocol, or
IP. This latest step in the path of evolution may be the most important yet, because IP allows
so many different types of video, audio, and data formats to be transported economically to any
corner of the globe.

The methodology I employed for solving this problem is to implement a real-time video
streaming system using OBS Studio software. This enables live transmission of AV signals via
internet for TV production.

The key parts of my report are in the explanation of the various retransmission techniques
employed, and the implementation of the AVoIP technology in Chapter Three.

This report will benefit the CRTV and many other Telecommunication and Broadcasting
structures in the deployment of the technology for live broadcasting events. It can also be used
for other applications, such as teleconferencing and e-learning.

General Terms: Telecommunications, Wireless Communications, Live Broadcasting.

Keywords: AVoIP, H.264/AVC, RTP, SMPTE-2022, Real-time video streaming, OBS Studio.

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LIST OF TABLES

Tab 1: Acronyms……………………………………………………………………….IV
Tab 2: CRTV Regional Television Stations……………………………………………12
Tab 3: CRTV Radio Proximity Channels……………………………………………...13
Tab 4: CRTV’s Identification Elements……………………………………………….18
Tab 5: Retransmission events done during my internship training…………………….38
Tab 6: IPv4 Address Classes…………………………………………………………...53
Tab 7: Various Departments I have worked through…………………………………..66
Tab 8: Work Planning at the Unit of Video and Camera Exploitation………………...67
Tab 9: Work Planning at the Unit of Audio Exploitation……………………………...68
Tab 10: A summary of video codecs……………………………………………………79
Tab 11: Network Streaming Protocols…………………………………………………..79

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LIST OF FIGURES

Fig 1: How IP Fits into the Data Communications Hierarchy…………………………..XXII

Fig 2: Logo of CRTV………………………………………………………………………..3
Fig 3: Logo of CRTV News…………………………………………………………………3
Fig 4: CRTV Institutional Structures viewed from Google Maps…………………………..9
Fig 5: Organizational Flowchart of the Department of Technology and TV Solutions……22
Fig 6: Interior view of the OB Van………………………………………………………...32
Fig 7: Transmission Principle of Analog Microwave………………………………….......39
Fig 8: Methodology Flow Chart for AVoIP system implementation………………………48
Fig 9: Structure of an AVoIP work system………………………………………………...49
Fig 10: Video Streaming Protocols………………………………………………………….52
Fig 11: Skills gained…………………………………………………………………………64

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LIST OF PICTURES

Pic 1: CRTV Television Station………………………………………………………………1

Pic 2: Mr. Charles NDONGO, Director General of CRTV…………………………………..2
Pic 3: Mr. Emmanuel WONGIBE (Left), Deputy DG of CRTV discussing with the President
of Rwanda, Paul KAGAME (Right)………………………………………………………2
Pic 4: CRTV Web Page…………………………………………………………………….....4
Pic 5: CRTV Television Station viewed from Google Earth…………………………………7
Pic 6: Mr. Florent ETOGA EILY, First DG of CRTV………………………………………..8
Pic 7: CRTV Radio Station at Avenue Konrad Adeneur, Yaoundé…………………………10
Pic 8: CRTV Television Station at Mballa II………………………………………………..11
Pic 9: Heads of CRTV Regional Stations……………………………………………………13
Pic 10: The IFCPA Institute at Ekounou, branch of the CRTV………………………………15
Pic 11: CRTV Top Management……………………………………………………………...17
Pic 12: My Internship Work Plan……………………………………………………………..22
Pic 13: Various cameras used for TV production: a) Standard studio video camera b) Special
Panasonic HC V100 12 V/ 27.4 W………………………………………………………24
Pic 14: Colour Potentiometer used at the CCU……………………………………………….25
Pic 15: TRICASTER used for Live Production………………………………………………25
Pic 16: Video Mixing Equipment…………………………………………………………….26
Pic 17: The Administration Matrix: i) Matrix Racks ii) Control Machine…………………..27
Pic 18: Automation Matrix: a) Screen view b) Computer control……………………………28
Pic 19: G500: i) Monitoring screen ii) editing software…........................................................28
Pic 20: Sound connection bay at studio 1…………………………………………………......29
Pic 21: The Sound Control Station of Studio 1……………………………………………….30
Pic 22: Work done at a Post production cell: i) complete video editing set ii) special AVID
Media Composer Keyboard iii) video editing in process iv) degree view with central
processing unit…………………………………………………………………………...32
Pic 23: Working with OB Vans for live retransmission at the National Assembly…………..33
Pic 24: Some transmission and reception equipment used at the nodal………………………35
Pic 25: Some equipment found at the nodal: i) Analog Microwave Link Receiver ii) The
Specialized Internet link iii) A TV Screen for the News Feed iv) Digital Microwave Link
Receiver………………………………………………………………………………….36

