Unit I

Fundamentals of Management and

Quality Management (1-Credit)
• 1. Meaning and functions of Management
 Meaning of
Management
• Management etymology:
– Managgaire (italian): means to handle
– Manus (latin): handling
– Mesnagement (french) and later menagement:
management during 17th and 18th
• The term management is used at times to indicate the “process or
the functions”: planning, organizing, staffing, directing and
controlling.
• Term management is also being used as a “discipline”.
• Management is the art of knowing “what you
want to do ….in the best and cheapest way.” –
Frederick W. Taylor (1914), profounder of this
approach
• Management is to conduct the affairs of a
business, moving towards its objectives through a
continuous improvement and optimization of
resources via the essential management functions.
– Henri Fayol (1917)
• Critics: definition ignores the human side, which
is the most important element of management, and
also silent about the process of management.
• Management is the art of getting things done
through and with informally organized groups,
and it is the art of creating the environment in
which people can perform and individuals could
cooperate towards attaining group goals.
• Critics: management thinkers put primary focus
on people and their feelings, not on productivity
or functions. The chief concerns are
individuals, group process, interpersonal
relations, leadership, and communication.
• Management is the process by which managers create,
direct, maintain and operate purposive organizations
through systematic coordinated cooperative human
efforts. – Dalton McFarland (1976)
• The distinct process consisting of planning, organizing,
actuating and controlling to determine and accomplish
the stated objectives by the use of human and other
resources. – Terry & Franklin (1988)
• Critics: this approach embraces human element: the
most important aspect of management, clarifies about
what a manager has to do and why and also clearly
indicates how it is done. The management thinkers
believe that management does not do; it gets others to
do.
 Definition of Management
1) Henri Fayol- Management is to forecast and
to plan, to organise, to command, to co-
ordinate and to control activities of others.
2) F.W.Taylor- Management is an art of
knowing what is to be done and seeing that it
is done in the best possible manner.
3) Fremund Malik- Management as “ the
transformation of resources into utility.
4) Peter Drucker- saw the basics task of
management as twofold : Marketing and
innovation Nevertheless, innovation is also linked
to marketing(product innovation is a central
strategic marketing issue)
5) Koontz and Weihrich- Management is the
process of designing and maintaining an
environment in which individuals, working
together in groups, efficiently accomplish selected
aims.
Characteristics of Management
• Universal: All the organizations, whether it is profit-
making or not, they require management, for managing
their activities. Hence it is universal in nature.
• Goal-Oriented: Every organization is set up with a
predetermined objective and management helps in
reaching those goals timely, and smoothly.
• Continuous Process: It is an ongoing process which
tends to persist as long as the organization exists. It is
required in every sphere of the organization whether it
is production, human resource, finance or marketing.
• Multi-dimensional: Management is not confined to the
administration of people only, but it also manages work,
processes and operations, which makes it a multi-disciplinary
activity.
• Group activity: An organization consists of various members
who have different needs, expectations and beliefs. Every
person joins the organization with a different motive, but after
becoming a part of the organization they work for achieving the
same goal. It requires supervision, teamwork and coordination,
and in this way, management comes into the picture.
• Dynamic function: An organization exists in a business
environment that has various factors like social, political, legal,
technological and economic. A slight change in any of these
factors will affect the organization’s growth and performance.
So, to overcome these changes management formulates
strategies and implements them.
• Intangible force: Management can neither be
seen nor touched but one can feel its existence, in
the way the organization functions.
Precisely, all the functions, activities and
processes of the organization are interconnected
to one another. And it is the task of the
management to bring them together in such a way
that they help in reaching the intended result.
Characteristics of Management

• Art as well as Science

• Management is an activity

• A continuous Process

• Management achieving Pre-defined objectives

Characteristics of Management

• Organized Activities
• Management is a Factor of Production
 Characteristics of Management
• Direction and control

• Dynamics

• Management is needed at all levels

• Leadership activity
 Educational Management

• Paul Monroe- “ Steering an educational

institution toward specified objectives through
certain processes.
• Educational management is an organized
group working as an executive authority which
takes decisions on human resources, finance,
equipments, proper planning and achieve its
aims.
 Characteristics of Educational
Management
• Achieving Goals and objectives.
• Timeline
• Efficiency
• Flexibility
• Continuous process
• Decision making
• Controlling
• Motivation
 Need / Importance of Educational Management

