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Module - STS - Lecture notes 1-6

Science, Technology, and Society (Palawan State University)

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SCIENCE,TECHNOLOGY and SOCIETY (STS): DR. ARLEEN CARLOS-MOLATO & PROF. MARIA TERESA B. DELERA (MODULE)

Unit 1: CH.1 –Historical Antecedents produce food at a given time and space since resources were
getting scarcer as more people struggled to share the basic
In the ancient times, people were concerned with the ff; necessities.
⚫ TRANSPORTATION – was significant during that time ⚫ The people thus needed a form of technology that would enable
because people were trying to go places and discover new them to increase food supplies and other survival needs without
horizons. them traveling more or working harder.
⚫ To search for food and find a better locations for ANCIENT TIMES
settlement ⚫ WEAPONS AND ARMORS – for security and
protection was a major achievement.
⚫ To trade their surplus goods in exchange for things that they
lacked. ⚫ For the establishment of new alliances with other tribes as there
was always a risk of conflict when people met others with
⚫ Navigation assisted them in their journeys, it allowed them to return different culture and orientations. Conflicts were common
home after their travel to new places. especially if different groups struggled to control vital resources.
ANCIENT TIMES ⚫ Stronger nations tended to invade weaker ones so they
could take much needed resources.
⚫ COMMUNICATION – was essential to discover and occupy new
places. ANCIENT TIMES
⚫ They need a way to communicate with the natives of the areas ⚫ CONSERVATION OF LIFE – is the primary challenged they
so as to facilitate trade and prevent possible conflicts. faced. The early people might have been successful in harnessing
⚫ Record- keeping was also important since they needed to the rich resources that the world could provide, but their
remember the places they had been to and document the trades SURVIVAL posed a great problem.
they made. ⚫ Different illnesses and diseases, both natural and man-made,
⚫ Also vital to keep record of their history and culture so they could hampered the full potential of a human being. Given this
establish their identities as they tried predicament, S and T played a major role in the discovery of
ANCIENT TIMES cures to, if not the prevention of, illnesses.
ANCIENT TIMES
⚫ To relate with other cultures and civilizations.
⚫ The increase in size and number of nations connoted
increased demand for food and other basic necessities. ⚫ FIELD OF ENGINEERING – the developemnt in this field
⚫ This condition also implied that people must be able to allowed humans to build structures that would address their

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SCIENCE,TECHNOLOGY and SOCIETY (STS): DR. ARLEEN CARLOS-MOLATO & PROF. MARIA TERESA B. DELERA (MODULE)

specific needs and wants. Some of the structures built ⚫ A system that utilizes word pictures and triangular
before still exist today. symbols which are carved on clay using wedge
⚫ ARCHITECTURE – the development of engineering also ushered instruments and then left to dry.
in the introduction of this field. During this times, elaborate ANCIENT TIMES – SUMERIAN CIVILIZATION
architectural designs were signs of technological advancement of
a particular civilization. In the generations now, it would be ⚫ URUK CITY- a great wonder not only because it is considered to be
considered a STATUS SYMBOL among nations of how advanced the first true city in the world but also for the way it was erected.
their technology is and identity of a nation. ⚫ No building stones and lumber was limited making the
construction a big challenge.
ANCIENT TIMES ⚫ They used mud and clay from the river, which they mixed with
reeds, producing sun-baked bricks used in housing that could
CONCLUSION protect them from the harsh weather and wall around the city
⚫ The developments in S and T , aside from affecting the lives of the that prevented wild animals and neighboring raiders from entering.
people, were the results of many prior antecedents. Out of ANCIENT TIMES- SUMERIAN CIVILIZATION
necessity, people in ancient times were able to discover and invent
things that would impact the lives of the modern people. ⚫ THE GREAT ZIGGURAT OF UR- also called the Mountain of God,
was built in the same manner that they constructed the City of Uruk.
⚫ SUMERIAN CIVILIZATION- Sumeria is located on the southernmost
tip of ancient Mesopotamia. Sumerians are known for their high ⚫ Served as the sacred place of their chief god, where only their
degree of cooperation with one another priest were allowed to enter.
⚫ The temple showcases the elaborate and intricate Sumerian
ANCIENT TIMES – SUMERIAN CIVILIZATION architecture and the remarkable technology used to build it.
Until today, people still enjoy the marvel of the preserved
⚫ And their desire for great things. Ziggurat of Ur.
⚫ They are not contented with the basic things life can ANCIENT TIMES – SUMERIAN CIVILIZATION
offer.
⚫ IRRIGATION AND DIKES- Sumerians created dikes and irrigation
⚫ Their desire pushed them to develop many things canals to bring water to farmlands and at the same time control the
connected with S and T. flooding of the rivers.
⚫ CUNEIFORM- one of the major contributions of the Sumerians is the ⚫ This method was considered as one of the world’s most
development of the first writing system. BENEFICIAL ENGINEERING works.