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Pic 26: CRTV DVB-T2 Bouquet offered……………………………………………………..37
Pic 27: Satellite transmission at the Earth Station: a) DVB-T2 Transceiver b) Other installed
transceivers………………………………………………………………………………38
Pic 28: Flowchart for signal uplink transmission via satellite………………………………...38
Pic 29: Portable analog Microwave link used for retransmissions……………………………41
Pic 30: Digital Microwave used for retransmission: i) Front view ii) Interior view………….43
Pic 31: CRTV’s motorized satellite system…………………………………………………...45
Pic 32: Ethernet Switch at Nodal……………………………………………………………...46
Pic 33: TVU Pack used for live broadcasting………………………………………………...48
Pic 34: OBS Studio software load page………………………………………………………57
Pic 35: Setting of scene and sources…………………………………………………………..58
Pic 36: Step 5-Youtube live stream key page for OBS……………………………………….58
Pic 37: Youtube Live Streaming Page………………………………………………………...59
Pic 38: An Example of daily report writing: i) Front cover page ii) back page………………49

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LIST OF ACRONYMS

Tab 1: Acronyms
AND Meanings
ACRONYM MEANING

3G Third Generation

4G Fourth Generation

5G Fifth Generation

ABR Adaptive Bit Rates

ATSC Advanced Televisions Systems Committee

ATV Advanced Television

AV Audiovisual

AVC Advanced Video Coding

BNC Bayonet Neill-Concelman

BUC Block up converter

CAMTEL Cameroon Telecommunications

CATV Cable Television

CCD Charged Couple Device

CCU Camera Control Unit

CDMA Coded Division Multiple Access

COFDM Coded Orthogonal Frequency-Division Multiplex

CRTV Cameroon Radio Television

CTV Cameroon Television

DG Director General

DSL Direct Subscriber Line

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DTH Direct-To-Home

DTV Digital Television

DVB-T Digital Video Broadcasting-Terrestrial

EPG Electronic Program Guide

EM Electromagnetic

FCC Federal Communications Commission

FEC Forward Error Correction

FECAFOOT Fédération Camerounaise de Football

GOP Group of Pictures

GSE Generic Stream Encapsulation

GSM Global System for Mobile Communication

HD High Definition

HDMI High Definition Multimedia Interface

HDTV High Definition Television

HLS HTTP Live Streaming

HTTP Hyper Text Transfer Protocol

ID Identification

IF Intermediate Frequency

IFCPA Institut de Formation de la Conservation du Patrimoine Audiovisuel

IoT Internet of Things

IP Internet Protocol

IPTV Internet Protocol Television

IPv4 IP version 4

IPv6 IP version 6

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ISDB-T Integrated Services Digital Broadcasting-Terrestrial

