MOUNT CARMEL COLLEGE

BALER, AURORA

FINAL EXAMINATION

BIO SCI 116- SCIENCE, TECHNOLOGY AND SOCIETY

1. How do science, technology and society interact on the following era;

a. Ancient times- During the ancient times there are early scientific developments that proved to
be helpful in the society and birth of modernized technology. The regular occurrence of natural
events encouraged the development of some scientific disciplines. During those time,
Babylonian science, Egyptian Science, Chinese science are born.

b. Pre-Colonial Asian Countries-

c. Middle Ages to the Scientific Revolution- Science was born in ancient Greece among the
pre-Socratics, who were the first to look for natural explanations of the world around them.
Thales’s claim that everything is made of water is significant because it assumes that the
fundamental building block of the world is a natural substance. Embracing this naturalistic
outlook, the Greeks of the classical and Hellenistic eras made important advances in astronomy,
geometry, medicine, and biology—and established the fields of history, drama, political theory,
and philosophy.

Philosophy was especially important. Plato and Aristotle—the philosophical giants of Greece—
created two dramatically different philosophical systems, especially in terms of their metaphysics
and epistemologies.1 Plato, in exception to the general Greek attitude, proposed that the world
we experience is not fully real. He maintained that the individual physical objects we see are
imperfect, corrupted reflections of those in a higher reality. Plato called this higher dimension the
world of the Forms and held that knowledge of this realm can be reached only via intuition.
Although Plato revered mathematics, he did so for its alleged ability to train the mind to receive
the Forms rather than as a means of gaining understanding of the physical world. Plato had little
interest in studying this world.

Aristotle, in contrast, was interested only in this world. He held that the objects of the physical
world are fully real and thus worthy of study. Knowledge, he held, is gained not from groundless
deductions or intuition, but ultimately from induction—from the study of the concrete, particular
things we see, touch, smell, and hear around us. According to Aristotle, this world is real, and
worth studying for the knowledge it brings: from knowledge of the beautiful stars in the night
sky to that of the minutest details of slimy sea creatures.

d. Industrial Revolution-. Science and technology is the best thing society could ever ask for.
Since the industrial revolution in the 18th century science has been in progress. Some sectors that
have been boosted by science and technology are energy, physical sciences, information and
communication. The society has greatly gained with the invention of technology.

Infrastructure in the society has grown with the help of science and technology. Modes of
transport like electronic railway lines were realized and these actually benefited the society by
offering them a better means of transport. In the past, almost everything was analog but thanks to
the science and technology we are now being digitalized by the day. The invention of the
telephone and radio services has broadened human communication. Without society then there
would be no science and technology and that is why the invention of certain tools and equipment
have helped achieve big things. Society cannot do without the industries we have today. The
society needs science and technology. The impact of science and technology can seriously be
recognized. Many people around the world take for example scholars in colleges and universities
have taken the lead examining the relationship between science and technology.

e. 19th Century- Development of science, technology and medicine in the contemporary age
analyzed from different social and cultural perspectives. We analyze the process of circulation of
knowledge and practices, their audience, the shaping of expert knowledge, the relationships
between professionals and amateurs, scientific controversies, teaching practices, actions to
popularize science and scientific spaces and material culture. Science and its audience in the
contemporary society: analysis of the dissemination of science in Spain, science in daily press,
astronomical events in the public sphere, eclipses and comets, inorganic Darwinism, periodic
system and cosmology in 19th-century Spain. Science in the classroom from a historical
perspective: studies of teaching and learning practices in France and Spain during the 19th and
20th centuries, material culture and school spaces, chemistry manuals in Spain and France during
the 18th and 19th century, academic disciplines, examinations, visual culture and problems in
Spanish secondary schools, chemical classifications and academic curricula in the 19th century.