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⚫ SAILBOATS- at that time the wheel was not yet invented; the main
mode of transportation was through waterways such as rivers and
seas.
ANCIENT TIMES- BABYLONIAN CIVILIZATION
ANCIENT TIMES- SUMERIAN CIVILIZATION
⚫ Emerged near the Tigris and Euphrates Rivers
⚫ Boats were used to carry large quantities of products and were
able to cover large distances. ⚫ Babylonians were great builders, engineers and
architects.
⚫ Sailboats were essential in transportation and trading as well
as in fostering culture, information, and technology. ⚫ HANGING GARDENS OF BABYLON
⚫ A structure made up of layers upon layers of gardens that
⚫ WHEEL- the first wheels were not made for transportation but for
contained several species of plants, tress and vines.
farm work and food processes.
⚫ With the use of the wheel and axle, mass production was made ⚫ Today, people can only marvel at the beauty of the famous
easier. HGB from stories and paintings because no physical evidence
has been found to prove the existence.
ANCIENT TIMES- SUMERIAN CIVILIZATION
ANCIENT TIMES- BABYLONIAN CIVILIZATION
⚫ Farmers were able to mill grains with less effort in less time.
⚫ Its exact location is unknown. Since time immemorial, people
⚫ THE PLOW- this enable them to dig the ground where seeds would have been debating about the existence of the mythical
be planted in a faster pace. As the plow breaks the ground, the place.
farmer would just drop the seeds and the farm work would be already
⚫ Many said it was just a product of the
done.
creative imagination of the great King
⚫ With this, farmers could cultivate larger parcel of lands because it lacked documentation or
faster, enabling them to mass produce food without taking archaeological evidence.
so much effort and time.
⚫ Or if it really existed, must have been destroyed by war,
ANCIENT TIMES- SUMERIAN CIVILIZATION erosion, or an earthquake.
⚫ If the stories were true, the HGB may be considered one of the
⚫ ROADS- to facilitate faster and easier travel, the Sumerians
greates engineering and architectural achievements of the world
developed the first roads.
that is almost impossible to replicate.
⚫ The invention of roads was very useful especially during the
rainy season when traveling in soft and muddy roads proved
to be too difficult.

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ANCIENT TIMES- EGYPTIAN CIVILIZATION

