COGNITIVE PSYCHOLOGY
Memory
Soriano, Michelle M.
Memory What is memory?
Tasks Used for Measuring Memory
OUTLINE OF DISCUSSION - Recall vs. Recognition Tasks
TOPICS
- Implicit vs. Explicit Memory Tasks
Working Memory: An Integrative
Model
- Components of Working Memory
- Neuroscience and Working Memory
Made in Birchwood: The Annual Creators' Market
What is memory?
THE MEANS BY WHICH WE RETAIN
AND DRAW ON INFORMATION FROM
OUR PAST EXPERIENCES TO USE IN
THE PRESENT (KANDEL, 2007;
TULVING, 2000; TULVING & CRAIK,
2000)
REFERS TO THE DYNAMIC
MECHANISMS ASSOCIATED WITH
STORING, RETAINING AND
RETRIEVING INFORMATION ABOUT
PAST EXPERIENCE (BJORKLUND ET
AL., 2003; CROWDER, 1976)
Three common 1. ENCODING -
TRANSFORMING SENSORY
operations of DATA INTO A FORM OF
memory MENTAL REPRESENTATION
2. STORAGE - KEEPING
ENCODED INFORMATION IN
MEMORY
3. RETRIEVAL - PULLING OUT
OR USING INFORMATION
STORED IN MEMORY
ENCODING STORING RETRIEVING
Psychologists who study memory can also measure relearning - the
number of trials it takes to learn once again the learning in the past.
Tasks Used for Measuring
Memory
RECALL TASKS RECOGNITION TASKS
- producing a fact, word, or - selecting or identifying an
other item from memory item as being one that you
- also called expressive have been exposed to
knowledge previously
- also called receptive
knowledge
Recall Task
THE TERM FOR PERSONS WHO
SUFFER SEVERE MEMORY
IMPAIRMENT IS ________.
THERE ARE THREE TYPES OF
RECALL TASKS:
SERIAL RECALL
FREE RECALL
CUED RECALL
Recall Task Types
SERIAL FREE RECALL CUED RECALL
RECALL - items can be - items are
- items must be recalled in any shown in pairs
recalled in the way or order and in the
exact order chosen recalling phase,
they were only one of the
presented pair is
presented
Serial Recall
INU
USAGI
NEKO
KUMA
BUTA
Free Recall
MIDORIYA
BAKUGO
TODOROKI
DABI
CHISAKI
Cued Recall
ROMANCE - CHERRY
DRAMA - ORANGE
HORROR - MELON
SCI-FI - APPLE
COMEDY - GRAPES
Recognition Task
Tasks Used for Measuring Memory
EXPLICIT MEMORY TASK IMPLICIT MEMORY TASK
-declarative memory- using information from
intentionally remembering/ memory unconsciously and
conscious recollection unintentionally
Explicit Memory Implicit Memory
SEMANTIC
PROCEDURAL
MEMORY PRIMING
EPISODIC MEMORY
memories of TASKS
MEMORY performing
facts, facilitation of
long-term tasks while
concepts, ability to utilize
memories of being
names, and missing
specific events unconscious of
other general information
the task itself
knowledge
Explicit Memory Implicit Memory
- encoded to memory and - begins with learning
later retrieved skills and mastering a task
- often formed deliberately - becomes automatic over
through rehearsal time with repetition
- can be encoded - recall is often
unconsciously and tied to dependent upon context
emotions and cues
- may be drawn into - can result in
awareness through priming/similar stimulus
association response
Working Memory: An
Integrative Model
Working memory holds only the most
recently activated, or conscious, portion
of long-term memory and moves these
activated elements in and out of brief,
temporary memory storage.
It is involved in manipulation of
information and have several
components.
Components of Working Memory
Logie (1995):
Visuospatial Sketchpad
1. VISUAL CACHE -
BRIEFLY HOLDS AND
SPECIALIZING IN
MANIPULATES INFORMATION ABOUT
INFORMATION ABOUT FORM, COLOR AND
THE APPEARANCE OF VISUAL IDENTITY
OBJECTS AND THEIR 2. INNER SCRIBE - ...
ABOUT SPATIAL
LOCATION IN SPACE
LOCATION AND
MOVEMENT
REPRESENTATION
Components of Working Memory
Phonological Loop PHONOLOGICAL STORAGE
- HOLDS INFO IN MEMORY
SUBVOCAL REHEARSAL -
BRIEFLY STORES HOLDS INFO BY NONVERBAL
MAINLY VERBAL REHEARSAL TO PREVENT
FROM FADING
INFORMATION FOR
PHONOLOGICAL LOOP IS
VERBAL
ALSO CALLED
COMPREHENSION AND
ARTICULATORY CONTROL
ACOUSTIC REHEARSAL
PROCESS.
Components of Working Memory
Central Executive Episodic Buffer
EXPLAINS HOW WE
THE GATING
INTEGRATE
MECHANISM THAT
INFORMATION IN
DECIDES WHAT
WORKING MEMORY,
INFORMATION TO
LONG-TERM MEMORY,
PROCESS FURTHER AND
AND THE SLAVE
HOW TO PROCESS IT.
SYSTEMS.
Working Memory Diagram
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