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An Evaluative study of design considerations on
HVAC system(auditorium)
By
Gaurav Ram Kishor (2019H1480589H)
Ranjith Prakash (2019H1480591H)
k. Tejus (2019H1480590H)
P. Thirumal Reddy (2019H1480172H)
Ch. Sandeep dattu (2019H1480152H)
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Abstract:
The heating and cooling occur in every building as a part of the difference in temperatures inside
and outside the environment. Whether a environment needs to be heated or cooled depends on
the climatic conditions. In this literature we present the various works done in the heating or
cooling of a auditorium. An auditorium is a large space which are used for many purposes.so the
no of occupants will also be high. The HVAC that needs to install in such a space should provide
sufficient comfort to every occupant according to the demand, climate, building design etc.
Researches has been going in the field of air conditioning which provide thermal comfort with
least cost and more effective. Therefore, the objective of this study is to identify the various
ways in which the HVAC system can be designed in an auditorium.
Introduction:
HVAC- Heating, Ventilating and Air conditioning, is a branch of mechanical
engineering that is concerned with achieving both indoor and vehicular
human comfort by providing adequate and acceptable heat and fresh air. It
involves the process of exchanging or replacing air in any place to provide
high quality indoor air, which involves temperature control, oxygen
replenishment, and removal of moisture, odours, smoke, heat, dust, etc.
from the air. Heating, Ventilating and Air Conditioning Systems (HVAC) are
applied for primarily cooling purpose as well as to maintain quality of air. It
has future demand because of with rise in temperature because of global
warming, the increase in the unavailable energy (increase in entropy) and
unusual climatic changes seen in recent years has caused an increased
demand for heating and cooling technologies.
As more concern with comfort conditions of people who are in HVAC system,
as a HVAC engineer should design a proper system which gives better
comfort conditions with a economically viable system. The present work
more concern with design of system with respect to loads, design of air
Ducts, and Economical analysis.
Literature survey:
Paper 1;( Agis Papadopoulos Aristotle.)
In many Heating, Ventilation and Air-Conditioning (HVAC) applications, heat recovery (HR)
devices are installed, aiming at reducing energy consumption.
In this paper, a 250-person auditorium is used as a model to estimate the applicability of an air-
to-air fixed-plate heat exchanger installed in the air handling unit (AHU) of the HVAC system.
The potential benefits depend mainly on the ventilation airflow requirements, the climatic
parameters, the effectiveness of the HE, and the duration of the HVAC system’s operation.
The operating cost savings provided by recovered energy must exceed the increased cost of
operating the fans in order to offset the cost of the HR device.
Description of the conditioned space and HVAC system
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The HVAC system consists of an air handling unit (AHU), the air duct distribution system, an
electrically driven chiller, a gas boiler, a humidifier, the piping network, and the control system.
The general layout of the system’s component parts is shown in fig. 1.
Figure 1 Layout of the HVAC system at the auditorium
By installing an air-to-air heat exchanger in the AHU, the exhaust and the fresh outdoor
airstreams are passing through the HE, before leaving/entering the mixing box respectively, the
incoming outside air is precooled (during cooling season) or preheated (during heating season)
by the exhaust airstream, achieving a reduction of the sensible portion of the ventilation air
cooling and heating loads.
The control system
The control system of the auditorium’s HVAC plant is equipped with sensors for room air
temperature, humidity and CO2 concentration, connected to a central controller.
The HVAC system design criteria
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Outdoor-indoor design parameters, namely dry-bulb (DB) temperature, wet-bulb (WB)
temperature, relative humidity (RH) plus ventilation airflow requirements were adjusted
according to national technical directives and codes, and are given in tab.1.
Table 1 HVAC system design criteria
Energy analysis
A spreadsheet program was developed and the energy requirements of the auditorium,
along with the energy consumption of the HVAC equipment, were calculated.
Figure 2 Annual electric energy consumption ofFigure 3 Annual thermal energy consumption of
the HVAC system the HVAC system
For full occupancy
The air-to-air heat recovery HE saves about 40% of the heating energy required for the operation
of the system, in all zones.