ANCIENT TIMES- EGYPTIAN CIVILIZATION
 Another early civilization famous for its legacy located in North Africa. It
is thus safe to say that the pyramids are not the only contribution to the ⚫ COSMETICS- function in ancient Egypt was for both health and
modern world but many more…. aesthetic reasons.
⚫ Egyptians wore Kohl around the eyes to prevent and even cure
 PAPER OR PAPYRUS- although Egypt was not the first to develop a
eye diseases.
system of writing, they were able to make writing easier for the world.
⚫ They also believed that a person wearing make-up was protected
ANCIENT TIMES- EGYPTIAN CIVILIZATION
from evil and that beauty was a sign of holiness.
 Papyrus was a plant that grew abundantly along the Nile river. They ⚫ At present, the cosmetic industry is a booming
were able to process the plant in order to produce thin sheets on which multibillion industry.
one could write down things.
 Since papyrus was lighter and thinner than clay tablets, it was easy to ANCIENT TIMES- EGYPTIAN CIVILIZATION
carry and store.
 The sheets were also less breakable as compared to clay tablets. ⚫ WIG- are used to enhance the appearance of people who are balding
or those who want to try new hair trends.
ANCIENT TIMES- EGYPTIAN CIVILIZATION
⚫ During the Egyptian times, wigs were worn for health
⚫ INK- Egyptians invented ink by combining soot with different and wellness rather than for aesthetic purposes.
chemicals to produce inks of different colors. ⚫ Wigs were used to protect the shaved heads of the wealthy
⚫ It was tamper-proof so that people could not simply Egyptians from the harmful rays of the sun.
tinker with those written down. ⚫ Considered cleaner than natural hair because it
⚫ HIEROGLYPHICS- a system of writing using symbols. prevented the accumulation of head lice.
⚫ They believed that this writing system was provided to them by their
gods and can still be seen today and remains to be as famous as ANCIENT TIMES- EGYPTIAN CIVILIZATION
the pyramids where they were found.

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SCIENCE,TECHNOLOGY and SOCIETY (STS): DR. ARLEEN CARLOS-MOLATO & PROF. MARIA TERESA B. DELERA (MODULE)

⚫ WATER CLOCK/ CLEPSYDRA- this device utilizes gravity that

affects the flow of water from one vessel to the other. In the process,
time is measured.
⚫ Used as a timekeeping devise during the AT.

ANCIENT TIMES – ROMAN CIVILIZATION

ANCIENT TIMES- GREEK CIVILIZATION
⚫ The Roman Empire was perceived to be the strongest political and
⚫ Greece is an archipelago in the southeastern part of Europe. social entity in the west.
Known as the birthplace of western philosophy.
⚫ It was considered to be the CRADLE OF POLITICS AND
⚫ Some of the major achievements of the Greeks GOVERNANCE during that period.
include in-depth works on philosophy and
⚫ Because the Roman Empire was so large, other civilizations looked
mathematics.
up to it as their model in terms of legislation and codified laws.
⚫ More than the coliseums and the Olympics, the Greek
⚫ NEWSPAPER – the first newspapers, known as
civilization has contributed much to S and T.
GAZETTES, contained announcements of the Roman
Empire to the people.
ANCIENT TIMES- GREEK CIVILIZATION ANCIENT TIMES – ROMAN CIVILIZATION

⚫ WATER MILL- used in agricultural processes like milling of grains ⚫ This way, the Romans enjoyed easy access to government
which was necessary form of food processing during that time. information the same way we benefit from present day
⚫ Watermills were considered better than mills powered by farm newspapers.
animals because they required less effort and time to operate
since farmer did not have to raise animals. ⚫ BOUND BOOKS OR CODEX- Record-keeping was much easier
since paper did not easily break, was lightweight, and did not occupy
⚫ They only required access to rivers or flowing water where a much space. The civilization became fond of record-keeping, events
mechanism of a large wheel with small BUCKETS of water and newly legislated laws.
attached to it could be installed.
ANCIENT TIMES- ROMAN CIVILIZATION
ANCIENT TIMES- GREEK CIVILIZATION
⚫ ALARM CLOCK- one of the most utilized gadgets today that was
⚫ ROMAN ARCHITECTURE- one of the most visual contributions of
invented by the ancient Greeks. The purpose was just the same with
the ancient Roman Empire to the world.
the alarm clock of the modern
times---to tell an individual when to stop or when to start. ⚫ A continuation of the Greek architecture, hence the

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resemblance. ⚫ GUNPOWDER- originally it was developed by Chinese alchemists