Science, medicine and law: experts in courts, study of the development of forensic medicine in
Spain and France during the 19th and 20th centuries, the creation of communities of forensic
experts, poisoning trials in the 19th century in France and Spain, forensic science in early-20th-
century Spain.
f. 20th Century-In the 20th century, the processes first generated by the democratic and
industrial revolutions proceeded virtually unchecked in Western society, penetrating more and
more spheres of once traditional morality and culture, leaving their impress on more and more
nations, regions, and localities. Equally important, perhaps in the long run far more so, was the
spread of these revolutionary processes to the non-Western areas of the world. The impact of
industrialism, technology, secularism, and individualism upon peoples long accustomed to the
ancient unities of tribe, local community, agriculture, and religion was first to be seen in the
context of colonialism, an outgrowth of nationalism and capitalism in the West. The relations of
the West to non-Western parts of the world, the whole phenomenon of the “new nations,”
represented vital aspects of the social sciences.

So too were certain other consequences, or lineal episodes, of the two revolutions. The 20th
century was the century of nationalism, mass democracy, large-scale industrialism, and
developments in communication and information technology beyond the reach of any 19th-
century imagination so far as magnitude is concerned. It was also the century of mass warfare, of
two world wars with tolls in lives and property greater perhaps than the sum total of all
preceding wars in history. It was the century too of totalitarianism: Communist, Fascist, and
Nazi; and of techniques of terrorism that, if not novel, reached a scale and an intensity of
scientific application that could scarcely have been predicted by those who considered science
and technology as unqualifiedly humane in possibility. It was a century of affluence in the West,
without precedent for the masses of people, evidenced in a constantly rising standard of living
and a constantly rising level of expectations.

2. How did Imperialism influence Science and Technology?

Although many scientific innovations and technologies came to the continent with the
process of colonization, only during the First World War did Africans experience the full
potential of new weapons and engineering innovations as well as transformative transportation
methods and medical possibilities. Some Africans seized on the new ways and turned them into
opportunities. Others either rejected them as antithetical to tradition or, without embracing the
innovations, expected them to change and improve their lives. Ultimately few Africans were
unaffected by the precipitous wartime changes that science and technology brought to their lands
and peoples.

3. Describe the Importance of Advanced technology in Science

Technology is critical to the development of scientific ideas, scientific methods and science.
Consider how the development of technical breakthrough helped human beings advance our
scientific understanding. The invention of telescope (a technology to see faraway objects) helped
us realize that we are not living in an Earth-centered world. In fact, with technological
advancements in telescopes and other fields, we realized we are not at the center of anything.
Similar advancements in genetics, equipment for the importance of technological advances.

There is no doubt that scientific advances depend not only on new ideas, conceptual leaps and
paradigm shifts, but also to a large extent on technological advances that make these steps
possible. The discovery of the green fluorescent protein (GFP), increasingly sophisticated
microscopes, and the development of in vitro assays that faithfully reproduce cellular functions
are just a few examples of technical advances that have spurred on many areas of cell biology.
Technologies that are easily adapted to simple and affordable everyday use in the laboratory
have certainly changed the speed of scientific progress. The importance of access to
technological know-how is also reflected in the job market. Researchers who can bring new
techniques to an institute are well sought after, just as the availability of techniques and service
facilities makes a research institute more attractive to scientists.

4. Discuss the dynamics of scientific and technological change.

The interrelations of science and technology as an object of study seem to have drawn the
attention of a number of disciplines: the history of science and technology, sociology, economics
and economic history, and even the philosophy of science. Science is generally considered to be
an exogenous factor not directly subject to market forces and, therefore, appears to be of no
interest. Technology dynamics is broad and relatively new scientific field that has been
developed in the framework of the postwar science and technology studies field. It studies the
process of technological change. Under the field of Technology Dynamics the process of
technological change is explained by taking into account influences from "internal factors" as
well as from "external factors".". Internal factors relate technological change to unsolved
technical problems and the established modes of solving technological problems and external
factors relate it to various (changing) characteristics of the social environment, in which a
particular technology is embedded.

