BALAY PAYOH: A Disaster Resilient Housing Approach for the Terraced Resettlement for the Dumagat Tribe

with the Application of Muyong System Towards Environmental Conservation

Alyanna Diane S. Avorque Limuel H. Estrella Catherine M. Roberto

A. MACRO SITE ANALYSIS

Quezon Province

Quezon is a province of the

Philippines in the CALABARZON
region located in the south
of Luzon island. The province was
named after Manuel L. Quezon, the
second President of the Philippines and
the first to be freely elected. Lucena is
the provincial capital, seat of the
provincial government and the most
populous city of the province, but is
governed independently as a highly
urbanized city. To distinguish the
province from Quezon City, it is
sometimes called Quezon Province.

A major tourism draw to the province

is Mount Banahaw. The mountain is Figure 2.1 Map of Quezon Province
Source: Philippines News Agency

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with the Application of Muyong System Towards Environmental Conservation

Alyanna Diane S. Avorque Limuel H. Estrella Catherine M. Roberto

surrounded by spiritual mysticism with many Anitist adherents, Christian cults, and Christian organizations staying on the
mountain. The mountain was also one of the most sacred sites for pre-colonial Tagalog people before the arrival of the
Spanish. Numerous pilgrims visit the mountain especially during Holy Week.

Physical characteristics

Quezon, east of Metro Manila, is the 8th largest province in the Philippines having an area of 8,989.39 square kilometres
(3,470.82 sq mi).It is the largest province of Calabarzon, comprising 879,660 hectares or 53.21% of the total land area of
the region. Of this area, 513,618 hectares is categorized as agricultural land. The northern part of the province is
sandwiched between the Sierra Madre mountain range and the Philippine Sea. The southern part consists of the Tayabas
Isthmus, which separates the Bicol Peninsula from the main part of Luzon Island, and the Bondoc Peninsula which lies
between Tayabas Bay and Ragay Gulf. Because of this, majority of towns in the province have access to the sea. The
province is bounded by the provinces of Aurora, Bulacan, Rizal, Laguna, Batangas, Camarines Sur and Camarines Norte.
It is bounded to the east by the Pacific Ocean and to the south by Tayabas Bay. The province is said to be characterized by
a rugged terrain with patches of plains, valleys and swamps.

The province has a total of 1,066.36 km of coastline and has several bays including Burdeos Bay, Lamon Bay, Calauag
Bay, Lopez Bay, Ragay Gulf, Pagbilao Bay and Tayabas Bay. The Infanta Watershed has extensive and highly productive
aquifers while Mauban and Atimonan have no significant groundwater. According to the DENR, in 2003, Quezon had
231,190 hectares of forest cover. However, due to rampant illegal logging as well as kaingin, these forests are constantly
threatened.

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 BALAY PAYOH: A Disaster Resilient Housing Approach for the Terraced Resettlement for the Dumagat Tribe
with the Application of Muyong System Towards Environmental Conservation

Alyanna Diane S. Avorque Limuel H. Estrella Catherine M. Roberto

Climate and Rainfall

Because of the sheer size of Quezon, different areas have different climate patterns. Most of the province falls under Type
IV Climate which means that rains are evenly distributed throughout the year. Polillo, Infanta and parts of Calauag fall
under Type II climate which means that there are no dry seasons but there is a pronounced wet season from November to
April. Parts of the western towns of Tiaong, San Antonio, Dolores and Candelaria as well as the tip of Bondoc Peninsula
including parts of Mulanay, San Francisco, San Narciso and San Andres fall under Type III climate. This means that there
is a relatively dry season from November to April. Although these are the patterns observed, it is important to note that
with climate change, these patterns have become more erratic. Typhoons have become stronger through the years, causing
problems such as power outages, road blockages, landslides, flashfloods and crop damages.

Topography and Slope

Quezon’s topography is characterized by rugged terrain with few plains, valleys and swamps. Only narrow strips of land
along the coast and river valley are available for growing crops. The undulating lowlands along the coast are well drained.
The province is very narrow, averaging about thirty (30) kilometers by its width. Slope of the province ranges from 0-3%
slopes and above. The topography of the area permits prime agricultural activities within the province.

Languages

There are five indigenous languages in Quezon province. There are the dominant Tagalog language, the Manide
language in the east and a small portion in the north, the Agta Dumagat Umiray language in the north and a small area in

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 BALAY PAYOH: A Disaster Resilient Housing Approach for the Terraced Resettlement for the Dumagat Tribe
with the Application of Muyong System Towards Environmental Conservation

Alyanna Diane S. Avorque Limuel H. Estrella Catherine M. Roberto

the center, the already-extinct Katabaga language which used to be in the south, and the endangered Ayta Kadi (Alabat
Agta) language in Alabat island and some areas in the south.

In 2010, UNESCO released its 3rd world volume of Endangered Languages in the World, where 3 critically endangered
languages were in the Philippines. One of these languages is the Alabat Island Agta language (recognized by the
Komisyon ng Wikang Filipino as the Ayta Kadi language) which has an estimated speaker of 30 people in the year 2000.
The language was classified as Critically Endangered, meaning the youngest speakers are grandparents and older, and
they speak the language partially and infrequently and hardly pass the language to their children and grandchildren
anymore.

Agriculture

Agricultural crops grown in the municipality include Rice, Corn, Cassava, Banana, Citrus, Lanzones and Pineapple. In
2006, the crops mentioned covered a total planted area of 840.5 hectares. More than half of this total or 60% was covered
by rice, followed by banana 134 ha, corn 99 ha, cassava 64 ha, citrus 22 ha, pineapple 10 ha and lanzones 3 ha. Prior to
the occurrence of the 2004 calamity, the municipality’s agricultural cropland stands at 1,609 hectares, a reduction of
almost half in the year 2006 level.

Quezon is the country´s leading coconut producer. Other crops grown are rice, corn, banana and coffee. Although the
province has vast forest lands, timber and other forest products are available only in very small quantities. The province's
vast off shore waters and inland fishponds provide a rich source of fish and marine products.

Fishiery

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 BALAY PAYOH: A Disaster Resilient Housing Approach for the Terraced Resettlement for the Dumagat Tribe
with the Application of Muyong System Towards Environmental Conservation

Alyanna Diane S. Avorque Limuel H. Estrella Catherine M. Roberto

Inland and Marine Water Resources A total of 1,524 fisher folks are engaged to fishing for both inland and offshore
fisheries. The majority of these fisher folks are living in the Barangays Sablang, Banglos, Pamplona, Maligaya and
Canaway. The total annual fish production was 498 mt/year a. Inland Fisheries The total area of inland fishery resources
in the municipality, prior to the calamity of 2004, was 4.2 hectares found in 10 barangays. Of this total area, 1.2 ha are
found in Brgy. San Marcelino. The current area of production stands at 1 hectare with 30,000 stocks. b. Marine Fisheries
General Nakar is basically a coastal municipality with coastline length of approximately 60 kilometers. A total of 210
motorized banca and 110 non-motorized banca are registered and operated using antiquated fishing gears such as multiple
hook line, hook and line and gill net. A declared Fish Sanctuary, covering twenty five (25) hectares, is found in Barangay
Sablang.

Energy

Quezon is home to several power plants that supply energy to the Luzon grid. The Pagbilao Power Station is the first
power plant in the province. Located at Isla Grande in Pagbilao, the 735 MW coal fueled power plant started operations as
early as 1993. This power plant is currently being managed by Team Energy Corp. and is undergoing a 420 MW
expansion.[54] The Mauban Power Station is also a coal fueled power plant located in Barangay Cagsiay I. Managed by
Quezon Power, the 420 MW power plant started operations in the year 2000. [55] The third power plant, a 600 MW coal
fueled plant, is currently in the planning stage and is going to be located in Barangay Villa Ibaba in the town of Atimonan.
[56]
 Together, these three provide jobs to the people as Quezon as well as addressing the energy needs of the province and
the greater Luzon area.

Municipalities of Quezon GENERAL NAKAR

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 BALAY PAYOH: A Disaster Resilient Housing Approach for the Terraced Resettlement for the Dumagat Tribe
with the Application of Muyong System Towards Environmental Conservation

Alyanna Diane S. Avorque Limuel H. Estrella Catherine M. Roberto

Quezon comprises 39 municipalities and one component city (Tayabas), which are organized into four legislative
districts and further subdivided into 1,209 barangays.

The capital, Lucena City, is independent from the administrative and fiscal supervision of the province, but is eligible to
vote for provincial officials.

The focus of the study is within the municipality of Infanta and General Nakar only which is the exact location of the
Kaliwa dam.
Figure 2.2 Municipalities of Quezon Province
Source: Municipality of Quezon

Demographic Data
Table 2.1 Demographical
Data of the Municipalities

General Nakar, officially the

Municipality of General Nakar, (Tagalog:
Bayan ng Heneral Nakar), is a 1st class
municipality in the province of Quezon,
Philippines. According to the 2015

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with the Application of Muyong System Towards Environmental Conservation

Alyanna Diane S. Avorque Limuel H. Estrella Catherine M. Roberto

census, it has a population of 29,705 people. General Nakar has the most large scope of land area, it is also known as the
mountainous part of Quezon province. Also, it is the home of almost 2,000 Dumagat with 700 households.

B. THE REMONTADO-DUMAGAT SETTLEMENT OF GENERAL NAKAR

Settlement of Dumagat Tribe

Table 2.2 Demographic Data of the Dumagat in General
Nakar
Barangay No. of Households Estimated Population
Per Brgy.
Brgy. Lumutan 124 372
Brgy. Pagsangahan 205 615
Brgy. Sablang 69 207
Brgy. Magsikap 36 108
Brgy. San Marcelino 35 105
Brgy. Maligaya 25 75
Brgy. Cnaway 82 246
Brgy. Umiray 113 339
Total: 689 Households Estimated Total
Population: 2067

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 BALAY PAYOH: A Disaster Resilient Housing Approach for the Terraced Resettlement for the Dumagat Tribe
with the Application of Muyong System Towards Environmental Conservation

Alyanna Diane S. Avorque Limuel H. Estrella Catherine M. Roberto

Brgy. Pagsangahan is thehome of almot 800 Dumagat and almost half of them were affected by the construction of the
dam. While other settlement in other barangays were also affected but Brgy. Pagsangahan has the most impact in their
settlement.

UNDERSTANDING THE CULTURE OF DUMAGAT TRIBE

BELIEFS AND TRADITION

The Dumagat tribe have different traditions and beliefs compared to others. They believe mostly in nature. They could
understand what their environment is telling them even if there’s a disaster that will come. They based it on the sea
creatures, they observe their behaviour and from there they can conclude of there’s natural disaster that will come.

Their term for marriage is pagbabalae, which is performed by the chieftain/ the elders of the tribe. Child betrothal occurs
when the children are still young. As soon as the children reach puberty, the girl’s parents ask for the bilang or bride price.
Nowadays, they don’t practice these ceremonies anymore. Some of them live together when they have children while
others goes to the town for the free marriage given by the government also known as kasalang bayan.

In terms of burial, before, when they were just nomads, when someone dies in their tribe, they buried it where it dies.
Even if he/she dies inside their house or along the way, they buried it in the exact place. But when they have permanent
houses, they decided to bury their loved ones far from their homes. They called is as patuktukan, a mountain where all of
their relative who passed away lies. They believe that after three days of the death of their loved ones, their soul will come
back in their tomb, as a respect, they offer them sacred foods and leave it for them to eat it. Their sacred food is made just
for these occasion only.