• For Effective and efficient functioning

• To bring qualitative changes
• Achieving group goals
• Optimum utilization of resources
• Motivate members.
 Function of Management
1. Planning
2. Organizing
3. Leading / directing
4. Controlling
 Planning
• Planning is a basic managerial function. It is
setting goals and deciding how to best achieve
them in advance. Planning is predetermining
future and selecting appropriate goals and
actions to achieve them.
• The process by which management set
objectives, assess the future, and develop
course of action to accomplish these
objectives.
• Ex- sport day, Annual Gathering.
 Contd.
• Planning requires decision making by all
levels of managers
• Planning is also to decide in advance about
what to do, how to do, when to do and who is
to do.
• A good planning is also required for good
utilization of human and non human
resources to accomplish pre determined
goals.
 Contd.
• Planning is the core area of all the functions of
management. It is the foundation upon which the
other three areas should be build.
• The planning process is ongoing.
• There are uncontrollable, external factors that
constantly affect an organization both positively and
negatively.
• Depending on the circumstances, these external
factors may cause an organization to adjust its
course of action in accomplishing certain goals. This
is referred to as strategic planning.
 Organizing
• An important function of management.
• Also important for performing staffing,
directing and controlling functions.
• The process of arranging people and physical
resources to carry out plans and accomplish
the organizational goals.
• Its ongoing.
 Organizing involves:
• Defining tasks required for achieving
goals. What task to be done?
• Grouping the activities in logical pattern
• Determining manpower requirement
• Establishing authority and responsibility for
each position. Who reports to whom?
• Assigning the activities to specific position
and people
 Contd.
• Coordinating their activities authority
relations
• Organizing efficiency and reducing the
operation cost through avoiding repetition
and duplication of activities.
 Staffing

• Staffing has assumed greater importance in the

recent years due to advancement of technology,
increase in size of business.
• The main purpose of staffing is to put right man on
right job.
 Leading/ Directing

• Leading – A continuous process of setting

objectives and trying to achieve them through
the efforts of other people.
• Leadership is an important function of
management.
• Leadership is guiding and influencing people
to achieve goals willingly and
enthusiastically in a given situation.
 Contd.
• Leading consists of : Leadership,
Motivation and Communication
• Leadership is the ability to influence a group
toward achievement of goals.
• Motivation is the acts of stimulating people to
contribute at some higher rate.
• Communication consists of conveying
information from top to bottom, bottom to
top and at horizontal and lateral.
 Controlling
• Controlling consists of actions and decision,
manager undertaken to ensure actual result.
• It ensures the right thing is done in the right
manner and at the right time.
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• The steps of controlling:

– Establishing standards
– Measuring actual performance
– Finding and analyzing deviations
– Corrective action
 1.2- Types of Management

Three types of management

1) Time Management
2) Class room Management
3) Event Management
 What is Time Management?
 Time management is an art. It is arranging, organizing
and budgeting time for the purpose of accomplishing
something within a time.
 Time management is having control over the amount
of time spent on a particular activity.
 Hence, time management helps an individualto be
more organized and more productive.
 Importance of Time Management
Time management is important as it helps to manage our time efficiently. It
is beneficial to every individual as proper time management helps us to:

Plan efficiently

Be Efficient Schedule efficiently

Be Organized Prioritize tasks

Be Relaxed & Be Self-disciplined

less stressed
Have time for
ourselves
Who can use Time Management ?
 Business Leader
 Politicians
 Students
 Teachers
 Labourer's
 Writers
 Working Professional
 Home Makers
Elements of Time Management
 There are various elements that have to be
considered and managed for effective Time
Management. It is important that for us tomanage
our time well, we should learn be aware of and use
the elements of Time Management diligently. The
following are the various elements of Time
Management:

 Being aware of Time

 Being aware of TimeWasters
 Priorities
 Self-management
 Management of our Personal Resources
 Goal Setting
 Measures of our Achievement
 Planning
 Benefits Of Time Management
There are several benefits of time management,such
as follows:
 Increased productivity
 Less stress
 Improved self-esteem
 Good work-life balance
TIME TABLE
The Time Table is a form of planning
which is an essential component of an
educational or any other kind of the
institution.
It is an instrument that determines the
efficient working of an individual or a
group of persons or an institution.
The plan or chart in a school showing the
daily allotment of time among the several
subjects , activities and classes is know as
the school time table.
The school time table is methodical
and pre-arranged scheme or studies
and activities
Time table is said to be the second clock
which indicates all the activities
undertaken in a school.
Time table is a mirror that reflects the
entire educational programme of the
school.
The working hours of the school-
beginning time, interval and closing time.
The different subjects to be taught .
The names of teachers teaching different
subjects.
Allotment of time for different subjects.
Teacher wise load of work.
Schedule of co-curricular work if any;
Only one type of time table, with
all types of information does not
serve the purpose.
Therefore it is desirable for the efficient
working of the school programme to
have the following types of time tables :
It is also known as General time table
or Consolidated time table.
It gives a complete picture of the entire
programme of the school per day.
It is sum total of all the class time
tables in a concise form and also a
record of every teachers daily work.
It is generally meant for headmaster and
one of its copy should be in the staff
room.
It is the time table of each class and of
each sections.
It shows the distribution of subjects
with teachers for each period.
It is desirable that a copy of this time
table be displayed in the class room.
 Every teacher has got a copy his own
programme, showing the details of his
academic and non- academic world.
A copy of this time table is placed in
the staff room and another copy in the
headmaster’s office.
It is a special time table showing
the vacant periods of all teachers.
This is helpful in allotment of
work, when some teacher is
absent.
A copy of time table is always
available in the headmaster’s
office.
This time table shows which particular
group is engaged in a particular game at a
particular game at particular time.
Groups of games are not organised on
the basis of sections or classes but on the
basis of age and proficiency of games.
It also gives detail about the play
ground used.
A time table showing the variety of
co-curricular activities in the school
in addition to games.
It also gives the details of the
names of teacher in charge, the
place where they held, the time
where they held.
 2)Classroom Management

Class management is ways of organizing the resources,

pupils and helpers so that teaching and learning can
process in an efficient and safe manner.
 Definition of Classroom Management.

• Sternberg & Williams- A set of techniques and skills

that allow a teacher to control students effectively in
order to create a positive learning environment for all
students.
• Richard- Classroom management is defined as an
organisation and how a teacher controls the students
behaviour so that the teaching and learning process
can happen effectively.
• Alberto & Troutman- Classroom management is a
skill which require the teacher to manage the time,
space, resources and students behaviour in preparing
a conducive learning environment.
 Management of the physical Environment of a
classroom.
1) Visual Aspects
* Include the amount and quality of light available in
all the parts of a room.
*Cleanliness of floor and walls
*A well- painted classroom.
* Attractive display of student’s work.
2) Acoustic Aspects-
*class room activities depend on verbal
communication.
*Avoiding disturbances and noise.
3) Spatial Aspects-
* Every classroom contains furniture, materials and
equipments.
* Arranged in different ways depending on the
activities .
 Techniques of classroom management

1) Management of time-Time is of the essence in

learning. How much students learn depends upon the
amount of time they spend in learning. The impact of
time however on achievement is influenced also by
the quality of instruction and the learning tasks. No
matter what amount of time is spent, no learning
takes place if there is poor instruction and poorly
devised learning tasks. It is observed that classes
where students are occupied with learning activities,
where time is managed properly, learn more.
• HERE ARE SOME RESEARCH-BASED
EFFECTIVE TECHNIQUES TO MAKE WISE
ALL OF TIME:

*Orchestrate smooth classroom transitions.