Total annual electric energy consumption decreases by 1.7, 2.8 and 0.2%, for the zones A, B, C
respectively, and only in zone D it increases by 4.5%
For half occupancy
The heat recovery device reduces the heating energy about 31%, in all zones.
Τhe total annual electric energy consumption is increased in all zones, and more specifically by
1.4, 0.7, 2.2 and 6.7%, for the zones A, B, C and D respectively.
The HVAC system design criteria
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Table 2 Annual operating cost [€] and total cost savings [%]
In the case of full occupancy, the installation of the HE reduces the yearly total energy cost by
13.6, 18.8, 19.2 and 21.3%, for the climate zones A, B, C and D respectively. In the case of half
occupancy the yearly total energy cost is reduced by 6.8, 10.2, 11.0 and 14.0%, for climate zones
A, B, C and D.
The results indicate that with full occupancy the expected payback period is less than 1 year for
all climate zones (1, 7, 4 and 10 months for climate zones A, B, C and D). Even with half
occupancy, the maximum payback period is less than 2 years (1, 17, 9 and 23 months for climate
zones A, B, C and D.
Conclusion
For the specific climatic conditions examined, it was proven that: heating energy consumption
decreased by 31 to 40%, depending on occupancy, while electric energy consumption didn’t
change notably; the payback period does not exceed 24months, depending on climate zone and
occupancy.
PAPER 2(S. S. AGGARWAL, SHREE KUMAR)
2.1 Theory
The earth below a few depths remains at constant temperature throughout the year. The
earth at this depth is warmer in winter and cooler in summer in comparison to the ambient air. As
such earth can be used as a heat sink during summer and source during winter The thermal
coupling between the earth and a building can be achieved either by integrating it directly in
contact with the earth such as basements etc. or through earth air tunnel or tubes. The air gets
cooled in summer when passes through the tunnel, and thus helps remove heat from the
buildings. To facilitate high air movement through the tunnel, a wind tower or an electrically
operated devices is usually integrated with it.
During summer season ranging from April to June, the humidity is as low as 40 per cent
and the ambient air temperature reaches as high as 44 deg with almost clear sky condition. In
winter the temperature touches as low as 3°C and humidity level is generally high. The seating
capacity of auditorium is 1000.
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2.2 Data collection
To assess the effectiveness of this cooling system in respect of cooling for thermal
comfort inside auditorium a survey was conducted during the peak summer of May. Data on dry-
bulb and wet-bulb temperatures, air velocity at various points in the auditorium were taken using
sling psychrometer, hot-wire anemometer and thermometers. Twenty points, evenly distributed
over the entire occupancy area in the auditorium were specified for observations so that
temperature, humidity, wind speed distribution and thermal comfort conditions within the
auditorium are thoroughly evaluated. Simultaneous measurements were also taken of the
temperature and humidity outside the auditorium. Temperatures at inlet and outlets of the duct
were also recorded. Hourly observations were taken starting from 11:00 to 15:30 hours covering
peak hot hours of the day
Measurements were carried out for the following conditions.
(A) Exhaust fans, wall mounted fans and ducts are non-operational.
(B) All systems i.e. ducts, exhaust fans and wall mounted fans are operational.
(C) Cooling system (ducts) operational without water sprinkling.
2.3 Results and Discussions
The variation in outdoor dry bulb temperature, TSI and relative humidity on different days is
shown in fig 1.It is noted that outdoor dry bulb temperature vanes from 34°C to 39°C and
relative humidity from 43 to 62 per cent showing
Thereby near similarity of outdoor conditions on different days during entire period of survey.
Fig1.
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Fig 2
In the interior of auditorium, reduction in air temperature as compared to outdoor air temperature
for different hours have been shown in Fig 2 for peripheral points and central points respectively.
From the detailed analysis and measurement of various parameters they found out the coefficient
of performance and Tropical summer index (TSI). TSI provides a measure of thermal comfort
conditions indoors created by the system whereas the COP represents the efficiency of the
system in respect of its energy consumption.
The following conclusions have been arrived from the results obtained.