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with the Application of Muyong System Towards Environmental Conservation

Alyanna Diane S. Avorque Limuel H. Estrella Catherine M. Roberto

They also have other sacred places in their land. They believe that those places were holy and miraculous that it could heal
them whenever they feel sick. They visit their sacred places occasionally or based on their needs.

Pagmamaman is practiced by the Dumagats because of social reasons. It is used to initiate, maintain, and propagate
friendship and camaraderie. The Dumagat offers maman as a sign of friendship. Pagmamaman is a social equalizer. In the
Dumagat community, everybody chews maman. Young, old, women, men, elders, and leaders are all the same and equal
when it comes to maman everybody spits red. Pagmamaman will remain as a Dumagat social practice. It is a tradition that
the Dumagats inherited from their elders and would like to keep and pass on to the younger generation.

SACRED PLACES OF DUMAGAT TRIBE

Table 2.3 Sacred Palaces of the Dumagat and their Beliefs

Sacred Sites Beliefs

Tinapak River The Dumagat Tribe believes that the
water coming out from this river can heal
all kinds of sickness. They also used this
place as a ritual for baptism.
The Tinipak Sacred Well/Rocks was
considered as an important site along the
Kaliwa River for its healing properties.
IPs with colds, fever and flu were
believed to be healed when bathing or
drinking water from the Tinipac Well.
IPs used to hold rituals thru dance during
Water that came from the mountains and flows to Holy Week. It was believed that IPs
leave cloths near the well which

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with the Application of Muyong System Towards Environmental Conservation

Alyanna Diane S. Avorque Limuel H. Estrella Catherine M. Roberto

the river. miraculously turn to clothes from the
deities.
Mt. Mamara The Dumagat Tribe believes believe in
life after death. The term bibit refers to
the spirit of the dead, which returns after
the physical body expires. A burial
ceremony is undertaken by an elder man
who recites explanations for the burning
of the house so the dead will not haunt
the living. He also offers food and betel
as the deceased’s share

Burial grounds for Dumagat tribe

Mainit River The name of the spring describes its

Known for the naturally hot temperature of the characteristics. The Dumagat Tribe
believes that the water coming out from
water
this river can heal all kinds of sickness
because of the temperature of the water.
Since it is naturally hot, they believe that
it makes miracles.

Tulaog Cave The Dumagat Tribe believes in

Makidepet or Hesus in Tagalog that they
worship here at this area. A feast called

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with the Application of Muyong System Towards Environmental Conservation

Alyanna Diane S. Avorque Limuel H. Estrella Catherine M. Roberto

“Feast of the Tulaog” at 4th of august
once a year. They also used this place for
gathering.

A cave that helds occasions and celebrations of the

Dumagat

UNITY

Based on figure 1.0, unity is not that affected by the changes that is happening to the tribe. Almost 7% only of the tribe
stated that their unity as a tribe have changed. According to the majority of the respondents, it is one of the factors that
they managed to maintain. To have the same perception on things and decide as a tribe and not as an individual.

Before the survey was done, the researchers first asked their chieftain, William Querrez, for the permission on conducting
the survey. Their chieftain is one of the results of their unity. They just don’t decide on their own but they based it on the
leader that they have chosen. Especially to the decision according to the approval of the tribe in the construction of dam,
they held meetings and discussions as a tribe and let the tribe speak and state their perception. They decide on what they
think would help their tribe and not as an individual. When deciding, they consider what the majority of them wants even
if they want the opposite because for them, they were united into one.

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 BALAY PAYOH: A Disaster Resilient Housing Approach for the Terraced Resettlement for the Dumagat Tribe
with the Application of Muyong System Towards Environmental Conservation

Alyanna Diane S. Avorque Limuel H. Estrella Catherine M. Roberto

LIVELIHOOD
LIVELIHOOD
Other works
Taking Care of As the Figure 1.2 shown above, 62% of the respondents
animals 8%
10% responding that most of them use farming as their primary source
of income. 38% of the respondents responding that most of them
use fishing as their source of income. 14% of the respondents
Fishing
20% Farmingresponding that most of them takes care of animals as their source
62%
of income. While 7% of the respondents responding that most of
them use other jobs as their source of income.

Figure 2.3 Survey for the Livelihood of the

Dumagat.
According to figure 1.2, most of the Dumagat rely on Farming. Since they
were abundant with rice fields and mountains, they can easily grow crops,
fruits and vegetables for their own or for livelihood. The dumagat live in top
of the mountains which makes them far from any water bodies, their
main source of food is
Figure 2.4. The Dumagat farmers
Source: Go Philippines farming. Some of their crops
were being sold or traded to the
twon or market while some of it is for their daily needs. Some of them also
stated that when crisis comes, they were forced to cut down trees and make charcoal from it as an alternative source of
their living. Even though they knowthat it is illegal, they have to do something for their family rather than watching their
family dies.

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 BALAY PAYOH: A Disaster Resilient Housing Approach for the Terraced Resettlement for the Dumagat Tribe
with the Application of Muyong System Towards Environmental Conservation

Alyanna Diane S. Avorque Limuel H. Estrella Catherine M. Roberto

The second source of their living is fishing, most of the man of the
family goes in the river or near the sea when it is on Habagat season.
They know when they should go fishing or not. They depend on the
climate and the wind. That proves how they understand nature that’s
urrounds them. When they came into the straers or near the sea, they
build temporary houses which they called as Saolan which is made from
lightweight materials such as dried brances and anahaw leaves. They
slept and stayed there for days and when they have enough for their
family or for selling or trading, they go back to their houses.
Figure 2.5. The Dumagat fishermen
Source: Go Philippines Some of them where working with the government. Just like William
Querrez, which is the president of the tribal center for development
which protects their rights and assess their needs. They were the
connection of the government to the indigenous people. Almost all of their staff is also a member of their tribe. Some of
them worked with Habal-Habal which is used by means of transportation using a single motorcycle. Others have domestic
animals as a pet and sometimes for business.

Domestic Animals as a Livelihood

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Alyanna Diane S. Avorque Limuel H. Estrella Catherine M. Roberto

Figure 2.6. Pigsty of Dumagat Figure 2.7. Poultry of Dumagat beside their house

They also have

domestic animals within their backyard. Some of them were for business and some is for the family. Most of the animals
were pigs, cow, chicken and turkey.

Even though their elders were not properly educated, the young generation of their tribe have access to education also.
Few from them is taking a college degree course which is mostly Teaching or major in education, while some is pursuing
political science

Clothing
Before After
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 BALAY PAYOH: A Disaster Resilient Housing Approach for the Terraced Resettlement for the Dumagat Tribe
with the Application of Muyong System Towards Environmental Conservation

Alyanna Diane S. Avorque Limuel H. Estrella Catherine M. Roberto

AND

Figure 2.9. Clothing of the Dumagat

Figure 2.8. Clothing of the Dumagat before nowadays
and in occasions Source: WordPress
Source: WordPress

Based on figure
1.0, clotting is the second aspect of their culture that is rapidly changingFigure Survey
2.4the
due to effectfor
of the Religion of the
modernization. TheDumagat
Dumagat
tribe’s clothing were Tapis (for the women), Bahag (for the men). Nowadays, people wear civilized clothes that they were
influenced by the modern society. They’ve adapted the clothing manner of the lowlanders. They stated that clothing is one
of the aspects of their culture that they wanted to retain or revive. For them, their traditional clothing differentiate them
from the lowlanders or other people. It is one of the factors that made them as a tribe of Dumagat. Most of the youth in
their generation don’t want to wear their traditional clothing because they were not comfortable and it is not what other
people wear. They were conscious of what others would say and made them change their way of clothing. In some
occasions, they wear their traditional Tapis and Bahag.

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 BALAY PAYOH: A Disaster Resilient Housing Approach for the Terraced Resettlement for the Dumagat Tribe
with the Application of Muyong System Towards Environmental Conservation

Alyanna Diane S. Avorque Limuel H. Estrella Catherine M. Roberto

RELIGION

As the figure shown above, 78% of the respondents responding that

their religion are Catholic, 11% of the respondents responding that
their religion are Born Again. 7% of the respondents responding
that their religion are Iglesia ni Kristo and 4% of the respondents
responding that their religion have other religions.

Makidepet (Hesus in Tagalog) is the one they worship. At the early

ages, they worship their God at Tuloag cave, or at their homes. But
because of the changes emerges from time to time, the Dumagat
goes to church at the town far away from their homes. Because of
other people with different beliefs the Dumagat tribe has been
Figure 2.10 Survey for the different religion of
influence by religion of other people. Dumagat

As shown in figure 1.1, the Dumagat were also influenced by

different religion. They stated that they were open for any religion since many missionaries came to their tribe to share
their gospel. For some of them, it is a threat for their community because when they have different beliefs especially in
their spiritual aspect, they would have different perception in life and eventually became a reason for them to disperse.
According to figure 1.3, only 10% of the total respondents states that their spiritual beliefs is fading.

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Alyanna Diane S. Avorque Limuel H. Estrella Catherine M. Roberto

LANGUAGE
Changes inUnity
Dumagat Culture
6%
Belief As the figure 1.0 shown above, 58% of the
14%
respondents responding that the Dumagat tribe’s
primary language as of today are Tagalog. 21% of the
respondents responding that the change that occurred
in the generation before and after was their clothing.
Language 14% of the respondents responding that the Dumagat
Clothing 58%
21% belief unity has been changed over the pass years.
Lastly, 7% of the respondents responding that the
unity of the Dumagat tribe has not been changed over
the passing generations.

Based on figure 1.0 and figure 1.3, the most affected aspect of their culture
Figure is their
2.11 language.
Survey for theThe respondents
changes also of the Dumagat
in cukture
consider their language as endangered because most of the members of their tribe cannot understand or speak their
own language. Especially for the young member of their tribe, since most of them goes to school which is located far
from their tribe that speaks Tagalog, they’ve adapted their language. For them to be able to communicate and excel in
school, they have to learn the language used in school which made them forgot their own language eventually. They don’t
have a school that could teach the new generation of their tribe about the different elements and factors of their language
which makes their language fading.

The language they were using is what they called as Dumaget, not all of the Dumagat uses the same language, they differ
based on their location but most of them uses Dumaget since it is the most understandable language for them, some of

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Alyanna Diane S. Avorque Limuel H. Estrella Catherine M. Roberto

their terms have relevance to the Tagalog. They called a leader as Kaksaa, their permanent houses were called as Beloy,
and elderly man were called as Bobo Alaki. These are just examples of their language but some of them were hard to
understand. Most of them speaks Tagalog also, since most of them goes in to the town for work or trading their goods.
Most of the Dumagets speakers ranges from ages 18 – 70. Some of the kids could also understand their language but most
of them speaks Tagalog instead.

IMPORTANT ASPECT OF CULTURE FOR THE DUMAGAT TRIBE

The most important part of their culture for the Dumagat is their unity. This is what their community is all about. For
them, as long as they were united, they could live with peace and freely whenever they are. Just like what the construction
of the dam is doing to them, it is an obstacle for their tribe. The government told them that only few of their tribe were
affected but since they were as one, all of them should reside and not just the directly affected families. That is what the
government and the MWSS could not understand. They have a strong bound and relationship to each other that would
make them a tribe.

Their land is also important for them since they consider their land as their land. It is the source of their daily needs and
livelihood and the supplier of the materials used in constructing their houses. Nature became part of their lives on the day
they were born. Living away from their ancestral land is really hard for them. They always said that if they don’t have
their land, what they would give to the new generation of their tribe.