*Remain involved with the students during the
entire class period allowing for no idle time.
*Use fillers, in case you finish the lesson ahead of
time. Examples of fillers are reciting a favorite
stanza then letting others explain the meaning or
conducting a short contest about the lesson.
*Use a common place to keep materials such as
scissors, school supplies. This saves time. You
have not to look for them when you need them.
*Follow a consistent schedule and maintain the
procedures and routines established at the
beginning of the year.
*Prepare materials in advance.
*Make clear and smooth transitions.
*Limit disruptions and interruptions through
appropriate behavioral management technique.
 FOR QUALITY OUTPUT WITHIN AN
ALLOTTED PERIOD, HERE ARE SOME
SUGGESTIONS:
 Schedule all activities with corresponding time
allotment way ahead of time. Early preparations
could avoid haste and confusion.
 Provide enough time for everything you expect to
happen.
 Avoid rushing since you know you have carefully
allotted required time for every activity. Quality may
suffer.
 Anticipate difficulties or failure of some operations
in order to be able to pursue alternative actions.
 Be flexible with time assignments. If students are
observed to be so interested and eager to continue
working, allow a little more time for them to complete
and achieve the objectives with satisfaction.
 Set the example by showing that you are time-
conscious. They will develop the same precision
regarding time utilization.
 2) Management of Discipline

• Discipline is controlled behavior. It constitutes the

next important concern of teachers as part of good
management. No matter how well- managed a
learning environment is, students will occasionally
misbehave. Teachers must be ready to deal with them
with utmost care and consideration.
 SOME CAUSES OF DISCIPLINARY
PROBLEMS
 Unfavorable learning conditions
• The classroom may not be conducive to learning if it is:

• overcrowded with more than the regular number of

students to a class.
• with poor lighting facilities and inadequate ventilation.
• with furniture and storage cabinets disorderly positioned,
• making the collection and retrieval of tools less efficient.
• with inappropriate seating arrangement such that
distractions can easily occur
• near sources of noise which obstruct understanding of
the lesson.
 Teacher’s poor management skills- The teachers’
lack of adequate knowledge and skills in handling
occurrences of misbehavior
• likewise contribute to a trouble-prone setting.
 Students’ varied background- The students bring to
the classroom a surprising record of individual
attitudes, interests and abilities. Said characteristics
could be traced from their differences in: a) family
background, b) physical and mental capacities, and
c) emotional traits among others.
 HOW TO PREVENT DISCIPLINE
PROBLEMS
• To prevent discipline problems, teachers can:

* implement group-oriented methodologies such

as: 1) cooperative learning approach, 2) team
learning, 3) peer tutoring, and 4) group projects
and collections.
*use varied teaching techniques
*develop patience, compassion, genuine respect
and care for the students.
Schools differ in how they achieve and maintain
good discipline. Following are some common
practices.
1. Discipline is the students’ responsibility. If they misbehave,
the teacher accepts no excuses. They must be ready for the
consequences.
2. Discipline is the teachers’ way of establishing a desirable
student- oriented environment for learning.
3. Discipline is coupled with effective teaching strategies and
techniques.
4. Discipline is achieved through the effects of group
dynamics on behavior.
5. Discipline is believed to be the exclusive responsibility of
the teachers.
 WAYS OF DEALING WITH DISCIPLINE
PROBLEMS
• ACCEPTABLE AND EFFECTIVE:

1. Use verbal reinforces that encourage good

behavior and discourage bad tendencies.
2. Use nonverbal gestures, frown or a hard look to
dissuade them from mischief.
3. Dialogues can help in discovering problems and
agreeing on mutually beneficial solutions
4. Focus attention on one who is unruly and is
about to disturb the neighbors.
5. Award merits for good behavior and demerits for
inconsistencies and lapses.
6. A private one-on- one brief conference can lead to a
better understanding of mistakes that need to be
remedied or improved.
7. Give students the free to express or explain agitated
feelings and misgivings rather than censure them
right away.
 3) Management of physical Environment

• FURNITURE ARRANGEMENT
*Furniture such as chairs and tables for
demonstrations or displays must be positioned
appropriately.
*Exhibit shelves are either permanently pinned to the
wall or are made to stand at the sides.
*White board for writing and clarifying lesson
discussions, together with bulletin boards, are
available for posting important messages and
outstanding pieces of students work, art and
illustrations.
 Physical condition of the classroom