ISMAT Institut Supérieure MATAMFEN

ISO International Standard Organization

ITU-R International Telecommunications Union- Radio Sector

JPEG Joint Pictures Experts Group

LAN Local Area Network

LNB Low Noise Block

LOS Line-Of-Sight

LTE Long Term Evolution

MFN Multiple Frequency Network

MIMO Multiple Input Multiple Output

MPEG Motion Pictures Expert Group

NTSC National Televisions System Committee

OB Outside-Broadcasting

OFDM Orthogonal Frequency-Division Multiplex

OS Operating System

PABX Private Branch Exchange

PAL Phase Alternate Line

QAM Quadrature Amplitude Modulation

QoS Quality of Service

QPSK Quadrature Phase Shift Keying

R/S Reed/Solomon

RF Radio Frequency

RTMP Real Time Messaging Protocol

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RTP Real Time Protocol

SD Standard Definition

SDI Serial Definition Interface

SDTV Standard Definition Television

SECAM Séquentiel Couleur à Mémoire

SFN Single Frequency Network

SIP Session Initiation Protocol

SMPTE Society of Motion Picture and Television Engineers

SONET Synchronous Optical Network

STB Set-top box

TCP Transmission Control Protocol

TMCC Transmission and Multiplex Control

TS Transport Stream

UDP User Datagram Protocol

UHF Ultra-High Frequency

UMTS Universal Mobile Telecommunication Systems

URL Uniform Resource Locator

USA United States of America

VHF Very High Frequency

VOD Video on Demand

VPN Virtual Private Network

VSB Vestigial Sideband Modulation

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GLOSSARY OF KEYWORDS AND TERMS

IP: It stands for Internet Protocol. It is the main technology for live streaming applications. Its
function is to correctly address data packets and route them to their corresponding destinations.

SMPTE: It stands for Society of Moving Pictures and Television Engineers. SMPTE is the
world’s largest member’s society for those working with the moving image– and its audio and
metadata. [22]

Broadcasting: It is a way of sending information signals from one source to either one or more
destined receivers. The latter do not do same to the transmitter. In case of one-to-one
communication, we call it unicast, and in the case of one-to-many communication, we call it
multicast.

Bit stream: A bit stream is a flow of data in a given rate. It can be 0s and 1s or any other stream
of information to be conveyed via a channel. It is measured in bits per second.

CODEC: Short for “Encoder and Decoder”; often used to describe video or audio compression
equipment.

H.264/AVC: It is a strong video codec technique used for live broadcasting.

RTP: It stands for Real Time Protocol (or Real Time Transport Protocol). It is a Data transport
protocol that is specifically designed for transporting real-time signals such
as streaming video and audio. RTP is often used in conjunction with UDP and provides
important functions such as packet sequence numbering and packet time stamping. RTP is used
in conjunction with RTCP. [12]

OBS Studio: Open Broadcaster Software Studio is an open-source software used to perform
live streaming of video, audio and ancillary information over the internet, for various purposes,
one of which includes live broadcasting of AV signals. It is downloaded at
www.obsproject.com

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TABLE OF CONTENTS

COVER PAGE…………………………………………………………………………………I

TITLE PAGE………………………………………………………………………………….II

LETTER OF SUBMISSION TO THE DEPARTMENT…………………………………….III

INTERNSHIP CERTIFICATE……………………………………………………………….IV

DEDICATION………………………………………………………………………………...V

DECLARATION……………………………………………………………………………..VI

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS…...……………………….………………………....................VII

ABSTRACT……………………………………...…………………………………………VIII

List of Tables…………………….………………………………….......................................IX

List of Figures…………………...…………………..………………………………………...X

List of Pictures...……….……………………….………………………………………….....XI

List of Acronyms…..……..……………………..………………………...….......................XIII

Glossary of Keywords and Terms…………………………………………………………XVII

Table of Contents…………………………………………………………………………XVIII

General Introduction…………………….….…………………………….……………....XXI

Chapter One: BACKGROUND OF CRTV………………………………………................1

1.1 Introduction……………………………………………............................................1
1.2 Vision…..…...………………………………………...….........................................1
1.3 Mission……………………………………………………………………………...4
1.4 Core Values……………………………………………………………....................5
1.5 Quality Assurance given by CRTV………………………........................................6
1.6 Company Structure……………………………………………………………….....6
1.6.1 Location and Geographical Background…......................................................6
1.6.2 Historical Background………………………………………………………..7

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1.6.3 Institutional Structure...............................………………...............................8
1.7 Organization and Management…………………………………………………….16
1.8 Field of Specialization……………………………………………………………..18
1.9 International Experience…………………………………………………………...19
1.10Reference Projects and Services Furnished by CRTV………………………….....19
1.10.1 Projects Furnished..…………………………………………………………19
1.10.2 Services Offered………………...…………………………………………...19
1.11Partial Conclusion…………………………………………………………………20