Facilities that might help the Dumagat tribe

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Alyanna Diane S. Avorque Limuel H. Estrella Catherine M. Roberto

70

60

50

40

30

20

10

0
Education Health Care Session hall Church Baranggay Hall

Figure 2.12 Survey for Building Facility

As the Figure 1.3 shown above 65% of the respondents prefer that education facilities is the major facilities that the Dumagat needed
for their community. Followed by the Health Care facility that has a percentage of 52% by the respondents. 25% respondents
responding that session halls are needed at the community. 40% of the respondents responding that Church Facilities are needed in
the community. Lastly, 15% of the respondents responding that barangay halls are needed at the community.

They stated that having a school within their tribe will help them a lot. Since many students from their tribe is starting to
forget their traditions and beliefs because they were already influenced by the lowlanders, their culture that depends on
their youth generation is now fading. When they have their own school, they could have a place where their culture is
given importance. They could teach their children about their culture especially on their language.

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Alyanna Diane S. Avorque Limuel H. Estrella Catherine M. Roberto

Hospital or health care center were barely needed by the Dumagat as they stated. Since the hospitals and health center
were located in the main land, it is hard for them to get treated whenever they were ill. It cost them money and so much
time to go to the hospitals that results to untreated illnesses. From that, most of them depends on medicinal plants.

Vernacular Architecture of the Dumagat

Method of Construction

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Alyanna Diane S. Avorque Limuel H. Estrella Catherine M. Roberto

The Dumagat lives in mountains which have a slope characteristics. They were surrounded by numerous type of trees that
they used for their construction which makes forest the source of their materials.

Types of houses

SAOLAN
Saolan is an example of a temporary house for Dumagat. Since Dumagat
were also known as nomadic, which is known for residing where they could
find their daily needs. As years passes, the Dumagat lived in the mountain
and build their permanent houses for their family. But still, they used this
house when the leader of the families would go near the sea when they needed
foods while their wives and children’s were in their permanent houses.
Usually it is made from lightweight materials. Since they depend on the wind
Figure 2.13. The first classified house direction, they could easily
identify rainy seasons. It is the first of Dumagat structure that absolutely made of
Source: Go Philippines
their own knowledge or understanding to nature because of their need to
willpower their house they inventing more idea on how they can live
safe and secure in any kinds of calamities.

BELOY

A structure on stilt that made of wood and bamboo what they called Beloy,
before they simply construct their house that made of palm leaves and

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branches of trees which they called as Saulan. In this figure this house has a different characteristics compared to Saulan
this house is on stilt made wood and it has firm and wide roof enough to cover the Dumagat family in calamities. The
construction of this structure is simple made of natural material that they obtained in their surroundings, in the figure it is
simply supported by the raw materials found in their surroundings and it has division from dining to bedroom. They also
have kitchen and toilet but it is separated from their house.

HANGA A BELOY

It is a house influenced by the lowlanders in the Dumagat tribe. It is a mixed use of concrete and woods mostly owned by
the chieftain or with those who have a wealthy living.

Figure 2.15. Two storey house of

Dumagat for their Chieftain

Beliefs and Tradition in Constructing their Houses

Just like other ethnic group, they have also beliefs when it comes to house construction but it is just in the milder side.
They don’t use rituals when they start building their house. They just believe that their land is just borrowed for the next
generation, so they take trees or woods based in their needs and as much as possible, they uses materials that can easily be
replaced. Their houses were not destructive to their environment. They want their houses facing east for them to see the
sun rises as the sign of the beginning of the day.

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The Dumagat also respect the natural characteristics of their land through the adaptation of its slope in constructing their
houses. They built their houses on the side of the mountain where it is flat so they could easily construct it. They excavate
the land for the foundation of their houses but they don’t excavate to make their area flat for construction. The way they
construct on slope areas where they don’t use technologies and computations to build perfectly is just an example of how
the indigenous people would survive on their own knowledge. They believe that it is a sign of respect with nature if they
will retain the natural feature of their land when building their houses and other facilities.

Space planning

Their houses consists of simple spaces such as their common area (living, dining area and bedroom) and their kitchen.
They don’t have their own toilet and bath inside their houses but they do have a public toilet. The houses of their chieftain
or elderly were commonly a two-storey house but the rest of the members of the tribe have a simple house with common
spaces inside.

Simple Bungalow House

Figure 2.16 Floor plan and cross section of a typical single storey Dumagat house

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Simple Bungalow
House

Figure 2.17 Floor plan and cross section of a Two storey Dumagat house

This type of house is the typical houses of

Two-storey House
Dumagat. They live in a simple
community so as their houses which is
composed of a common area where they
eat, rest and sleep at the same time and
their kitchen. They also have Dagmang
area where that functions as a bonfire
inside the house and the smoke acts as an
insect repellent.

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This type of house were commonly for
the chieftain or the elderly of the tribe. It
 BALAY PAYOH: A Disaster Resilient Housing Approach for the Terraced Resettlement for the Dumagat Tribe
with the Application of Muyong System Towards Environmental Conservation

Alyanna Diane S. Avorque Limuel H. Estrella Catherine M. Roberto

Built Environment

This table shows the different houses of Dumagat. The different elements of their vernacular architecture and how their
surroundings affect it. Their houses were built on different areas, which shows that they don’t own any of their land as
they stated. They said that their land were not owned by anyone, that they were meant for the new generations of their
tribe. The materials they used also tells how they use their environment in their lives.

Table 2.4 Different kinds of houses, materials used and characteristics of the Dumagat tribe

Houses Materials Characteristics

 Anahaw -Rectangular in shape, built
 Bamboo directly to the ground.

 Wood
 Baging -Let in natural ventilation and

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lighting because of the Bamboo
slats wall. Also it is easy to
rebuild in case of natural disaster.
-Limited space to move around
the house because the bedroom,
kitchen, and dining have the same
functions.

Owner: Ramon Astobisa, 65

 G.I. Sheet -Two storey house of a dumagat
 Bamboo that has a high position in their

 Wood tribe.

 Baging
- This is an example of “hanga a
Beloy” which is a Dumagat house
that have concrete. Since they
uses natural materials, the use of
Owner: Franklyn Rosandy, 66
concrete makes the house unique.
They usually compares it to a
mansion.

-Traditional house of Filipino, the

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 Anahaw exterior shows that the house is
 Bamboo simply bungalow house but inside

 Wood the house it is on stilt.

 Baging
-Buffer area for rain water during
flood and prevent pest.

Owner: Ronald Degandahan, 23

 G.I. Sheet - This house composed of several
 Bamboo thick pieces of woods. The roof is

 Wood made from G.I. sheet to prevent it

 Baging from being easily destroyed by

natural disasters.
-The floor is elevated also to
prevent flood during heavy rain
since they were
-The house is supported by the
thick wood post for additional
Owner: Joel Noledo, 25
strength.
-This house is made of solid wood
 G.I. Sheet it look simple bungalow but inside
the house there is stair for

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Alyanna Diane S. Avorque Limuel H. Estrella Catherine M. Roberto

 Bamboo bedroom and the second floor is
 Wood there closet too.

 Baging -this is typically open because

they don’t use door and even the
window is not covered.

Owner: Carlos Calsado, 57

-The house is simply made of
 Anahaw bamboo and wood, covered by a
 Bamboo thatched roof that protect the large

 Wood windows from sunlight and rain.

 Baging -This house is built on stilts to

have a natural ventilation inside.
Also, it is an example of a native
house which can still stand even
after typhoons and disasters.
Owner: Amelyn Garlito, 18

 Anahaw -Rectangular cubic shape stilt

 Bamboo houses of woods, bamboo, and

 Wood other native materials.

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Alyanna Diane S. Avorque Limuel H. Estrella Catherine M. Roberto

 Baging
-Some part supported by the
ground the half is tilted. Elevated
habitable spaces protect against
flood in case of muddy flooring.

Owner: Marilyn Dela cruz, 23

 Anahaw -This house is typically post and
 Bamboo roof only but the good thing is it

 Wood has three storey, the ground is for

 Baging kitchen the second floor is for

parent and the third floor is for
their children.

Owner: Kristine Panuelo, 26

 G.I. Sheet -This house was sustained the
 Bamboo traditional looks but not the

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 Wood function. The owner of this house
 Baging apply the typical use of a house.

-Regular geometric configuration

help resist lateral forces from
earthquakes and wind.
Owner: Adorasyon Apolinario
 Anahaw -In this house the owner attach
 Bamboo door unlike the other house they

 Wood keep their house open.

 Baging
-this house does not have window
openings it has poor ventilations.

Owner: Iysa Calsado, 27

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 G.I. Sheet -this is a house of dumagat
 Bamboo teacher

 Wood
 Baging -tall post to prevent flood and pest
also wide space inside.

-the use of stair instead of ladder.

-an advantage of tall building,

with are more effective when it
Owner: Queeny Canyada, 25
comes cross ventilation.
 Anahaw
 Bamboo -A typical house that has tall post

 Wood and only covered by the cloth

 Baging -an advantage of tall building,

with are more effective when it
comes cross ventilation.
-Standing on the top of the hill to
achieve natural source of air and
Owner: Marife Natividad, 28 light

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 Anahaw -A typical house of dumagat that
 Bamboo only two side have cover and the

 Wood other is open.

 Baging
-Standing on the top of the hill to
 Trapal
achieve natural source of air and
light

Owner: Les Natividad, 22

-thick wall made of wood and

 G.I. Sheet touch of concrete and other
 Bamboo material.

 Wood
 Baging -The construction is most likely
adapted by low lander structures

Owner: Melody Benditsu, 29

 Anahaw -This house is made of light

 Bamboo material only bamboo, anahaw,
and few pieces of wood. Limited

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 Wood space to move
 Baging
-Standing on the top of the hill to
achieve the appropriate
orientation for good ventilation

Owner: Jessica Estabino, 22

-this house is an example of how

 Anahaw they feel secured in their tribe. it
 Bamboo has no window and door and just

 Wood an open area inside. They just

 Baging have a common space for dining,

living and sleeping area.

Owner: Jackilyn Abeleneda, 26

 G.I. Sheet -most likely the design approach

is simply modernized and

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Alyanna Diane S. Avorque Limuel H. Estrella Catherine M. Roberto

 Bamboo influenced by the low lander.
 Wood
 Baging -the simplicity of the design
makes the house beautiful

Owner: Marlon Estabesa, 37

 G.I. Sheet -The dirty kitchen and comfort

 Bamboo room separated from house but

 Wood they make it nearly to each spaces

 Baging to make it accessible.

-The construction is most likely
adapted by low lander structures
-thick wall made of wood and
touch of concrete and other

Owner: Ulita Barlito, 50 material.

-A two storey house made of
 G.I. Sheet wood, bamboo, and other
 Bamboo material. the low lander
influenced them to use quality

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 Wood product to improve their house.
 Baging -thick wall made of wood and
touch of concrete and other
material.

Owner: Erica Kagandahan, 19

 Anahaw -This house is built under the

 Bamboo three to support the house from

 Wood any kind of disaster.

 Baging
-They use lona for the insulation
of their ceiling to lessen the heat
from the roof.

Owner: Emil Cunchada, 44

The simple way of how the Dumagat live is truly amazing, they understanding on nature reflects on how they live. The
knowledge on how they build their house was always depending on the nature for example, they usually building their

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house on stilts to make them protected from flushes of water down from the mountain. Also the regular geometric
configuration help resist lateral force from earthquake and wind. Limited space makes the house immovable and
consistent that’s why the kitchen, toilet and bath are separated from their house and usually small spaces make them same
function as they needed because small space is enough for them to live their life. Traditional livelihood of a Dumagat is
the real sustainable the cashless community don’t need high quality materials to build their houses. The materials they
needed for their house is at their surroundings the use of lightweight materials fits on their need like Bamboo, Wood and
Anahaw is enough to support the culture and the needs of the house of Dumagat tribe to live their life.