1. The earth air duct hybrid system coupled with evaporative system appears to be reasonably
good passive system for cooling of buildings in the hot dry summer of composite climate or in
hot dry climatic region.
2. The system performs at the cooling rate of 40.14 kW with coefficient of performance within
3.4 to 4.3.
3. The system brings down the TSI by5 deg approximately in the of such a large capacity.
4. The earth air duct system alone, without evaporative cooling, is able to bring down the
temperature of the incoming air by 3°C.
5. The cooling potential will increase if the evaporative cooling is done just before the air enters
the auditorium.
6. For improved performance the depth of ducts should have been 4 m or more.
The performance of the hybrid passive system consisting of an earth air tunnel coupled with an
evaporative cooling system was evaluated in respect of the decrease in indoor air temperature
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and the TSI inside the auditorium. It may be mentioned that all measurements have been carried
out for the case of no occupancy and only two of the three ducts in operation. As sufficient heat
is generated due to occupancy that is about 100 watt per person which includes both sensible and
latent heat, the drop in TSI due to this hybrid system is appreciably affected even for the normal
occupancy of 300-400 persons. Hence additional cooling devices will be required for achieving
thermal comfort condition inside the auditorium during its normal functioning even when the
third duct becomes operational. It is also noted that due to poor workmanship, ground water
often penetrates the system during rainy season leading to biological growth and odour
problems. As a result of this, the quality of air supplied to the building may become poor and
unhygienic.
PAPER 3(Rutvik Lathia*, Jaymin Mistry)
3.1 PRESENT WORK
This paper includes the process of designing HVAC with components by using
mathematical framework confirmed by software. It also provided a
demonstration with the example of 1000 seats auditorium situated at
Vadodara, Gujarat.
3.2 DETAILS
FACTORS ON WHICH HVAC SYSTEMS DEPENDS
1. HVAC systems depend on the larger number of factors, oh which the
location specific climate conditions is the most important. Therefore, for
the proper design conditions, we use standard
2. climate data.
3. The orientation and planning of a building has a significant effect on
the space heat gain, which must be considered for the optimal design of an
auditorium
4. The area of walls and roof are also some major factors which affect the
heat transfer.
5. The CLTD (cooling load temperature difference) is a theoretical
temperature difference that accounts for the combined effects of the inside
and outside air temp difference, daily temperature range, solar radiation and
heat storage in the construction assembly/building mass. It is affected by
orientation, tilt, month, day, hour, and latitude.
3.3 ABOUT LOAD CALCULATION
1. Load is the amount of heat transfer to the system which must be removed
to obtain the desired comfort and temperature levels. It also provides
information for equipment selection, system sizing and system design. There
are two types of loads:
1) Cooling load-cooling load calculations are carried out to estimate the heat
gain of the building in the summer to arrive at the required cooling
capacities.
2) Heating load-heating load calculations are carried out to estimate the heat
loss from the building in the winter to arrive at required heating capacities.
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2. But since the paper is doing study on one of the auditorium in Vadodara,
Gujarth where the climate is mostly dry the study is focused on cooling load
only. Cooling load calculations, the system must be divided into several parts
such as.
1) Heat gain through the walls and roof.
2) Heat gain through the windows and doors
3) Heat gain due to people
4) Heat gain due to lighting
5) Heat gain due to appliances
3.4 DUCT DESIGN
There are many theories which define the size of the duct system including
_ equal friction
_ static regains
_ total pressure
_ velocity reduction
_ constant velocity
From these methods, we elect to use the equal friction method because it
gives us more correct values to keep the discharge constant. In the equal
friction method, the system is sized for a constant pressure loss per unit
length of duct. The equal friction method can be used for the design of
supply and extract the resulting duct systems.
For the branch design arrangement, there are mainly two types of methods
_ Reducing plenum method
_ Reducing trunk method
The reducing plenum method is widely used. In the reducing plenum
method, a single plenum will have extended up to 15-20 feet.
Advt- It is easier to install and provides a cost reduction.
Diadvt- Lack in the proper arrangement leading to a chance of discomfort
because the discharge and velocity cannot remain the same as the
calculation due to the constant plenum.