Chapter Two: OVERALL INTERNSHIP EXPERIENCE…………………………...…..21

2.1 Introduction…………………………………………………..................................21
2.2 Joining of the company……………………………………………………………21
2.3 Section of the company I have been working………………………………….....22
2.3.1 Unit of Video and Camera Exploitation………………………………………23
2.3.2 Unit of Audio Exploitation……………………………………………………...29
2.3.3 Unit of Exploitation of Post-Production Equipment……………………….......30
2.3.4 Unit of Exploitation of OB Van No 3……………………………………….......32
2.3.5 Unit of Exploitation of Mobile and TV Retransmission Equipment……………34
2.3.6 The Earth Station…………………………………………………….................37

2.4 Work Piece or Task I have been performing………………………………………38

2.4.1 Retransmission Performed……………………………………………………38
2.4.2 Project Work: Implementation of AVoIP Live Broadcasting Technology……47
2.5 Procedure I have been using when performing work tasks………………………..60
2.6 My Performance during accomplishing tasks……………………………………..61
2.7 Challenges I have faced……………………………………………………………61
2.8 Measures I have taken for challenges……………………………………………...62
2.9 Partial Conclusion……….…………………………………………………….......62

Chapter Three: OVERALL BENEFITS OF THE INTERNSHIP………………………63

3.1 Introduction……………………………………………………………..................63
3.2 Improving Practical Skill………………………………………………………......63
3.3 Upgrading the Theoretical Knowledge……………………………………………63
3.4 Upgrading Interpersonal Communication Skills…………………………………..63
3.5 Improving Team Playing Skill………………………………………………….....64

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3.6 Improving Leadership Skill………………………………………………………..64
3.7 Work Ethics and Related Issues…………………………………………………...64
3.8 Entrepreneurship Skills……………………………………………………………64
3.9 Partial Conclusion……………….....……………………………………………...65

Chapter Four: CONCLUSION ………………………………………………….................66

4.1 General Conclusion…………………………………………..................................66

4.2 Contributions to Engineering and Technology…………………………………….66
4.3 Recommendations…………………………………………………………………66
4.3.1 Recommendations to CRTV…………………………….…………………......66
4.3.2 Recommendations to the University of Buea………………………….............66
4.4 Open Points and Future Scope………………………………………………….....67

REFERENCES………………………………………………………………………………68
APPENDICES……………………………………………………………………………….71

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GENERAL INTRODUCTION

 BACKGROUND AND OVERVIEW

The television industry is no stranger to transition. Over the past two decades, local stations,
station groups and networks have completed successful transitions of their entire infrastructure
from analog to digital video and transmission. Many, too, have also completed transitions from
SD to HD, linear to file-based workflows and single-channel service to multicasting. [38] This
latest transition for television broadcasters is the move away from baseband video contribution,
routing and switching to IP-based technologies, the same technologies used for years by
countless other industries and governments for mission-critical operations.

Live video streaming is not new, and is now gaining popularity because of its efficiency.
Hardware live video streaming is performed using a multiple of SIM cards to stream over
3G/4G cellular networks. Over the internet, software streaming is used with an encoding
software used to prepare the AV signals for transmission. In either case, the latest technological
demands have proven that the use of IP for technology is the latest trend in getting to pace with
international standards. AVoIP is a future and sure technology for live transmissions that if
adopted with excellence would certainly bring about savings in cost, portability and agility
compared to other technologies.

Due to the ubiquitous nature of the cellular 3G/4G network and the Internet, broadcasting
video over the IP networks has gained lot of momentum. However, the lack of QoS required to
stream real time video makes broadcasting over these networks very challenging.

 MOTIVATION OF STUDY
Throughout my internship training program, we went out for many live broadcasting events,
such as installations for the 2018 Presidential elections proclamation at the Congress Hall,
settings for the Presidential swearing-in at the National Assembly, and installations for the
Mutzig Star Awards. In all these live events, the broadcasting techniques used had
disadvantages in terms of distance of propagation, cost, weight, latency, delay, fragility and
complexity. Since IP is the future of broadcasting and Technology, it would be convenient to
implement it for live video productions.