Public Spaces

Table 2.5 Public areas of the Dumagat tribe used for services

Public Areas Description

 They make a flat surface made of concrete

covered by anahaw to wash their clothes
 Some of the dumagat use the deep well for
their water to wash their clothes and for
drinking and other purpose, but they usually
use the water from the river nearby.
 Communication is one of the fundamentals of
their culture, through this common spaces,
they could have the chance to communicate
Service Area with others.

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Toilet And Bath
 The toilet and bath separated from their house
these is open for everyone who want to use.
 They don’t have their own toilets or restrooms
in their houses. Since they don’t have water
connection, it is hard for them to have those
facilities inside.
 The ratio for the bathrooms is 1:6 which means
1 bathroom for every 6 households.

School
 The Dumagat tribe only have a small school
with two rooms for the students. It is made of
wooden materials for the ceiling, flooring and
walls and G.I. sheet for the roof.

 Inside their class room it is well ventilated

because of the materials they use, the wide
window let the sun light past trough inside the
classroom.in the overall school, it only have
two classrooms that is not enough for the
whole community.

 The material is made of wood and bamboo the

furniture is made of wood the floor is made of
concrete to make the school clean and easily
rinse the mud from their foot.

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C. THE NEW CENTENNIAL WATER SOURCE – KALIWA DAM PROJECT

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The New Centennial Water Source – Kaliwa
Dam Project (NCWS-KDP) was born out of
the necessity to ensure an uninterrupted
water supply in Metro Manila. It was
conceptualized by the Metropolitan
Waterworks and Sewerage System (MWSS)
to address the concern of possible water
supply deficit in Metro Manila by the year
2020. The proposed NCWS – KDP involves
the design and construction of a dam and a
27.7- kilometre raw water conveyance tunnel
Figure 2.17 Kaliwa River, the location of the Kaliwa Dam
to initially convey 600 million litters per day
Source: MWSS

(600 mld), with a project cost estimate of

PhP12.2 Billion. The proposed dam will be located in Sitio Cablao, `1Barangay Pagsangahan, General Nakar, Quezon
(left bank) and in Sitio Queborosa, Barangay Magsaysay, Infanta, Quezon (right bank), while the raw water conveyance
tunnel traverses the mountain areas of Sta. Maria, Laguna, Tanay, Baras, and Teresa in the Province of Rizal with outlet
located at Teresa, Rizal. The NCWS-KDP is among the projects prioritized by the Department of Finance (DOF) and the
National Economic Development Authority (NEDA) for funding under the China Bilateral Loan Agreement that the
National Government Agencies (NGAs) are currently negotiating. This Project is one of the flagship initiatives of the
Government under its “Build, Build, Build” program.

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The New Centennial Water
Source – Kaliwa Dam Project
construction of a dam across
the Kaliwa River in Sitio
Queborosa with a surface
reservoir area of 113 ha and a
gross reservoir volume of 57
million m3 that could
impound some 2,400 MLD of
water to be transported by
gravity via a 27-km long
tunnel.

Kaliwa Dam will contain a

reservoir with a gross volume
of 57 cu.m at a Full Supply
Figure 2.18 Direct Impact of the Project Area Map
Source: MWSS
Level (FSL) of 160 m+. The minimum operating level (MOL) is 135 m+. Considering the narrow valley, the best location
for a spillway is the right abutment where the gradient of the slope is least. In the flanks of the valley, hard rock has been
encountered at depths of 3 to 5 m. In terms of land use in the proposed reservoir, it is an open forest, grassland and
brush/shrub land. The conditions for construction of a spillway at the Kaliwa Dam site are not favourable for a spillway

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with a crest elevation around 160 m+. The right bank abutment is slightly more favourable to construct a free overflow
spillway with a crest elevation of 160 m+ and crest lengths of 35 to 70 m at a location where the slope of the abutment is
less steep. This spillway will be capable to pass the (PMF) outflow of Laiban Dam spillway supplemented Environmental
Impact Statement: Kaliwa Dam Project by the extreme runoff of the intermediate catchment. Figure 8 shows the submerge
area and the project facilities.

With a reservoir storage capacity of 57 Mm3 and an average inflow of about 1,000 Mm3/year, it is estimated that about
80% of the total sediment influx will settle in the Kaliwa Dam reservoir. Without a Laiban Dam to intercept most of the
sediment, the Kaliwa Dam reservoir could face severe sedimentation that, within 10 to 20 years, could affect its water
supply function. With a catchment that exceeds the Laiban catchment with 33% under average conditions the reservoir
could catch about 300,000 m3 of sediments per year. In case of increased erosion due to human activities or due to
extreme rainfall, the worst-case scenario could develop which would mean an influx of up to 1.5 Mm3/year which would
completely fill the Kaliwa reservoir in less than 40 years. Although this case is rather unlikely to happen, even with the
average influx of sediment, the dead storage would quickly fill up and start causing problems in dry years when all
capacity would be needed. Climate change could contribute to an increase of erosion of the Laiban catchment. It is
therefore not recommended to build Kaliwa Dam without the Laiban Dam.

Location and Administrative Jurisdiction

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The main access to the dam location is through the
Manila-Infanta Road. Access to the dam site itself is via a
7-km trail from Sitio Little Baguio in Barangay
Magsaysay, Infanta in the south to Barangay Queborosa
or a 9-km hike along the Kaliwa riverbanks via Daraitan
going downstream to Sitio Queborosa. The proposed
locations of the water treatment facilities in Antipolo and
Teresa are respectively 29 and 27 aerial kilometres
southeast of Manila. The dam site can also be reached
from Daraitan, Tanay by hiking 9 kilometres along the
riverbanks and channel of Kaliwa River downstream to
Sitio Queborosa. The sites for the treatment facilities can
be reached either from the Manila - Infanta Road in the
north or through Manila East Road in the south. There is
an ongoing construction of access road to the dam site
undertaken by DPWH between the Marikina-Infanta
Road (Marcos Highway). Access to tunnel portals and
inlet/outlet
Figure 2.19will be undertaken
Location taking
Map of the intoDam
Kaliwa consideration
Project
the requires that heavy equipment has to be transported over thisSource:
road. The road will
Google Maps comprise at least two lanes with a
combined width of 10m and comply with the DPWH National Design Standards and Safety Guidelines on road in the
Philippines. The road is to be suitable for light vehicles with 2WD – front wheel drive – as well as heavy trucks. The

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Figure 1 shows the vicinity and accessibility of the project area. The project will entail the construction of a dam across
the Kaliwa River in Sitio Queborosa with a surface reservoir area of 113 ha and a gross reservoir volume of 57 million m3
that could impound some 2,400 MLD of water to be transported by gravity via a 27-km long tunnel. The project size falls
under the classification of major dam infrastructure categorized as an Environmentally Critical Project (ECP) requiring an
Environmental Impact Statement (EIS). It is also located in an Environmentally Critical Area (ECA), the Kaliwa Dam
watershed being partly covered by Proclamation No. 573 (1969) as the Kaliwa Watershed Forest Reserve (KWFR). At the
same time, it is within the National Integrated Protected Area System (NIPAS) having been proclaimed as National Park
and Wildlife Sanctuary and Game Refuge Reservation by virtue of Proclamation No. 1636 in 1977. Moreover, a more
recent proclamation is the Certificate of Ancestral Domain Title (CADT) awarded to the Dumagat-Remontado IPs, a part
of which lies inside the KDP watershed.

The delineated watershed of the proposed Kaliwa Dam Project has a total area of about 37,174 hectares reckoned from the
proposed dam site. Whereas, the proposed dam site is geographically located in between 14°36'48.26"N, 121°28'28.46"E
(WGS 84). The watershed is situated about 53 km (aerial distance) east of Manila. It is part of the Sierra Madre mountain
range that stretches from North-eastern to South-eastern Luzon. It is geographically located in the municipalities of Tanay,
Rizal, Antipolo in the province of Rizal, municipalities of General Nakar and Real in Quezon and portions of Sta Maria in
Laguna. About 30% is within the political jurisdiction of Quezon province, 1 % is within the Laguna province and about
69% is within the province of Rizal

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Land Classification and Tenure

The watershed is composed of Alienable and

Disposable (A& D) land, and public forest
under different tenures. Among the
overlapping tenurial issuances include the
forest reserve-DENR, Military reservation
under the Department of National Defense
(DND), Watershed Reservation-under DENR,
Community Based Forest Management
(CBFM) program-DENR program, Certificate
of Ancestral Domain Title (CADT)-issued by
Figure 2.20 Land Classification and Tenure the National Commission on Indigenous
Source Municipality of Quezon People (NCIP), Protected Area under NIPAS
-Biodiversity Management Bureau (BMB)

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and National Greening Program (NGP) – by DENR. Kaliwa Watershed Forest Reserve (KWFR) was proclaimed by virtue
of Proclamation No. 573 dated June 26, 1969. In April 18, 1977, another Proclamation was issued declaring portion of the
proposed Kaliwa dam project watershed as National Park Wildlife Sanctuary and Game Refuge Reservation under the
Proclamation No. 1636 due to diverse flora and fauna endemic in the area. Recently the Certificate of Ancestral Domain
Titles (CADT) of the Dumagats in General Nakar and umiray Quezon (CADT-097) and another Dumagat CADT
covering the province of Rizal and Quezon (CADT-130) was approved covering about 92.7% of the total Kaliwa Dam
project watershed. The two Dumagat CADT has a total area of about 34,473 hectares (covered within the kaliwa
watershed). Figure 9-2 and 9-3 shows the land classification and tenures of the Kaliwa Watershed. The NGP assisted by
the DENR covers about 1,088 hectares implemented from 2011 to 2014. The CBFM area which is located in two sites
within the watershed a total coverage of 302 hectares.

While, the protected area has the largest coverage area of about 35,031 hectares. Aside from the CADT and overlapping
proclamations, a big part of the watershed especially in the Tanay barangays has been subdivided into small parcels with
each Kaliwa Dam Project Watershed parcel already covered by private land titles or otherwise by other proofs of
ownership like receipts of paid land taxes issued by the municipal treasurer and certification of ownership issued by the
barangay. This practice, actually results to having alienable and disposable lands (A&D) inside a watershed reserve, inside
National Park Wildlife Sanctuary and Game Refuge Reservation and the CADT of the indigenous people. Among the
legal basis in the establishing of said tenures are Proclamation No. 573 dated June 26, 1969 declaring the watershed as
Kaliwa River Forest Reserve where 12, 000 ha covered by Lumutan and Pagsangahan, General Nakar, Quezon. Executive
Order 122 – Defining parts of the reserve for exclusive use of the Dumagats and Remontados.

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EXISTING LAND COVER

There are several land cover types of the

watershed which include a closed forest,
open forest, shrub land, grass land, cultivated
areas with perennial and annual crops, built
up areas, and wooded lands. Vegetative
cover maps of 2003, 2010 and 2015 (Source
from NAMRIA) was compared to determine
the increase/decrease of each vegetative
cover types. Which, in 2003, shows that
largest vegetative cover is the wooded land
comprised of 49.92% followed by open
forest with 38.03%. Closed forest only
composed of

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12% and cultivated areas is only about 4.05%. Built up and grass land did not register on map on this year (2003). In
comparison with the 2010 land cover. Open forest has the largest area of coverage of about 28.08%, followed by shrub
land of about 21.35%, wooded land -21.28% and closed forest of about 17.61%. Cultivated land had decrease in this year
which only registered about 1.01%. On the other hand, built up area had registered about .79%. Based on the latest
NAMRIA land cover map of 2015 shows that shrub land is the dominant land cover composed of 44.49% closed forest
had increased to 24%, open forest significantly decreased to 19.38%, cultivated areas also increased to

4.63%, built up area also increased to .08% and grass land significantly decreased to 6%, In comparing the change of
vegetative cover of the watershed in the 12-year duration (reckoned from 2003) showed that closed forest is significantly
increased twice the % cover in 2003. While, open forest had a decreasing trend, which incurred about 19% declined.
Apparently, shrub land had increased its coverage more than 10 times from 2003 to 2015. Cultivated areas had a
fluctuating trend, though, it incurred a small increased in 2015 compared to 2003 coverage. Built up area seemingly
increased in a very small area of about .001%. Grass land and wooded land has a decreasing pattern through time.