There will be a chance of a reverse effective pressure, which could result in a
negative pressure
that will create at branching instead of discharge it and will suck the indoor
air.
3.5 CYCLE SELECTION
There are many cycles, such as Vapour Compression Refrigeration Cycle
(VCRC), Vapour absorption Refrigeration Cycle (VARC), Lithium Bromide
(LieBr) cycle, etc. In this paper aqua ammonia VARS system is used for
study.
3.6 LIFE CYCLE COST ANALYSIS
For the life cycle cost analysis of the HVAC system, we are considering a 23
year life cycle. The fife cycle cost analysis includes the installation cost,
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maintenance cost, annual electricity cost, replacement cost, and salvage
cost.
3.7 EMISSIONS
Direct emissions
Since, we have used a solar collector water heater to run the generator,
there are no direct emissions from this system, so it is completely eco-
friendly. The ODP (Ozone Depletion Potential) and GWP (Global Worming
Potential) very low, so that it would not adversely affect the environment.
Indirect emissions
The only electricity that we are using in our system is for the pumps and
fans. The total units consumed by these fans and pumps per year are 26,370
units. For 1 unit, 6.89551 * 10-4 metric tons of CO2 is emitted in the
atmosphere. Hence, the total indirect emission for 26,370 units is 18.18
metric tons of CO2. Otherwise, there is not any indirect emission.
3.8 RESULTS
As the result of the designing, the HVAC Systems obtained is the free
emission system with low GWP (Global Warming Potential) and ODP (Ozone
Depletion Potential) providing best comfort condition with reduction trunk
duct arrangement and low life cycle cost. However production side of the
Ducting Systems will become more expensive and complex due to numbers
of joints and duct sizes but after applying it properly better performance and
less frictional losses lead the system to high Energy Efficiency Ratio (EER).
3.9 CONCLUSION
The best HVAC systems cannot be designed according to the design of a
building, but the building has to be designed with respect to the HVAC
systems.
PAPER 4
At the present collage auditorium has a problem of ill ventilated atmosphere and suffocation
problem, because of improper design, in this paper he done the calculation of power requirement
of collar for a particular auditorium and also given a conclusion that use of false ceiling will
improve the comfort conditions in all climate conditions.
Main factors should be considered for designing evaporative cooling system
1. Air supply and exhaust.
The air should be picked up at lowest possible DBT and WBT so as to get maximum benefit
from the evaporative cooling system. Point of exhaust from the room should be at roof level to
pick up hot air and eject it outside, up and away from the cooler intake to permit maximum
efficiency from the unit.
2. Air motion.
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It is necessary to provide adequate means for moving air out of the conditioned space when
designing an evaporative air-cooling system, Air must move through and out of building as
quickly as possible.
3. Cooler capacity installation.
Excess cooler capacity is not a matter of concern because an evaporative cooler cannot cool
below WBT.
4. Duct work.
An arbitrary rule is to limit duct length 15m as a practical measure for simplicity. In large spaces
where longer air to separate zones that can be served with short duct runs.
5. Cleaning of the system.
Proper cleaning should be provided, scales should not form inside the ducts
6. Air distribution system.
The following three points are preferred in air distribution system
1. Flow direction of air toward the face of the people is preferred instead of back or side.
2. Downward flow is preferable over upward flow.
The main components of air distribution system are:
1. The fan, also called as air handling unit
2. Duct work
3. Terminal distribution equipment, diffuser, grilles resisters etc.
He did the calculations for Plan for college above dimensions and with
respect to one particular Terrace plan for location of auditorium and particular
auditorium
atmospheric conditions. He did the calculations for total
coolers
heat load , overall heat transfer coefficient , duct
design and power requirements , he conclude
that the cooling system of auditorium requires two
coolers with water requirement as 8 lit/sec and power requirement is 120 Watts..
Below are conditions
For summer conditions the design recommendations for assembly place are 23oC dry bulb
temperature 60% relatively humidity (Arora and Donkundwar, 1994) Condition in summer for
air cooling design in Akola which includes outdoor Dry Bulb Temperature (DBT), Wet Bulb
Temperature (WBT) and Relative Humidity (RH) are 46oC, 23.2oC and 18% respectively.