⚫ ROMAN NUMERALS- Romans devised their own number who aimed to achieve IMMORTALITY.
system specifically to address the need for a standard counting ⚫ He mixed charcoal, sulfur and potassium nitrate ,
method that would meet their increasing communications and
trade concerns.
ANCIENT TIMES- CHINESE CIVILIZATION
ANCIENT TIMES- CHINESE CIVILIZATION
⚫ CHINESE CIVILIZATION – is considered to be the oldest civilization
in Asia if not the world. ⚫ But instead of creating an elixir of life, they accidentally invented
a black powder that could actually generate a large amounts of
⚫ Also known as the middle kingdom, China is located far east of heat and gas in an instant.
Asia.
⚫ Ironically, instead of prolonging life, gunpowder is widely used to
⚫ SILK- is produced by silk worms, but Chinese were the ones who propel bullets from guns and cannons which cause countless
developed the technology to harvest the silk and process it to deaths.
produce paper and clothing.
⚫ On the other hand, gunpowder is also used in fireworks
ANCIENT TIMES- CHINESE CIVILIZATION during important celebrations in China.
⚫ The silk trade opened China to the outside world, making
way for cultural, economic and scientific exchanges. MEDIEVAL/ MIDDLE AGES
⚫ It bridged the gap between the western world and the
middle kingdom. ⚫ The start of the middle ages was marred by massive, invasions
and migrations. Wars were prevalent during this time.
⚫ TEA PRODUCTION- a beverage produced by pouring hot or boiling
water over crushed or shredded dried tea leaves. ⚫ Some of the most innovative minds came from this period.
⚫ China was for its tea production aside from its silk . ⚫ PRINTING PRESS- after the Chinese developed woodblock printing,
JOHANN GUTENBERG was able to invent the printing press, a more
ANCIENT TIMES- CHINESE CIVILIZATION reliable way of printing using a CAST TYPE.
⚫ GREAT WALL OF CHINA- once considered the only man-made MEDIEVAL/ MIDDLE AGES
structure that could be seen from the outer space.
⚫ This general invention soon evolved to be the mechanical printing
⚫ It was constructed to keep out foreign invaders and control the press which was eventually used all over the world.
borders of china.
⚫ The printing press was invented to address the need for

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publishing books that would spread information to many people with the protection of walls and fortresses.
at a faster rate.
⚫ This invention also made works accessible to
individuals who could not even write.

MEDIEVAL/ MIDDLE AGES

MEDIEVAL/ MIDDLE AGES
⚫ In close-range hand –to-hand combat, soldiers should wear
⚫ MICROSCOPE- a devise that could magnify things invisible to the something to protect themselves, a need addressed by the creation
eye. Guided by the principles used for the invention of the of IRON BODY ARMORS.
eyeglasses in earlier years, ZACHARIAS JANSSEN was able to ⚫ However, the body armors were heavy and limited their
develop the first compound microscope. movements. The problem was eventually solved by the invention of
⚫ With the microscope, people were able to observe the CHAINMAIL.
organisms that cannot be seen by the naked eye.
⚫ It was the key in discovering new means in
MODERN TIMES
preventing and curing various illnesses.
th
MEDIEVAL/ MIDDLE AGES ⚫ The booming world population during the 19
century onward demanded the more goods be
⚫ TELESCOPE- an optical instrument that helps in the observation of produced at a faster rate.
remote objects, was a great help for navigators during this time. ⚫ People needed efficient means of transportation to trade
⚫ Together with the telescope, the invention of the more goods and cover a larger distance.
compass, oars, and rudders made sea traveling easier ⚫ Machines that required animals to operate must thus be
and safer. upgraded.
MEDIEVAL/ MIDDLE AGES ⚫ Faster and easier means of communication and
compute should be developed to established
⚫ WAR WEAPONS- since wars were widespread during the Middle connections between nations.
Ages, great development in the weaponry technology also occurred.
MODERN TIMES
⚫ All sides must develop weapons not only as offensive
tools but also as defensive instruments. ⚫ All these needs resulted in the development of industries. However,
⚫ For open area battles – cross bows and long bows so that they due to massive industrialization, the modern times again faced
could attack enemies at long ranges, keeping themselves safe more complicated problems.