5. Discuss the impacts of Science and technology on the following:

a. Economy- Science and technology are very helpful to make our economic status on its
balance state. It can make our lives easier, Nowadays, we used the benefits of technology in
agriculture, marketing and in offices, we have modern equipment and tools that we can use for
our works or even at home. With the help of Science and technology, we are exploring the
modern world---the modernized world towards progress.

b. Business-Businesses have been at the forefront of technology for ages. As computers emerged
in the 20th century, they promised a new age of information technology. Technology has literally
changed every aspect of the way any business operates and never before in history has that
change occurred so fast. Below you’ll find eight ways in which technology has fundamentally
changed business;

 EXTREME CUSTOMER SEGMENTATION

 CONNECTIVITY
 DECREASING COST/INCREASING FUNCTIONALITY
 MOBILE SOLUTIONS

c. Environment- While technology is blamed for much of the pollution that contributes to global
warming, it may also provide the solution to the problem. Research into new methods of
generating power and electricity is abundant; experts hope to find cleaner, renewable sources of
energy to replace the finite supply of fossil fuels and reduce global warming and climate change.
New methods such as wind turbines, solar power and hydro-electric power are under scrutiny
and are constantly subject to trails to improve the efficiency of existing systems.

Every day, new research is being conducted to improve the systems involved in the modern
world. New systems of removing waste and improving the efficiency of the distribution of
electricity, for example, may benefit many people in the future by cutting emissions and
improving efficiency. Projects such as those involving cars that run on cleaner fuels may also
significantly change the way we live in the future; energy efficient products such as light bulbs
will also contribute to making the environment cleaner.

d. Arts-Just as the arts are an expression of any society’s culture, the culture of this society -
conversely - is the mirror and outcome of these arts. The interchangeable relationship between
the arts - as a cultural value offered to the public - and the general population that interacts with
and embodies these values must perpetually rise upwards and never deviate - even marginally -
downwards, not only with respect to heightening the esteem and taste for aesthetic beauty, but
also on other levels such as revering the value of morality, virtue, hard work, science, defense of
the motherland, as well as all the other values representing the backbone of the success and
development of any contemporary civilized society.

Digital technology and modern techniques have had the strongest impact on the art of painting
and drawing. In the past, painting and drawing depended on the artist’s skills in wielding his
traditional tools - the brush, the pencil, charcoal or pastels. The artist, through conventional and
calculated steps, was in control of the density of color, the degrees of the different shades, the
realism or abstraction of his work of art. Artists today, on the other hand, operate with clicks of
the mouse, video tools and digital colors, which even if they ostensibly mimic Artists today find
it more challenging than ever to present original and innovative ideas, and they need to exert
themselves and stretch their imagination to succeed.old traditional tools with respect to
performance, are still radically different with regard to usage and wielding techniques and to the
means to achieve the desired artistic effect from them. There is no doubt that the human touch in
the classical school of painting had a major influence on the shape of the painting and the effect
of the tools, particularly when an artist used his or her human fingers to place the special effects
and touches on his or her work. Today’s modern technology has, however, reduced the need for
the human artistic touch in favor of a vast array of diverse and different tools, each of which is a
mechanism that gives access to an even bigger set of tweaking and tuning options that open up
limitless horizons for artists to express themselves more creatively and accurately, to the degree.

e. War- few human activities would seem to be more different than war and science. War aims
to kill people and destroy things, to bring one country’s military under the control of another.
War is primal, violent, and chaotic. Science and mathematics, by contrast, seem the highest
development of learning and civilization, creative and even noble activities. Science proceeds by
slow, thoughtful activity, careful theory and experiment where every last detail or variable is
controlled under precise conditions. Yet the most profound impacts of science on warfare may
not have been any particular invention as much as ways of thinking, ways of being in the world.
For centuries, warfare had been its own specialized skill, epitomized by professional officers –
men of training, discipline, and high prestige in most societies (as they still are today). By
contrast, scientists were often seen as esoteric conjurers, madmen, or at best isolated dabblers
(think of the “mad scientist” figure that appears in so many old movies).

f. Ethics-Ethics in technology is a sub-field of ethics addressing the ethical questions specific to

the Technology Age. Some prominent works of philosopher Hans Jonas are devoted to ethics of
technology. The subject has also been explored, following the work of Mario Bunge, under the
term technoethics.

g. Ideology- The production of scientific knowledge is regulated by specific rules such as the
logic of the experimental method and empirical references, and is animated by a depressive
attitude ("I am responsible for matters within the confines of rules set by the research
community") while the propositions of ideology are anti-empirical, shy away from counter-
examples, are confusional, and are underpinned by an attitude that is potentially maniacal and
omnipotent.