Indoor DBT, WBT and RH are 34oC, 23.2oC and 60% respectively. Outdoor minimum
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temperature is assumed as 32oC. Daily temperature range, td=T0(max)Ti(min) calculated value
is 14oC (46-32) and room temperature difference is 12oC (46-34). Dimensions of walls of
auditorium was measured and area was calculated east (61.94 m2), west (64.87 m2), north (56.96
m2), south (64.87 m2).
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PAPER 5(WARREN)
There are various methods of relating the ventilation rate to the occupation level have
been proposed and are currently being used in certain buildings. One of them is use the
carbon dioxide emitted by the occupants as a measure of occupation level.
Design of ventilated system
Original system:
It consisted of a radiator system designed to compensate for fabric losses and a low
velocity 100% fresh air ventilation system comprising filters, centrifugal inlet fan and heater
battery, and a separate centrifugal exhaust fan. The radiators were uncontrolled and the heater
battery was controlled via a sensor in the exhaust duct.
Modified System:
The system was modified by the introduction of four sets of opposed blade dampers, a
main and subsidiary set in the supply ducting. Control of the main supply and exhaust
dampers was by means of a CO2 sensor/controller which enabled them to be modulated to
any position between closed and fully open to attempt to satisfy the CO2 concentration set
point selected on the controller.
Modifications to the temperature control system included the fitting of thermostatic
radiator valves and an arrangement to increase the set point of the fresh air supply should the
auditorium temperature fall.
Measurements are made for energy consumptions over 26-week period during which
building was operated for alternate weeks with and without CO2 controlled ventilation.
Energy consumptions for the whole building were obtained from the main gas meter readings
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whilst the heater battery output was determined using a heat meter. No measurement was
made of the radiator energy use. Internal temperatures were recorded at two representative
positions in the auditorium and weather data in the form of daily maximum and minimum air
temperatures were obtained from weather centre. Maximum and minimum airflows were
measured during site visits and the occupancy levels obtained from ticket office records. Spot
measurements of the CO2 concentration and occupancy level were used to make an estimate
of the total fresh airflow. The measured fan flow was then subtracted from this figure to
provide an estimate of the infiltration rate. The field-trial energy savings were calculated by
obtaining the linear correlation (least squares method) between weekly gas use and degree-
days with and without the variable ventilation system and using the correlations to
extrapolate the measurements to cover a full year of fuel use in both modes. The difference in
energy consumption between the two modes gives the savings due to the variable ventilation
system.
Pre-simulation work:
The field trials and assumptions provided the data on which to base the simulations but it was
necessary to carry out some pre-simulation work to determine the relationship between CO2
concentration, mechanical ventilation rate, and the occupation pattern.
The rate of change of CO2 concentration is given by
where G is the CO2 output per person, V is
the volume of the space, Cr and Co the respective inside and outside CO 2 concentrations, N
the number of people, and R the ventilation rate in m3/s. The values of G and Co were taken
as constant, being 4.7 x 10 6 m3/s (280 cm3/min) and 3.1 xl0 -4 m3/s, respectively. By using
step-by-step integration in conjunction with the occupancy and system operation profiles,
values of CO2 concentration were determined over the occupation periods.
Simulation Package:
Simulations using the Environmental Systems Performance package (ESP). The main
simulation engine uses files of data comprising the geometry, construction, operation, zonal
configuration, and systems control information.
Simulation Details:
In the simulations carried out, the simulation time-steps were eight per hour and a complete
heating season from November to April was simulated. The output option chosen included
information about internal temperature profiles, energy inputs and outputs, which included a
breakdown of building/plant gains and losses.
Input data:
maximum airflow 5.02 m3/s
minimum airflow 3.77 m3/s
infiltration rate 0.4 ach
mean internal temperature 19.3 °C
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session start (1) 14:00 (2) 18:00 (doors open at 12:00 and 17:00)
sessions finish (1) 16:30 (2) 22:00
mean fan operation period 8.5 hours
Different scenarios adopted for simulation:
Scenario 1. The ventilation rate was maintained at its maximum level to simulate the original
Bingo Hall condition with no CO2 control.