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⚫ PASTEURIZATION- the process of heating dairy products to kill the equations.

harmful bacteria that allow them to spoil faster. ⚫ Computing devices must also be easy to carry since they
⚫ Through this process, milk could be stored and would be utilized on a day-to-day basis.
consumed for a longer period. It also prevented ⚫ It also resulted in the development of more complex processing
illnesses caused by harmful bacteria. machines like the computer.
MODERN TIMES
PHILIPPINE INVENTIONS
⚫ LOUIS PASTEUR, a French biologist, microbiologist, and chemist,
invented PASTEURIZATION.
⚫ Despite being considered a developing country, the Phil. also
⚫ PETROLEUM REFINERY- the modern times demanded better contributes to the global advancement of S and T.
means of powering homes and transportations.
⚫ Many of the discoveries and inventions made by Filipinos
⚫ SAMUEL M. KIER was able to invent kerosene by refining were therefore built from indigenous materials or created to
petroleum. adapt to the harsh tropical environment.
⚫ KEROSENE- was later on refereed to as the ILLUMINATING
OIL because it was used at first to provide lighting to homes. PHILIPPINE INVENTIONS
MODERN TIMES
⚫ SALAMANDER AMPHIBIOUS TRICYCLE
⚫ The development of kerosene established the ⚫ VICTOR LLAVE and his team at H2O Technologies were able to
petroleum refinery industry. invent an amphibious tricycle that can cross not only flooded areas
⚫ At present petroleum is widely used in powering but also rivers and lakes.
automobiles, factories, and power plants. ⚫ May also be utilized to travel from island to island.
⚫ TELEPHONE- the development of telephone by Alexander Graham ⚫ Since the Phil is an archipelago, the Salamander is a useful
Bell was one of the most important inventions at that time. invention that has a lot of potential.
⚫ The more people got connected by trade and exploration, the more PHILIPPINE INVENTIONS
they needed a way to maintain these connections and
communicate with each other. ⚫ SALT LAMP- a young Filipino name AISA MIJENO was able to
MODERN TIMES invent a lighting system that utilizes a material abundant in the
Phil….saltwater.
⚫ CALCULATOR- a faster way to compute more complicated ⚫ She invented the Sustainable Alternative lighting SALT

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lamp…an environment friendly light source that runs on transportation utilizes electricity instead of the more expensive diesel.
saltwater. ⚫ It is environment friendly since it does not emit any smoke and
⚫ Safer to used and poses no risk of fire and emit no toxic noise.
gases. ⚫ An innovation that changed the transportation
industry in the country.

PHILIPPINE INVENTIONS Ch. 2 -INTELLECTUAL REVOLUTIONS

⚫ MEDICAL INCUBATOR- Dr. Fe del Mundo, a Filipino pediatrician ⚫ COPERNICAN REVOLUTION- in the early times people questioned
and the first Asian woman admitted to Harvard Medical School, what created days and night.
devised a medical incubator made from indigenous and cheap
materials which did not run on electricity. ⚫ CLAUDIUS PTOLEMY , a famous philosopher and astronomer
stated that the planets, as well as the sun and the moon, moved in
⚫ Main purpose was to maintain conditions suitable for a circular motion around the Earth.
newborn, usually a pre-term baby.
⚫ The sun and the moon’s revolution explained the
⚫ She also include her works on the immunization and treatment of existence of days and nights.
jaundice and the BRAT diet for curing diarrhea.
⚫ He believed that the Earth was at the center-concept known as
PHILIPPINE INVENTIONS
GEOCENTRISM.
⚫ MOSQUITO OVICIDAL/LARVICIDAL TRAP INTELLECTUAL REVOLUTIONS
SYSTEM- n 2010, the Department of Science and
Technology Industrial Technology Development ⚫ NICOLAUS COPERNICUS- a Polish mathematician astronomer,
Institute was able to introduce this mosquito trap challenged the Ptolemaic model. He introduced a new concept
also known as OL trap. This trap system is made known as HELIOCENTRISM which suggested that the center of the
of natural ingredients that are lethal to mosquitoes Solar system was not the Earth but actually the sun.
but safe for humans and the environment. ⚫ The idea was rejected at first by the public due to religious
⚫ Dengue, a mosquito-borne viral illness is endemic in the Phil. belief had taught them that the Earth was created first before
Transmitted by Aedes aegypti mosquito. all other things.
PHILIPPINE INVENTIONS INTELLECTUAL REVOLUTIONS
⚫ He was persecuted as a heretic because his teachings were
⚫ EJEEPNEY- Electrical jeep was developed a modern type of against what was widely accepted by religion.