6. Discuss the role of Science and Technology inNational Development of the Philippines.

Science and technology in the Philippines represents the wide scientific and technological
advances the Philippines have made. The main managing agency responsible for science and
technology (S&T) is the Department of Science and Technology (DOST). The science
department have consulting agencies for Forestry, Agriculture and Aquaculture, Metal Industry,
Nuclear Research, Food and Nutrition, Health, Meteorological and the Volcanology and
Seismology. With the help of new technology, food production will boost, improve
infrastructure, improve healthcare and provide sanitation facilities could dramatically change the
quality of life in the developing world. With the help of charitable organizations and
Government leaders from developed countries, this kind of technology is gradually being
introduced into developing countries. Science and Technology are considered by many to be
forces for improvement in the welfare of the country.
 MOUNT CARMEL COLLEGE

BALER, AURORA

FINAL EXAMINATION

HISTORY AND PHILOSOPHY OF SCIENCE

1. What is the relationship between science and philosophy?

The connection between science and philosophy has endured for thousands of years. In present-
day conditions it has not only been preserved but is also growing substantially stronger. The
scale of the scientific work and the social significance of research have acquired huge
proportions. At one time it was commonly held that philosophy was the science of sciences, their
supreme ruler. Today physics is regarded as the queen of sciences. Both views contain a certain
measure of truth. Physics with its tradition, the specific objects of study and vast range of exact
methods of observation and experiment exerts an exceptionally fruitful influence on all or nearly
all spheres of knowledge. Philosophy may be called the "science of sciences" probably in the
sense that it is, in effect, the self-awareness of the sciences and the source from which all the
sciences draw their world-view and methodological principles, which in the course of centuries
have been honed down into concise forms. Philosophy frames the questions and sets the rules of
debate. It does this by exploring the landscape of what might be true and figuring out how
different approaches to truth interrelate. The dialog of philosophy focuses on logic, rules of
argumentation, and the definition of abstract concepts. The approach and practice of science,
including the "scientific method" arose out of philosophy. Science is a strategy for arriving at
consensus answers to questions about the natural world. It focuses on discovering "facts",
"laws", and "mechanisms". Often what are discovered are new objects that were previously
unseen and unknown to exist.

2. Differentiate Knowledge, belief and truth

 Belief is a system of thought that is compromised of the information we have

accumulated and stored in our brains. Collectively this provides a worldview and
 mechanism by which we interpret new information and assess how our experience in the
world should be managed.
 Knowledge is going to be more narrowly defined as that information for which we have
either direct experience and/or data to confirm that it represents a, more or less, accurate
interpretation of the world around us.
 Truth simply represents the opposite of deception. Although it is often used as a more
emphatic way of expressing what we consider to be a "fact", it is irrelevant in that context
beyond establishing that the information being presented or interpreted is not the product
of deceit.

3. Discuss the different types of knowledge

 Tacit Knowledge

It is sometimes referred to as know-how and refers to intuitive, hard to define knowledge that is
largely experience based. Because of this, tacit knowledge is often context dependent and
personal in nature. It is hard to communicate and deeply rooted in action, commitment, and
involvement. Tacit knowledge is also regarded as being the most valuable source of knowledge,
and the most likely to lead to breakthroughs in the organization.

 Explicit Knowledge

This type of knowledge is formalized and codified, and is sometimes referred to as know-what It
is therefore fairly easy to identify, store, and retrieve This is the type of knowledge most easily
handled by KMS, which are very effective at facilitating the storage, retrieval, and modification
of documents and texts. From a managerial perspective, the greatest challenge with explicit
knowledge is similar to information. It involves ensuring that people have access to what they
need; that important knowledge is stored; and that the knowledge is reviewed, updated, or
discarded.