Scenario 2. In this scenario the ventilation rate was modulated between its minimum and
maximum values under the action of CO2 control to provide a check with the field trials.
Scenario 3. The fully controlled condition when the ventilation was modulated from zero to
maximum in order to maintain the CO2 concentration at a selected value (1000 ppm).
Pre-simulation results:
In scenario 1, the fixed ventilation rate of 1.6 ach resulted in CO2 concentrations
during occupation which never exceeded about 820 ppm.
In scenario 2 pre-simulation results confirmed this observation in that the minimum
ventilation rate was always sufficient to ensure that the CO2 concentration never exceeded the
control setting of 1000 ppm with the occupation pattern used.
In scenario 3, with the ventilation rate allowed to modulate smoothly between zero
and the maximum clearly show that the CO2 concentration setting of 1000 ppm can be
maintained with ventilation rates always below the minimum figure used in the field trials.
The pre-simulation results were then used in ESP to predict the energy savings due to
controlling the ventilation rate at each simulation time-step.
Simulation Results:
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Regression equations relating weekly energy
The estimation of savings due to the introduction of energy conservation measures is,
or convenience, commonly based on degree day information rather than temperature
differences as used here. Regression equations relating weekly energy requirements using
standard degree-days (15.5 °C base) are presented for each scenario. For a mean weekly
figure of 71.7 degree-days over the 25-week. simulation period, mean weekly energy
requirements of 6301 kWh and 2942 kWh are obtained for scenarios 1 and 3, respectively,
giving an energy saving of 53.3%, i.e., the same as on a temperature difference basis. Using
the same mean weekly number of degree-days reported by ECD over their field trial period,
an energy saving of 57.1% is obtained. On the same basis scenario 2 gives a saving of 26.4%,
which is comparable with the savings reported from the field trials of 17.7% when one takes
into account the various difficulties associated with the practical collection of data. The
savings achieved stem partly from the fact that when ventilation is required its rate is
considerably reduced and partly because the period for which ventilation is needed is much
shorter. In the case of scenario 3 the ventilation ON time was approximately 3.5 hours per
day. Although one might expect the curves for scenarios 1 and 3 to merge when the common
maximum ventilation rate is reached, a difference exists due to the different ventilation rates
during the ingress and egress of the audience, and the inter-sessional periods. This effect
would tend to decrease as the number of people is increased even more, i.e., beyond 900,
until at very high occupancies the curves would become coincidental although environmental
conditions would become untenable. If 1000 ppm C02 concentration is taken to be an
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acceptable indicator of air quality then Fig.10 shows that the system modelled could not cope
with more than about 720 people.
A simulation has been carried out using data derived from a live project which shows
that energy savings using C02 concentration-based ventilation control may be considerable,
up to 53% of the energy consumption of the original 100% fresh air system. A simulation
using the same ventilation restrictions as were applied to the field trial gave an energy saving
of 26.4% as compared with that measured of 17.7%. If the same ratio of saving (0.67) is
applied to the simulated figure of 53.3% achieved under fully modulated ventilation
conditions then the savings in practice would be expected to be about.
Conclusion
Based on the above discussion HVAC system can be designed based on different aspect,
which will depend on place to place environment conditions. The best HVAC systems cannot be
designed according to the design of a building, but the building has to be designed with respect
to the HVAC systems.
REFERENCES
Energy and economic analysis of an auditorium’s air conditioning system with heat
recovery in various climatic zone by Agis Papadopoulos Aristotle
.
Hybrid earth air duct system for cooling of an auditorium
S. S. Aggarwal, Shree Kumar (2011)
Process of designing efficient, emission free HVAC
systems with its components for 1000 seats auditorium Rutvik lathia, Jaymin mistry.
Design of air-cooling system for college auditorium
S. S. Wane* and M. B. Nagdeve
Demand controlled ventilation by room CO2 concentration: a comparison of simulated
energy savings in an auditorium space by warren