The big part of the remaining forested area in Kaliwa Watershed is located in the north eastern part-upstream most part of
its head water within the municipalities of General Nakar Quezon and portion of Rizal Province. The diminishing forest
areas is commonly situated in the south eastern section of the watershed in the municipalities of Tanay and Antipolo,
Rizal. Prior to the 1970s the watershed had very good forest cover. In those years and in the early 1980s, the watershed
was once part of the concession area of De Dios Logging and Barba Logging company. Today, the bulk of forest areas
remaining are in the eastern side of the watershed in Lumutan, General Nakar. In the western side, where the barangays of
the municipality of Tanay are located, the forest cover has become very sparse. In the lower portions of mountains, the
vegetation cover usually consists of grasslands, consisting of cogon and talahib. There are also patches of forest consisting

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of small and stunted trees. In contrast, the eastern side has more forest cover because there are very few people in
Lumutan, General Nakar. The forest being kept intact in the General Nakar side may be attributed to its difficult terrain
and topography and inaccessibility.

POTENTIAL ENVIRONMENTAL, SOCIAL, CULTURAL IMPACTS OF THE PROJECT

Table 2.5 Kaliwa dam project’s key findings and environmental conditions on Land

Impacts on Land
Ecosystem/Integrated Key Environmental condition
Findings
The proposed project will result in the permanent and local modification
Land use of the land cover and land use of the small areas to be occupied by the
structure site
Because the project requires continuous underground excavation, large
quantity of abandoned materials will be produced. During construction,
Increased in Solid Wastes and solid wastes produced in project site and workers living quarters will
waste disposal cause negative impact on terrestrial environment if not properly treated
and managed.

Under DENR DAO 2003-30, there are 12 categories for environmental

Encroachment in ECA critical areas (ECA). Of the 12 categories, two (2) are present within the
project area: All areas eclared as national parks, watershed reserves,
wildlife preserves, sanctuaries and All areas declared as national parks,

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watershed reserves, wildlife preserves, sanctuaries
Existing Land Tenure Issues There are land tenurial instruments present in the watershed however did
not fall in the project area particularly in the reservoir area. Individual
farm lots are only present in the area.
The project development will entail removal of vegetation cover to give
Loss/Deterioration of Current way for the construction of dam and reservoir. The removal of
Vegetation Cover vegetation will also result in the reduction in the population of plant
species growing within the project area. Future vegetation will face a
great threat during the clearing activity. This activity will hinder the
opportunity of these regenerants to grow and replace the mature
vegetation in the area.
Wildlife species including threatened species of highly mobile species
(i.e. birds, bats and large mammals) will be displaced once the habitat is
Loss of Habitat and Wildlife transformed. Displaced animals will be more prone to human contact
Species and hunting. Habitat loss as a result of inundation of areas for the
operation of the dam will cause displacement or mortality particularly
for the less mobile species, i.e. small species, nestlings and fledglings
and young of some species. Inundation will be gradual and will allow
movement of less mobile species. Significant portions of forests at
higher elevations will serve as wildlife refuge.
The studied area has considerable amount of biomass and stored carbon.
Loss of biomass and carbon Clearing and inundation of most of the watershed area will reduce

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carbon sinks and might possible release the carbon that was stored these
trees, which eventually one of the causes of global warming problem.
A permanent and major modification of the terrain at the section of
Kaliwa River to be occupied by the dam, spillway and diversion tunnel
will take place. The portal areas of the conveyance tunnel will also be
modified. During construction, earthmoving activities will be carried out
Terrain modification, Erosion and in the sites designated for the dam, spillway, diversion tunnel, portals of
slope destabilization conveyance tunnel. The dam site, spillway, diversion tunnel and
conveyance tunnel will be the major sources of excavated materials. The
excavated materials if not properly managed could be exposed to erosion
especially during rains and will contribute to the siltation of the main
channel of the Kaliwa River and streams bounding the other structure
sites. Stockpiles of sand and gravel brought in from sources outside the
project area could also be susceptible to erosion.

Mitigation Measures

Land use alteration in the impounding area is permanent. Vegetation cover in this area will be properly mitigated by the
measures specified in the terrestrial ecology (planting and restoration of vegetation cover) and implementation of
watershed management. MWSS will closely coordinate with the LGU in terms of the land use planning. For lands
allocated for settlements and farming, this will be coordinated and consulted with the affected community (covered by
RAP). Adjacent areas which will be affected will be restored to its original cover or use through revegetation.

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a. Mitigation of Loss of ecologically important species To mitigate this, ecologically important species must be
identified and marked to minimize damage especially in sites adjacent to proposed engineering development.
Seeds and propagules of ecologically important species (noted in large number during the inventory) must be
collected for use in propagation in damaged areas that will not be occupied by the dam and other structures. The
same could be used for the watershed management rehabilitation and protection.
b. Replacement of trees cut due to land clearing Prior to project implementation the proponent will coordinate to the
DENR and Philippine Coconut Authority (PCA) to seek clearance for the identification of required documents for
the issuance of needed tree and coconut cutting permits (PD 705). Moreover, to compensate the loss of habitats,
the proponent will replace the number of trees removed/cut and plant them in nearby areas or in accordance with
the advice of the DENR. Species that will be used for the reforestation must be indigenous trees and/or fruit
bearing trees endemic in the place that can attract wildlife species.
c. Strict adherence to the development plan of the project site especially during land clearing. Land clearing will be
confined on designated sites only based on the approved development plan. The development activities will be
limited within the proposed project area. Areas to be cleared will be delineated to avoid unnecessary clearing. The
no hunting and no collecting policy will be implemented.
d. Restoration of Wildlife habitat Restoration/rehabilitation of areas at higher elevations will be carried out to ensure
that alternative wildlife refuge will be available. This should be done in conjunction with the watershed
rehabilitation strategy. Annex 6 presents the Watershed Management Framework for the Kaliwa Watershed.
e. Prohibition of wildlife poaching/collection The proponent should also ensure that its employees must be
prohibited/warned/informed not to engage in any mode of wildlife collection and/or hunting for the conservation

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and protection of remaining wildlife species. Promote wildlife protection using innovative means such as putting
up of warning signage on strategic areas for public information and warning.

Table 2.6 Kaliwa dam project’s key findings and environmental conditions on Water

Water Ecosystem Impact

- During construction, the streamflow from Kaliwa River will be diverted
Reduction of water flow for through two tunnels on the left bank which will discharge downstream
downstream users of the Kaliwa-Queborosa Creek confluence. Water will continue to flow
downstream bypassing the construction area and SitioQueborosa.

- Erosion during construction and disturbance of riverbeds and banks will

bring about siltation of the river waters and lead to short term increase in
total suspended solids (TSS) and total dissolved solids (TDS). This will

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Deterioration of river water quality translate to a decrease in DO levels which will affect aquatic life forms
in Kaliwa River. The local deterioration in river water quality may be
attributed to unsanitary practices of the construction workers that may
use the rivers as toilet area and waste disposal area for both construction
and domestic wastes.
- While a newly-constructed dam disrupts the river ecosystem, it also
creates a new environment. As it a dam alters the waterways, it also
affects the habitat and nesting grounds of terrestrial flora and fauna.
Dams submerge the habitat of rare plants and hunting grounds of birds,
reptiles and other mammals. Changes in freshwater flow and quality will
also alter species distribution and breeding patterns of fish species.
These factors also increase the likelihood of creating conditions where
disease-transmitting insects and other invertebrates (e.g., snails) may
proliferate. Another impact of establishing dams on fish fauna and to
Impacts on Fresh Water Ecology wildlife as a whole is the loss of habitat resulting from excavation,
construction and other associated developments in the project area.
These may result in the disruption of behavioral patterns of aquatic
fauna, Environmental Impact Statement of the including waterfowls,
amphibians and reptiles especially during the construction stages of the
project.

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Mitigation Measures

Water use during the construction will be for the workers and construction requirements such as for concreting and water
for equipment. Assuming a maximum of 1,000 workers at any one time and a daily per capita consumption of 100 liters
per capita per day (lcpd), the daily domestic use amounts to 0.1 MLD or 100 m3/day. Daily construction and equipment
water requirement may be about 5 to 10 times this volume with the maximum at 1 MLD or 1000 m3/day. The 80%
dependable flow was estimated at 9.27m3/sec or 800 MLD. This means that the water use is less than 0.15% of the
dependable flow. Hence, the water use during the construction phase will only reduce the flow very minimally and will
essentially have negligible effect on the domestic use or any other uses in the downstream. Hence, the impact is
considered insignificant.

To mitigate these effects, it is strongly recommended that the dam maintain regular and adequate flows downstream to
minimize disruptions to the flow which is vital to maintaining oxygen levels, water temperature and lessen sedimentation
loads. Fish passes may be constructed to allow the migration of fishes up and down the rivers. It is therefore recommended
that standards and guidelines for constructions of reservoir should be stringently implemented. Moreover, proper disposal
of wastes (excavation and solid wastes) should be strictly followed to prevent more sedimentation of the waters.

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Table 2.7 Kaliwa dam project’s key findings and environmental conditions on Air Quality

Air Quality Impact

- During the construction phase of the project, access roads and the
operation of construction equipment and vehicles will be the main
sources of pollution. Fugitive dust and combustion emissions will be
generated. The primary sources of fugitive dust emissions will include
Air Pollution construction activities such as land clearing, grading, excavation, and the
transport and movement of construction material particularly the
increased vehicle traffic on unpaved roads. The amount of dust generated
will be a function of construction activities, soil type, moisture content,
wind speed, frequency of precipitation, vehicle traffic, vehicle type, and

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roadway characteristics. Fugitive dust emissions will be highest during
drier periods in areas of fine-textured soils. During the dry season, dust
suppression will be applied as needed (such as watering of disturbed or
exposed areas).
- During construction, increased noise and traffic levels will be significant
due to heavy construction vehicles moving to and from the site.
Increased Noise and Traffic during Increased traffic will be a result of trucks to and from the site for
Construction construction material deliveries and site clearing. Noise that will be
generated will be through site clearing activities using soil scrappers and
construction workers on site including construction equipment’s
operation. Since there are residential areas in the immediate vicinity of
the site, the impact is considered significant.