 Embedded Knowledge

Embedded knowledge refers to the knowledge that is locked in processes, products, culture,
routines, artifacts, or structures. Knowledge is embedded either formally, such as through a
management initiative to formalize a certain beneficial routine, or informally as the organization
uses and applies the other two knowledge types.

4. Differentiate factual science vs. formal science.

Formal sciences are formal language disciplines concerned with formal systems, such as logic,
mathematics, statistics, theoretical computer science, information theory, game theory, systems
theory, decision theory, and theoretical linguistics.

5. Discuss the forms of scientific arguments

.A scientific argument uses evidence to make a case for whether a scientific idea is accurate or
inaccurate. For example, the idea that illness in new mothers can be caused by doctors' dirty
hands generates the expectation that illness rates should go down when doctors are required to
wash their hands before attending births. When this test was actually performed in the 1800s, the
results matched the expectations, forming a strong scientific argument in support of the idea —
and hand-washing!

Though the elements of a scientific argument (scientific idea, expectations generated by the idea,
and relevant observations) are always related in the same logical way, in terms of the process of
science, those elements may be assembled in different orders. Sometimes the idea comes first
and then scientists go looking for the observations that bear on it. Sometimes the observations
are made first, and they suggest a particular idea. Sometimes the idea and the observations are
already out there, and someone comes along later and figures out that the two might be related to
one another.

Testing ideas with evidence may seem like plain old common sense — and at its core, it is! —
But there are some subtleties to the process:

6. How does scientific models useful in explaining scientific theories?

Scientists build models to explain how aspects of the real world work. A scientific model
consists of ideas and concepts, and includes some kind of mechanism. Many models are built
and investigated using mathematics, and computers allow very complex mathematical models.
Often, there are competing models for the same phenomenon. Models allow us to investigate
complex things that we don’t understand well by using our knowledge of simpler things. Once a
model finds supporting evidence and is accepted, it can be confidently used to make reliable
predictions about the phenomenon it represents. Finding a model that fits a phenomenon is what
we mean by “explaining” or “understanding” that phenomenon.

7. What are the reasons of the decline of Greek Science?

Though reasons for the decline of Greek science involve a complex interplay of factors,
historians of science suggest a range of causes which have nothing to do with Christianity.

Devreese and Berghe identify stagnation in Greek science resulting from the uncritical
systematization of previous research, which was accepted without challenge, stifling further
development. Lloyd, Cohen, and Gazale likewise suggest Greek science reached its limits for
reasons within Greek civilization itself. Lloyd’s comments include criticism of the pagan Greek
cosmology and mythology, which led scientific inquiry into errors such as geocentrism. Haffner
makes the same observation. Like the Hellenes of late antiquity, who were convinced that the
rise of Christianity meant the end of Greek science,77 Muslim authors blamed the decline of
science and philosophy on the Christianization of the Roman empire.
8. Discuss the Science and Philosophical legacy of the following era;

a. classical Science-Science flourished and art shifted away from secular roots and toward
neoclassicism. 18th century Enlightenment philosophy ushered in the classical era where reason
and logic began to shape the world.

b. Middle East and the Arab conquest- middle Ages saw advancements in the philosophy of
science and the refinement of the scientific method. Trade and conquest led to cultural exchange
and the spread of knowledge. Muslim Scientists paced far greater emphasis on experiment than
had the Greece. They also develop or discovered the following; Arabic numerals, Algebra,
Medicine, Expansion of geographic knowledge.

c. Scientific Revolution- The scientific revolution took place from the sixteenth century through
the seventeenth century and saw the formation of conceptual, methodological, and institutional
approaches to the natural world that are recognizably like those of modern science.

It refers to historical changes in thought & belief, to changes in social & institutional
organization that unfolded in Europe roughly 1550-1700. It starts the belief that the sun is the
center of the solar system and many more that change the views of many in science.

d. Modern and Contemporary Age- Science today explain most of the problems the world
have in the past centuries. Physics, Chemistry, and Biology become more popular. More
products of science where made but aligned of course with proper reasoning.