*Clean rooms, hallways and surroundings are

wholesome places to stay in. the teacher should
schedule who is responsible for their neatness on a
regular basis.
*The physical environment must also be a safe place
where curious, overactive and energetic children are
always o n the go.
*During class hours proper lighting and ventilation
must be provided and maintained for everybody’s
comfort.
 4) Management of Routines

1. Teach pupils to learn how to form various grouping

and return to standard arrangement with minimum
confusion.
2. Do not use the first few minutes of the class
session to collect materials when students are
potentially most alert to instruction.
3. “Overlapping” technique is used for collection and
distribution of materials. It refers to the
teacher’s ability to attend to the task at hand and at
the same time prevent an extraneous situation
from getting out of control.
4. Prepare for transition by planning distinct
types and sequences of teacher- pupil activity e.g.
checking homework assignment, presentation of new
material, giving assignment, monitoring seatwork.
Transition should be quick and quiet.
5) Establish a positive relationship with the class
6) Welcome feedback from your students.
 Role of teacher in classroom management

1) Teaching Knowledge-
• Teach knowledge to children.
• Teach in many ways.
2) Creating classroom Environment-
*teacher prepares a warm, happy environment, students
are more likely to be happy.
* an environment set by the teacher can be either
positive or negative.
3) Establish Rules-
* Clear expectations of classroom behaviour.
*Teaching an understanding of social skills.
4) Manage problems-
5) Create a culture of caring-
* teacher set tone for the classroom.
* Group project build a collaborative environment.
• 3) Event Management
 Concept of Event Management
• Event- An event is something that happens at a given place
and time for a reason with someone or something involed.
• Definitation-
• 1- “ The process of creatively applying necessary
professional skills in organizing a focused event for a target
audience to achieved a desired objective.”
• 2- “ Event management is the process of using business
management and organizational skills to envision ,plan and
execute social and business events. People who specialize in
event management work with budget, schedules to create
the best possible events for their clients.
• 3) Event planning is the process of planning a
festival, competition, or convention.
• 4) Event management is the co-ordination,
running and planning of all the people, teams
and features that come together to create every
kind of event.
 Event Management in education
• There are an increasing number of universities which
offer courses in event management.
• Including diplomas and graduate digress.
• Study includes organizational skills, technical
knowledge, advertising, marketing, budging.
• Certification can be acquired from various sources to
obtain designations.
• It involves multiple skill such as organizational skills,
technical knowledge, marketing, advertising.
 Steps of event management
1) Develop Event Goal and objectives-
* Establish a goal and objectives
Ex- why are you organizing this event.
2) Organize a team-
* any event takes a concerted team effort.
• To handle all of the details consider identifying
one key event manager or individual chairperson
for subcommittees.
• Ex- Venue management
• Speakers
• Publicity
• Sponsors
• Volunteer management
3) Set a date-
* the date might already be pre-set for a
reoccurring event.
• A new event be sure to consider the following
before firming up date.
• - Be aware of religious holidays.
• - Avoid school holiday time periods.
• - check dates with key participants.
• 4) Brand your Event-
• * need to come up with a dynamic overall
theme.
- Create a tagline
- Design a logo.
5) Create a master plan-
* This plan should encompass all aspects of the
event. Including:
1- Venue, catering management
2- Speakers, presenters
3- Activities/ Entertainment
4- Publicity( Online, Offline)
5- Registration
6) Sponsor
7) Volunteer management
6) Determine Administrative process-
* How are you going to keep track of your
planning, registration, budget.
7) Identify and Establish partnership and
sponsor-
• Seeking corporate sponsors to fund a portion
of the event.
• Ex. Provide goods or services, such as flowers
for tables etc.
• Partnering with community organization who
might be able to offer a venue or assistance
with organizing or staffing an event.
8) Create a publicity plan-
* Event promotion starts with initial notice or
page on your website, email to save the date
and then builds to include online and off-line
publicity.
9) Establish a Budget-
* Budget should incorporate estimates for all of
the key items identified on your event master
plan.
10) Determine Evaluation process-
• When you set your initial event goals and
objectives.
• You should also consider how will evaluate the
event to detremine your success.