Mitigation Measures

The project may cause during construction air pollution such as dusts from excavation, filling and bulking, transportation,
loading and unloading; waste gas from equipment and machinery operation; smokes from burning; emission from air
conditioning and other cooling systems. In order to minimize the abovementioned pollution and harms, control
Environmental Impact Statement of the measures may be taken in action:

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a. Equipment and machinery in good quality will be purchased and operated, as well as full maintenance, to ensure
fuel fully combusted for standard emission.
b. Under the instruction of the Employer’s delegated representative, flammable wastes, solid garbage, office and
maintenance wastes that need to have combustion treatment will be burned at approved time and place.
c. Watering may be needed for keeping moist to minimize the powders in excavation areas.
d. Transportation vehicles with sideboards will be covered by waterproof tarpaulin when transporting in bulk.
e. All access roads at construction areas will be kept clean and being watered to minimize the dusts when vehicles
pass.
f. Much disposal areas will be equipped with watering systems so as to minimize the raise dusts. Watering is also
needed when it’s windy and gusty.
g. Workmen will wear dustproof masks where dusts are more likely to generate.
h. Dusts reducing system will be installed in areas where dusts and smokes are more likely to generate such as gravel
crushing plants, sieving plants and cement filling plants.
i. Regular dusts and powders investigation will be carried out to ensure standard emission is reached as per the laws
and regulations of the Philippines Government.

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Table 2.8 Kaliwa dam project’s key findings and environmental conditions on Human Environment

Human Environment (People)

There are identified portions of their ancestral domain land considered
as ‘sacred sites’ that would be affected by inundation. This includes the
Tinipak spring along Pagsangahan, which is a source of water for the
IPs, and the Tinipak caves in Daraitan. The loss of these sacred sites
would have a significant impact on the IPs in view of their strong
Physical Cultural Resources of IPs cultural attachment to these areas, which have been handed down to
them by their ancestors and would want to preserve and safeguard them
as part of their ethos. The cultural integrity and spirituality of the
Dumagats and Remontados, which are closely linked to their ancestral
land and all the natural resources within it, will be endangered if no
mitigating measures will be implemented to protect their rights to land

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and culture.
The project will acquire lands and at the same time may affect
Displacement of People settlements/properties. This loss of land and properties to give way to
project development will affect numbers of settlers/households in the
area.
During the construction period, the project will generate numerous
employment opportunities for the local residents. Specifically, the
Generation of Local Benefits from project is anticipated to hire workers for most of the duration of the
the Project construction phase. These job opportunities will include both skilled and
unskilled labor. Although construction-related employment is
temporary, it will bring about a positive impact in the area where a large
pool of underemployed manpower or seasonal workers is readily
available and highly anticipating this opportunity. However, the local
manpower available may have to compete with each other and with
other possible migrant labor that may possess similar or even better
skills needed for the construction activities. Among the local residents,
competition for employment between the affected and nonaffected
families of the project could bring about conflict and social tension.
Households whose families will be affected by the ROW are to be given
priority for hiring as per RAP. On the other hand, those who will not be
directly benefited, especially those interested residents in the DIA and

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SIA, are also expecting a share in the benefits of the project, which
could be provided, among others, by employment. Moreover, favoring
many migrant workers over the locals in hiring could further create
social tensions in the area, which could in turn lead to peace and order
problems. This is especially more so since the local residents are already
highly anticipating the employment opportunities in the project. In
addition, having many migrant workers will mean additional population
creating additional burden to the limited social infrastructures of the
area.
The settlement pattern of the Dumagats/Remontados is largely dispersed
due to the practice of swidden, which not only defined their economic
system, but also their social or cultural system. According to Bennagen
In-Migration Proliferation of (1985)4, the migration to another area within 15- kilometer radius is still
Informal Settlers not considered as a change of residence. The sense of territory was not
exclusive, however, the rights of the other Dumagats/Remontados within
the same territory is recognized. Dumagats refer to a specific home base
as the place of birth, but the settlements are dispersing away from the
home base only to cluster in groups of two to six families to make the
clearings for the swidden farms.

Mitigation Measures

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The IPs raised during the FBIs and FPICs regarding the issues on replacement of livelihood e.g. fishing and farming,
compensation/ replacement of lost assets; continuing access to land and water/river resources, assurance of continuing
socio-cultural activities at the resettlement site and IP settlement, first priority of IPs and PAPs in the employment
Environmental Impact Statement of the Kaliwa Dam Project MAIN EIS REPORT Page | 307 opportunities; benefit-
sharing between MWSS and IPs; and IP representatives should have active participation in the project. Since majority of
IPs are not used to settling together with the lowland residents, this cultural and endogenous practice shall be considered
in the IP Development Plan and Resettlement Plan.

In consideration of the negative effects of the ROW acquisition, a RAP formulation is ongoing as well as conduct of FPIC
for IP community that will be affected. The RAP, provides for compensatory measures in form of compensation,
relocation and rehabilitation assistance to people directly affected with the intent of eventually improving their living
standards. The RAP, among others, will minimize and mitigate the negative impacts which bear on the economic and
social well-being of the affected families (AFs) and IPs. In conjunction with the agreed mitigation with the IPs on the
cultural monuments to be affected, access to the remaining springs and caves could be improved. During low water levels
in summer, the springs and caves could potentially daylight and still serve as tourist attraction not as land based features
but as underwater features. Its promotion could form part of the IP livelihood enhancement program.

Environmental Assessment
Based on consultations with key stakeholders, it was established that the main issue of the project is the threat posed by
flooding in the event of dam breakage. This report presents the evaluation of the possible causes and consequences of
flooding brought about by the breakage of the Kaliwa Dam and its effects on downstream.

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The hazards associated with construction are temporary in nature, being present only during the short period that the
project is in the construction phase. This hazard type will only expose a small population—the workers in the construction
phase of the project—making its risk level low. Furthermore, the construction phase involves activities that are common
in many projects that their risk management procedures had become routine and are already in place even for the
contractors that are hired to undertake the project. Therefore, hazards associated with the brief construction activity do not
warrant inclusion in this risk assessment study. The hazards arising from natural processes such as typhoons, landslides
and earthquakes are not ignored in this report but are considered only to contribute modifying effects to the main hazard—
flooding.

Landslides are initiated in steep slopes during the passage of heavy rains or typhoons which bring about the movement of
weathered and fractured rocks or the corresponding overburden. The site selected for the dam and spillway has essentially
stable slopes which will be further enhanced through corresponding design measures to ensure the stability of the
engineering structures. Mass movements along the slopes downstream of the dam and within the Kaliwa River Watershed
are not expected to affect the local residents of Infanta and General Nakar. As previously discussed, the Kaliwa Dam site
is located in a region with major earthquake generators. Ground rupture is not expected to occur at the dam and spillway
area as the nearest active fault corresponding to the segment of the Philippine Fault is located about 15 kilometers to the
east. The Kaliwa Dam site though will be subject to ground shaking during earthquake events in the region. Local
perception surveys and consultations at General Nakar and Infanta indicate that flooding due to dam break is the most
significant event feared by the stakeholders in view of the threat Environmental Impact Statement of the Kaliwa Dam
Project MAIN EIS to human lives and resources downstream. This perception is supported by the experience of the local
residents to natural flood events which affected the two (2) towns. The most recent major flood event took place in
November 2004 when as a consequence of weeklong rains, heavy damages to lives and properties to the two (2) local

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government units occurred. This flood event logically increased the apprehension of the local residents on the flood which
may be generated due to the breakage of the proposed dam.

Conclusion

The dam break analysis due to the occurrence of the probable maximum flood (PMF) showed that the flood wave
generated by the failure of the Kaliwa Dam will be gradually attenuated and will have very limited effect on the towns of
Infanta and Gen. Nakar. The attenuation was brought about by the distance travelled by the flood and the geometry and
meandering nature of the river channel. It should also be noted that the PMF has a probability of occurrence or >0.0001 or
a return period of more than 10,000 years. Therefore, the risk of failure of the Kaliwa Dam due to dam break is very
minute. And as mentioned above, if ever it occurs, the flood wave will have been attenuated and will have minimal effect
on the populated areas about 35 kilometers downstream.

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D. SCOPE AND DELIMITATION

The study focused on the Dumagat tribe of Quezon Province which will be affected by the construction of the proposed
Kaliwa Dam. The resettlement for the Dumagat tribe will be the scope of the study, which shows the preservation of their
community even if they reside in other places. Their vernacular architecture will alos be used to retain their community
but it will also be improved by using a disaster ersilient approach in housing project to be able to at least protect them
from natural disasters since the resettlement would be in mountains were steep slopes were present. The study does not
cover the dumagat tribe found in Daraitan, Rizal since the scope of the study focuses only in the affected Dumagat trie in
Quezon. Even if they have the same problem with the Dam, there are still differences with thecommunity of Dumagat in
Rizal compared in Quezon and one of those is their language. The proposed resettlement will also be limited to the
Preservation of the Dumaagt community since most of their beliefs and tradition were located in places that could not be
moved or taken with them like the Mainit lake, Tinipak river, Tulaog cave and other sacred places.

The muyong system will be used as a natural watershed for their community and for the needs of the community. Rice and
vergetable terraces will also be their alternative source of living since majority of them states that they were dependent in
farming. This will make the community of the Dumagat a self-sustaining community through the application of the
muyong system and terraced farming.

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E. CASE STUDIES ( Local )

1.1 Relocation Area and Housing Project Vida vista 2 AFP/PNP Housing Project

Location: Brgy. San Luis, Pugo, La Union

Vida vista 2 AFP/PNP housing project in

Barangay San Luis, Pugo, La Union is
intended for the low salaried personnel of the
AFP (Armed Forces of the Philippines) in the
whole CAR region. The housing project have
a total of 500 units to be occupied. Each unit
has a 40 sq.m lot area. It is one of the 9,000
units proposed by the government to be built
for the soldiers of the Philippines. It costs
950,000 pesos, President Duterte states that he
will pay for the 70, 000 pesos for each unit

Figure 2.22. Project description of the Housing project for the AFP/PNP in
La Union

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and leave them 880,000 only to be paid for a maximum of 25 years. Includes school and other facilities that would help
the community. Also, they were surrounded by terraces where they can farm their own food or make it as their business
but in total, this function as a sustainable feature of their community.

The project has similarities on this study because of the approach it used and the livelihood it offers. The housing project
includes terraces for vegetables and rice that could help the community within it. Also, it could provide natural watershed
for the community. As stated in this study, rice terraces with muyong system were used and since the muyong system
originated from the Ifugao which is in the same region as the housing project, it is not possible for their community to
adapt to it. The housing project makes it unique by giving it a different approach through their rice terraces. It is one of the
reasons why the resettlement or housing project would be sustainable and it could provide an alternative livelihood for the
communit

Analysis

Table 2.9 Analysis and Photo documentation of the Resettlement in La Union

Photo/Description Analysis
Etrance of the housing project As of now, the units were not yet ready for occupancy but
there are houses that is already occupied. The community
doesn’t have water and electrical supply which makes it
hard for the occupants to live in there.
The housing project were located on the main road which
gives an easy access for the people. Unlike other housing

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project which were located on remote control areas.
Terraces Paddies (mainly for rice and vegetable farming)
It is the community of the housing project. The photo
shows the traditional terraces applied for the community.
Since the housing project were located on the foot of the
mountains with abundant trees, the muyong system could
be easily applied.

Newley constructed school for the community Existing facilities like the school were the most important
for the settlers. Since it is the most needed. At first, they
don’t have a school inside the community because they
were just located beside the main road they could have an
easy access to other schools and facilities outside the
housing project. After realizing things, they decided to
request for a three storey school.

1.2 Northville 8, Resettlement Area

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Location: Barangay Bangkal, City of Malolos, Bulacan

Northville 8 is an NHA-northrail relocation

project for the families affected by the
Northrail Development Project of the
National Government. Northville 8 is situated
in two barangays of the City of Malolos
namely, Barangay Bangkal and Santor. The
development of the area began in the first
quarter of 2005 under the supervision of the
Housing and Urban Development
Coordinating Council (HUDCC), the National
Housing Agency (NHA) development,
surveys and tagging of the affected structures
(commercial and residential) located within
the Right-of-Way (ROW) of the Philippine
National Railway (PNR) was being conducted
Figure 2.23 Resettlement on Nothville 8 in Bnagkal, City of Malolos by the Local Inter-Agency Committee (LIAC)
Bulacan
task force. Demolition and clearing of affected
structures began in the last quarter of 2005, by
then, affected families were already moving to the being developed Northville 8. Completion of physical development of
Northville 8 lasted for two (2) years with the installation of electricity and water supply from every households.