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 OBJECTIVES

General Objectives

The ultimate objective of this work is to design a new way of broadcasting live AV signals from
a production field through the means of the IP technology in real-time streaming using OBS
Studio software. Several transport methods are actually already in place, such as SONET, ATM,
Ethernet and DSL links. In this case, the public internet shall be used.

Specific Objectives

 To select the best video codec technique used for AV-over-IP live broadcasting.
 To select the best streaming protocols that would be suited for the technology.
 To evaluate the impact of design considerations in implementing the technology.
 To understand the functioning of OBS Studio software.
 To implement and simulate a live AV production.
 To retrieve the sent AV signals for use by a TV station.

 SIGNIFICANCE OF STUDY
This study means a lot to the Telecommunications Engineer. It is a step forward to the IT control
over every aspect of technology, and a great lift to innovation. As more and more people
converge into the IoT, it would also be right for the television to accept its last migration for
maximum development.

 SCOPE OF STUDY
This study requires a good mastery of the norms and protocols used in the Telecommunications
sector, the various video compression mechanisms that exist, the QoS design considerations,
the principle of live video streaming, and the understanding of the various tools and software
needed to design this technology.

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 DELIMITATIONS OF STUDY

 Video signals on network may interfere with production network traffic – especially if
high resolution, uncompressed video signals are in use. In some cases, network upgrades
or even the use of a dedicated network may be required.
 Input and output interfaces (transmitters and receivers) are relatively expensive
compared to HDBaseT solutions Requires the designer / integrator / customer to have
some IP-knowledge (IP addresses, QoS, network capacity, etc.)
 Video over IP solutions are relatively new and several technology stacks are in use.
Equally, the range of products available is limited
 Video over IP solutions require technology from more than one vendor (video vendor
and the network switch vendor), which may impact reliability and multiple management
tools must be used. [16]

 IP doesn’t do everything. IP depends on other software and hardware, and other

software in turn depends on IP. Fig.1 illustrates how IP fits in between the actual job of
data transport performed by physical networks and the software applications that use IP
to communicate with applications running on other servers.
 The internet connection speed used here isn’t actually fast enough to perform efficient
live AV broadcasting without causing packet loss, latency and delay.

Fig 1: How IP Fits into the Data Communications Hierarchy

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 ADVANTAGES OF AV OVER IP
1 There is great cost reduction in broadcasting AV signals over the Internet Protocol than over
other transport links such as optic fibers.
2 Latency is very low.
3 Flexibility. Signals can be received by many other devices with the same hardware and
software specifications, not only a given antenna, unlike other retransmission technologies.
4 The system is reliable and easy error-detectable.
5 Efficiency. The QoS delivered by this transport technology is relatively high compared to
other transport technologies.
6 There is low bandwidth needed for setup.
7 There is long-term cost effectiveness. [41]
8 AVoIP can be used for videoconferencing and Tele justice [12]
9 It can also be used for e-learning.
10 IPTV is a new technology that can be used from AVoIP or video over IP. It enables
consumers to have video, voice and data signals over the internet, without necessarily
passing through the satellite, cable or DTH services.
11 There is point-to-multipoint content distribution. Signals can be sent, not only to the
broadcasting center, but also to all users of the IP network in place.

 INTERNSHIP REPORT LAYOUT

This report is easily comprehended in five chapters; Chapter one deals with all information
pertaining to my internship training center, CRTV. It clearly describes its vision, mission, core
values, quality assurance, structure and organization, the projects and services it offers, and
many other key parameters of the institution.

Chapter two deals with the work done during my internship: the overall internship experience.
It describes the various units where I have been working, the retransmission techniques
employed, the challenges faced and measures taken for challenges, the performance during
accomplishing tasks, and many more. In summary, it tells about the work done throughout my
internship training.

The next chapter has to do with the project of real-time broadcasting using OBS Studio
software; its concept of operations, system design considerations and simulations.

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Chapter Four gives the overall benefits of my internship: how my internship has improved on
my practical, theoretical, leadership, entrepreneurship, interpersonal communication, and team
playing skills, and work related issues.

Finally, the last chapter gives a conclusion of the whole matter, together with recommendations
to the internship institution and to the University of Buea. It also projects a future scope to the
work done; how it can be ameliorated. Then we have the references and appendices section.

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