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After occupancy, the resettlement faces a lot of problem within their community. At first, their area were known for
having criminal occupants that made their place a dangerous place for the outsiders. Since they were from different
location, they have differences and unity within the community won’t be easy. This relocation site shows what problems
were commonly experienced by the settlers. It is also one the reasons why people were not favoured with relocation
project because most of this project were not successful and ends up on abandoning their houses and the resettlement area.

The resettlement also have facilities that would help their community. They have an elementary and high school in their
area since they were located far from the main road and from other schools. They also have their own barangay hall, clinic
and a small chapel. Even if they have this facilities, still it won’t be enough for their community. Their problems were
mainly because of their houses and the supply that they don’t have.

Analysis

Table 2.10 Analysis and Photo documentation of the Resettlement in Bangkal Northville 8

Photo/description Characteristics

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Exisiting Condition of Houses
Most of their houses were not yet finished when the turned
over started. The walls were not plastered and painted. The
units don’t have a room inside. It is like an open area
where they would have their dining, living and bedroom in
the same place. Natural ventilation and natural lighting
were impossible to achieve.
Drainage system of the resettlement Clogged drainage result to flooding. In their area almost
every street were flooded. Especially when it is raining,
the water would immediately rise and it will take for
almost a week before it will disappear, the result of this is
that it makes the road brittle until it’s all broken. The
community is also exposed from those water that becomes
stagnant.

Vacant areas that is turned into a dump area Their MRF were located on the entrance of their
community which is a bit off because the smell and the
scenario is not welcoming. They just have a big dumping
area inside the senseless fence around it.
One of the emerging problem in their community is waste
disposal. Vacant areas were usually filled with trash and

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eventually it will became a dump area for the vicinity.
The road to Northville 8 with water irrigation
Before heading to Northville 8, a 30 minute walk in a very
narrow road without any covered path walk is unbearable.
There are tricycles that will bring you to the relocation site
but if you live in there and spending money for the fare
everyday would cost you so much.

CULTURAL PRESERVATION

Hispanic Towns of Vigan, Ilocos Sur

Location

Vigan, Ilocos Sur

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Description

Vigan City itself is already a tourist destination. You can see anywhere, the Spanish-time houses and streets. There are
also calesas (horse-drawn buggy) which offer you a ride anywhere in the city. Lots of stores selling souvenirs are also in
the street of the city.

Vigan is commonly known for their historically preserved Spanish colonial and Asian approach designed houses within
the city. It is also known to be as one of the tourist destination in the Philippines. The architecture of the city reflects its
historical background and rich culture in both materials and design. One of this place is known as Mestizo District,  where
Figure 2.24. Hispanic town in Vigan city the streets are lined with Spanish Era ancestral
Source: UNESCO houses (all with Spanish time tile roofs, massive
hardwood flooring, balustrades and other in
varying Spanish, Mexican, and Chinese architectural styles). There are also cobble-stoned streets, which led to Vigan’s
inscription in the list of UNESCO World Heritage Site.

The way they used the historical value of the buildings as a template in building a new and its adaptation to different
buildings. It can cope to modernization without fully changing its identity or value. It used modern materials and
techniques of building but the physical aspect of the building still remains how it should look like many years ago. The
community involvement is one of the aspects that made their environment known. Also, the ordinances and law that
protects their culture is also an important factor in retaining their culture for the next few years. This concept is what this
study is aiming at. How they continue their culture even if a lot of aspects in their environment is changing.

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Analysis

Table 2.11 Analysis and Photo documentation of the Historic town in Vigan

Photo/description Characteristics
Existing streets of Vigan
One of the amazing things about Vigan is their ability and
dedication to protect their community from modernization.
This is not just a simple tourist spot for the Philippines but
it also tells the story of the Philippines for the past years. It
may not represent the Philippine Architecture but it is one
of the factors that made the architecture of our country.

Commercial Building
Modernization is mostly the reason why culture is fading

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from different aspects. Technologies and upgrading needs
of the city causes the culture from changing and eventually
disappearing but Vigan is different. They adapt to
modernization but they maintain their identity.

SELF-SUSTAINING COMMUNITY

Rice terraces of Mountain Province

Location : Nueva Vizcaya - Ifugao - Mountain

Province Rd, Banaue, Ifugao

The Banaue Rice Terraces are terraces that

were carved into the mountains of Ifugao in the
Philippines by the ancestors of the indigenous
people. The terraces are also called the "Eighth
Wonder of the World". It is commonly thought
that the terraces were built with minimal

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equipment, largely by hand. The terraces clearly shows the relation between humankind and the natural environment. It
also shows how sustainable farming systems in mountainous terrain can be.

Irrigated rice croplands are among the world's most important agro-ecosystems. They provide food for more than 3.5
billion people and a range of other ecosystem services (ESS). However, the sustainability of rice agro-ecosystems is
threatened by continuing climate and land-use changes.

In this photo, it shows how the nature and the

residents were used in creating a sustainable
community. They both benefit in this cycle. The
community uses their environment to sustain their
daily needs, building construction and their
livelihood and at the same time they took care of
it as their own. They know the different laws of
nature and they know how to respect it.

Figure 2.26. Muyong system of Ifugfao and its priniples

Source: Research gate

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CASE STUDIES (Foreign)

Soe Ker Tie Housing Project

Location: Noh Bo, Thailand

Soe Ker Tier Housing is a small scale housing project of a

humanitarian design organization from Norwegian University
of Science and Technology. The project was conceived in
response to the shelters for refugee children in the village of
Noh Bo on the Thai-Burmese border.

The Soe Ker Tier houses are prefabricated and assemble on

site. The bamboos used for walls and timbers used for structural
parts are harvested and delivered from the mainland and woven
in traditional method similar to Thai houses. The houses are
designed with the consideration of sustainability.

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Soe Ker Tie houses are designed as cost effective building. The flapped roof feature of the design is conducive natural
ventilation. Designing to collect rainwater where water stored
Figure 2.27. Soe Ker Tie House
can be used during dry periods.
Source: Archdaily

Implication to the study:

The Butterfly Huts because of their “winged” appearance were designed with the children’s happiness and health in mind.
As simple as these new dorms may seem, they provide something wonderful for a growing child a space to call their own
to learn, sleep and play in. This small luxury is one that so many of us take for granted but makes a huge difference in the
development and happiness of the children.

Applying to the study, the sustainable design aspects used in the housing project including rainwater collecting feature,
optimum use of daylight and natural ventilation. Important principles like bracing, material economization and moisture
prevention lead to a more sustainable building tradition. The canopy has been shaped in such a way as to enable natural
ventilation, while at the same time collecting and storing rainwater for use during Thailand’s dry season. Protecting
against moisture and rot, the structures are elevated above the ground perched on concrete foundations. This renders the
areas around the buildings more useful during the rainy season giving the kids better areas for play and social life.

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Aranya Housing Project

Location : Indore, India

Traditionally, architects have

contributed little to housing for the
Third World urban poor. Those who
opt to work for the poor need to
rethink their roles; the numbers are
overwhelming, the issues complex
and the resources are very limited.
One solution is to use land as a
resource to produce housing for the
urban poor, by allowing them access
to it to build their homes. A study

Figure 2.28. Aranya Housing Community

Source: Architecture in Development

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was conducted of such initiatives in a cosy-study in India: The Aranya Housing Project, completed in 1988 and considered
a model project.

CULTURAL AND SOCIAL CONTEXT

Indore, India in the early 1980’s was facing a shortage of Housing. It had been estimated that approximately 51,000
families were homeless or living in illegal settlements. The Indore Development Authority initiated an affordable housing
project for 60,000 people that would tackle this issue and at the same time be affordable to the government and urban
poor. Previous efforts by the government to provide low-cost urban housing in India were aimed at supplying ready-built
units. However, it took too long to construct a complete house and it became expensive for the low income group and also
ate up too many resources.

A rectilinear site of 86 hectares was designed to accommodate over 6500 dwellings, largely for the Weaker Economic
Section. This was an integrated approach for 'a sustainable society' where the mix of different economic levels of society
could stay together.

Aranya Township was designed as a site and services project spread laid out in six sectors that converge on a central spine
i.e., the Central Business District. One of the key elements of Doshi’s design was a hierarchy of open spaces that included
small courtyards to be shared by three to four families, larger green spaces for each of the settlement’s six sectors, and a
central playing field to serve the entire development. Open spaces and pedestrian pathways intersect and connect the
clusters to the central spine. Each user has an array of options available from one room shelters to more spacious houses,

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and emphasis is mad on a sense of family and neighbourhood while striving to encourage adaptation and personalization
according to individual’s needs and resources

MATERIALS AND BUILDING TECHNIQUES

The Project site had black cotton soil prone to shrinking and swelling with moisture. Small diameter shallow piles with
poured concrete was used, which made for very inexpensive foundation. The Piles were cross connected at plinth level
through concrete beams on which regular load bearing masonry walls rested

For Most Income Groups, only a house plot was sold. The lower-income Groups were given several options that included
a site and plinth, a service core and one room, depending on how much they could afford. Owners were free to use any
material for the construction and decoration of house. Brick, stone and cement were locally available. Bright Colours in
the facades, railings, grills and cornices commonly seen in the old houses of Indore were used in some of the houses.
Internal streets and squares in the Economically Weaker Section were stone paved, reducing their cost and maintenance.
Peripheral roads were asphalt paved for heavy traffic.

Implication to the study:

The Aranya project demonstrates the vital aspects of urban design in its design of appropriate typology, hierarchy of
streets and open space, housing clusters with human scale, flexibility to addition and growth of built form and an efficient
sites and services layout integrated with the architecture of the township. The indigenous character of built form provides
a setting for the continuation of fundamental values of society.

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The Aranya plan uses these universal principles of hierarchy in urban design by creating the centre with public amenities
and major urban space moving outwards with series of streets and clusters of houses in hierarchy creating more private
residential public realms. The street is also seen as an urban space with human activities and multiplicity. The emphasis on
developing a cost efficient layout for services has brought down the cost of the project significantly and hence is an
important ingredient of the design of the settlement.

The efficient site planning, a fresh approach to infrastructure, while using strong traditional urban design principles of the
context, with a hope to provide the most ideal environment for living to the poor, has produced an example of good urban
design in the context of rapid urbanization. These principles used in the Aranya housing project can be applied to the
study.

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RESEARCH TOPIC

Sustainability and Vernacular Architecture

Vernacular architecture is s a built environment that is based upon local needs. Defined by the availability of particular
materials indigenous to its particular region; and reflects local traditions and cultural practices. Traditionally, the study of
vernacular architecture did not examine formally schooled architects, but instead that of the design skills and tradition of
local builders, who were rarely given any attribution for the work. More recently, vernacular architecture has been
examined by designers and the building industry in an effort to be more energy conscious with contemporary design and
construction part of a broader interest in sustainable design.

Vernacular architecture can be defined as unpretentious, simple, indigenous, traditional structures made of local materials
and following well-tried forms and types.

Vernacular architecture is the built environment created based on the society needs. It is built in accordance with the
natural environment (geography, topography, site, climate) fulfilling people’s physical, economic, social, and cultural
norms. Vernacular architecture is a sign of identity; it is the “mirror” of nations that reflects place, time, and culture.

The way of life of the Dumagat Tribe, and the way they use their shelters, is of great influence on building forms. The size
of family units, who shares which spaces, how food is prepared and eaten, how people interact and many other cultural
considerations will affect the layout and size of their beloy.

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The Dumagat tribe depended on local materials (such as wood and anahaw leaves) and skills; this led to conserve
resources and created uniqueness and identity to each region’s architecture. Using woods and anahaw leaves in creating
roof at saolan houses while galvanized iron roof for beloy houses.

In vernacular architecture, each tradition is intimately related to social and economic imperatives. It has developed to meet
specific needs within each culture.

The cultural and social core of the Dumagat Tribe need to be seen within the perspective of routine practices of the
Dumagat to grasp the essence of society’s experience with the built and natural environment.

Sustainability

Sustainability has often been a fundamental part of the composition of both tangible and intangible cultural resources;
sustainability and preservation of cultural identity are complementary. Elements of sustainable design are integral to
vernacular architecture that have evolved over time using local materials and technology emerging from ambient natural
and cultural environment creating optimum relationships between people and their place.

The word “sustain” means “to hold up” or “to support from below,” a society needs to be supported by its populations in
the present and future. Most traditional societies took care of their community through the amalgamation of natural and
physical environment with cultural, social, and mystical values. These are the societies where sustainability is evident and
liveable as daily practices.

Human civilization has evolved and kept its continuation through integration with the surrounding environment and is
dependent on the preservation of nature. Over time and the multifaceted interaction of evolution and human adaptability to

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the ambient environment, every place and region developed unique characteristics that distinguished it from other places,
that is, the core of “identity” Identity has a permanent nature, permanence is supported by both natural environment and
cultural, such as the natural topography, material and cultural includes views and habits. All of this is contained in the
sustainable criteria. So the nature of sustainability is an important part in recognizing the identity

Disaster Resiliency

Disaster resilience is important for individuals as well as for the community as a whole because it greatly affects how they
are adapting and transforming their structures. It is one of the keys to protect the community from the hazards of the
environment. Disaster resilience is a crucial investment in prevention and preparedness. Disaster risk reduction is a
national and a local priority where knowledge, innovation, and education are used to build a culture of safety and
resilience at all levels and reduce the underlying risk factors.

Climate change requires a twofold approach which assimilates mitigation and adaptation or resilience building that deals
with the remaining impacts of climate change. However, regardless of uncertain progress through decreasing greenhouse
gas emissions, scientists come to an agreement irreversible effects that will continue and deteriorate within the lifetime, as
the past emissions continue to heat up the earth’s atmosphere. This is why the focus on climate changes mitigation and
adaptation, particularly in indigenous people, has become so critical. In relation to climate change, the terms resilience and
adaptation are often used interchangeably. In theoretical terms, climate change resilience is the ability of an individual,
municipal, or society to enthusiastically and efficiently respond to unstable climate impact conditions while continuing to
utilize and prosper. Basically, it is the ability to survive, recover from, and even overcome in changing climatic
conditions. It includes the ability to understand possible impacts and to take suitable action before, during, and after a

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certain event, such as a typhoon, major flooding or prolonged drought, to minimize negative effects and maintain the
ability to respond to changing conditions, even unpredictable conditions

Indigenous people are among the first to face the direct consequences of climate change, due to their dependence upon,
and close relationship, with the environment and its resources. Climate change exacerbates the difficulties already faced
by indigenous communities including political and economic marginalization, loss of land and resources, human rights
violations, discrimination and unemployment. General Nakar in Quezon is among the few municipalities in Southern
Tagalog that has thickly forested areas. Tropical forests in General Nakar, are the richest type of the world in terms of the
diversity of inhabiting people. Indigenous people of the tropical rainforest belt are very dependent on the forest. The
Dumagats, who are cultural minorities who reside in this area, have been affected by the impacts of environmental and
climate change and have struggled to adapt the changes in the environment they live in. Climate change poses threats and
dangers to the survival of these indigenous communities. These Dumagats are vital to, and active in, the many ecosystems
that inhabit their lands and territories and may therefore help enhance the resilience of these ecosystems. In addition, they
interpret and react to the impacts of climate change in creative ways, drawing on traditional knowledge and other
technologies to find solutions, which may help society at large to cope with impending changes.

Indigenous Knowledge

The Indigenous Peoples Rights Act defines “Indigenous Peoples” as a group of people or homogenous societies identified
by self-ascription and ascription by others; who have continuously lived as an organized community on communally

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bounded and defined territory and who have, under claims of ownership since time immemorial, occupied, possessed and
utilized such territories, sharing common bonds of language, customs, traditions and other distinctive cultural traits, or
who have, through resistance to political, social and cultural inroads of colonization, non-indigenous religions and
cultures, became historically differentiated from the majority of Filipinos. Indigenous Cultural Communities/ Indigenous
Peoples shall likewise include peoples who are regarded as indigenous on account of their descent from the populations
which inhabited the country, at the time of conquest or colonization, or at the time of inroads of non-indigenous religions
and cultures, or the establishment of present state boundaries, who retain some or all of their own social, economic,
cultural and political institutions, but who may have been displaced from their traditional domains or who may have
resettled outside their ancestral lands (Sec. 3 (h) Republic Act 8731, or the Indigenous Peoples Rights Act IPRA 1997).

The Dumagat people are an indigenous group of Filipinos found along the coast of the Pacific ocean and in the hinterlands
of the Sierra Madre mountains in the eastern part of the Luzon island, Philippines. They generally resemble the other
Negrito groups such as the Aetas of Pinatubo Mountain, Aeta of Panay Island and the Aeta-Manobos of Davao and North
Cotabato provinces.

The Dumagats are the descendants of the Negrito group and reside in various parts of Central and Southern Luzon.
Because their nomadic lifestyle, they often travel from Quezon to Rizal or some instances up to Bulacan and Aurora. The
province of Quezon has approximately 50 Dumagat communities with an average of 15 families per community. The
biggest number is found in General Nakar and Polilo Islands.

Situation of the people:

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 Poverty and income
The Dumagat women do not have permanent jobs. Majority of households are engaged in rattan-gathering,
charcoal-making and gathering of wild flowers, such as orchids. In some cases, they are tied in a patron-client
relationship with lowlanders, whom they call ‘store owners’. Buying and selling their forest products seems to be
internalized in this relationship, although the price is basically decided by the buyers.
 Food sufficiency
They usually have simple meals twice or three times a day composed of rice and vegetables. Animals hunted both
from the mountains and the rivers are consumed, occasionally.
 Water and sanitation
A river running along the community provides water for bathing and washing, transporting gathered products from
the mountain, and playground for the children. Drinking water is usually drawn from springs. Some of the
households have toilet facilities, while others do not. This is a sanitation issue, especially the usage of the river.
 Education
Among the Dumagat children and youth aged 7-19 years, a third was not studying. For many, it is difficult to
finish even grade school. Among the women, there was a similar short fall in educational attainment. The major
reason for dropping-out is lack of funds to purchase school supplies and pay for transportation costs.

Self- Sustaining Community

As a global community, we face significant challenges related to reducing our environmental impact, taking a hard look at
our development practices and identifying opportunities to reduce pollution, while revitalizing our communities to create

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safe, attractive and vibrant "people places". Moving forward we must critically consider how we plan, develop and
construct not only our buildings, but also our neighbourhoods and cities. Sustainability at the building level the first step,
but it is merely one piece of the puzzle. Sustainability must start in planning at the community level, requiring a major
paradigm shift, and an extension of our commitment to sustainable planning and design. This paper will provide an in-
depth look at the model of "cellular" development, incorporating the principles of New Urbanism and sustainable design
to create self-sustaining communities. This paper will also identify opportunities related to transit, parking and
development to create more walkable, convenient and self-sustaining communities.

Many indigenous and local communities live in territories that are biologically outstanding on a global scale. Traditional
indigenous territories have been estimated to cover up to 24 percent of the world’s land surface and contain 80 percent of
the earth’s remaining healthy ecosystems and global biodiversity priority areas. A significant fraction of the world’s
protected areas is found within or overlaps with indigenous lands, territories and resources. This remarkable spatial
convergence presents both an enormous opportunity as well as a challenge for conservation efforts in protected areas and
in the larger production landscape. Indigenous communities have also been responsible for the preservation and
maintenance of traditional knowledge and practices that are highly relevant for the use of biodiversity.

Method of Construction Using Natural Materials

Natural Building includes a variety of building techniques that focus on creating sustainable buildings which minimize
their negative ecological impact. Natural Buildings often rely on non-industrial, minimally processed, locally available,
and renewable materials and can also utilize recycled or salvaged materials.

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Natural building techniques are methods that are “greener” that modern manufactured modes of property construction.
Typically drawing on older, traditional forms of home building, these techniques emphasize the use of materials, practices
and aesthetics that are not ecologically destructive, are sensitive to the natural and cultural surroundings in which the
property is sited.

The following are the materials used by the Dumagat tribe in building their houses:

Adobe

One of the oldest natural building techniques, adobe involves creating a building material with earth and water sometimes
with straw added which is then dried in the sun. Typically the abode composite is formed into uniform shapes and then
used like conventional bricks, but it can also simply be layered over time to create a structure. This provides strength as
well as good thermal mass for temperature regulation, although adobe does benefit from the utilization of some insulation;
traditionally a double wall with an air space fulfilled this role, but today applying an insulation material to the exterior is
more common. This is one of the building materials used by the Dumagat in constructing their A-beloy houses.

Rammed Earth

Rammed earth uses a soil mixture that has at least 20 percent clay content. The earth is also wetter than comparative
techniques such as adobe, with a moisture content of around 10 percent. The earth is the tamped down in layers
traditionally by hand but increasingly by machinery of between six and eight inches thick. The walls of a property built
using rammed earth are usually around a foot wide. This provides great strength as well as taking advantage of the
material’s excellent thermal mass. The material’s ability to reabsorb and release heat makes it ideal for temperate climates

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 BALAY PAYOH: A Disaster Resilient Housing Approach for the Terraced Resettlement for the Dumagat Tribe
with the Application of Muyong System Towards Environmental Conservation

Alyanna Diane S. Avorque Limuel H. Estrella Catherine M. Roberto

(those in warmer climes may want to consider insulating the exterior to prevent temperatures rising uncomfortably high).
The thickness of the walls gives a quiet interior and a sense of longstanding solidity.

Wood

Wood is one such universal material that it has diverse applications. Right from the basic skeleton structure of beams and
columns to wooden flooring, name a building part and wood fits the part. Now which form of wood is most suitable, that
is the question. Whether to use softwood or hardwood or wood veneer it all depends on the other factors like the climate,
the region, and the use. Wood has excellent thermal properties. It can sustain very high temperatures without collapsing
commonly used by the Dumagat tribe in constructing their Beloy and hanga houses.

BIBLIOGRAPHY
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Moustafa, Walid. (2014) “Vernacular Architecture Approach to achieve sustainability In Informal Settlements
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A. Salva, C. Santos, T. Santos, K. Lobrio, S. Estrella, Z. Z. Sioson, G. Nuestro and G. Banaguas.(2010). “The
Impacts of Climate Change on the Indigenous People: DUMAGATS”

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 BALAY PAYOH: A Disaster Resilient Housing Approach for the Terraced Resettlement for the Dumagat Tribe
with the Application of Muyong System Towards Environmental Conservation

Alyanna Diane S. Avorque Limuel H. Estrella Catherine M. Roberto

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