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⚫ It was eventually accepted by the people in a period which was to explain hos psychoanalysis can be a clinical method in
called the BIRTH OF MODERN ASTRONOMY. treating some mental disorders.
⚫ This era began what was known as the scientific revolution ⚫ Soon enough, people were able to understand the
which resulted in the transformation of society’s thoughts concepts of psychoanalysis, which eventually resulted in
and beliefs. classifying psychology as a science.

INTELLECTUAL REVOLUTIONS Ch. 3- SCIENCE, TECHNOLOGY AND NATION-BUILDING

⚫ DARWINIAN REVOLUTION- the most controversial IR of its time. ⚫ PRE-COLONIAL PERIOD- scientific and technological development
in the Phil. Began in the pre-colonial period.Even before the
⚫ In 1859, CHARLES DARWIN, an English naturalist, biologist,
Spaniards came to the Phil islands, early Filipino settlers were
and geologist, published a book, On the Origin of Species.
already using certain herbs and plant medicines.
⚫ In this book, Darwin introduced the THEORY OF EVOLUTION,
⚫ System of farming and animal raising were also
which posited that populations pass through a process of
implemented.
natural selection in which only the fittest would survive. He
stated that organisms have the ability to adapt to their ⚫ Moreover Filipinos has also developed a different modes of
environment. transportation,whether terrestrial or maritime.
INTELLECTUAL REVOLUTIONS SCIENCE, TECHNOLOGY AND NATION-BUILDING

⚫ FREUDIAN REVOLUTION- SIGMUND FREUD was able to change ⚫ A complicated engineering feat was achieved by the natives of
people’s perception of psychology with his revolutionary theory of the Cordillera when they built the Rice Terraces by hand.
PSYCHOANALYSIS. ----is the study that explains human behavior. ⚫ Through these terraces , people were able to cultivate crops on the
⚫ He explained that there are many conscious and unconscious mountainsides in cold temperatures.
factors that can influence behavior and emotions. ⚫ They incorporated an irrigation system that uses water
⚫ He also argued that personality is a product of 3 from the forests and the mountain tops to achieve an
conflicting elements; id, ego and superego. elaborate farming system.
INTELLECTUAL REVOLUTIONS ⚫ The rice terraces of the Cordillera are still functional now.
⚫ Many believed that Freud’s theory had no scientific basis as no SCIENCE, TECHNOLOGY AND NATION-BUILDING
empirical or experimental data could support it.
⚫ But he continued to work on refining his theory and in fact tried ⚫ COLONIAL PERIOD- colonization by the Spaniards provided the

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Phil. Unit 2: Ch.4- HUMAN FLOURISHING IN ST

With modern means of construction. Walls, roads, bridges, and other large
infrastructures were built using some of engineering skills and tools brought ⚫ The progress of human civilizations throughout history
by the Spaniards. mirrors the development of S and T.
⚫ The Spanish government developed health and ⚫ The human person, both the bearer and beneficiary of S and T
education systems. flourishes and finds meaning in the world that she builds.
⚫ The American occupation modernized all aspects of life in the ⚫ In the person’s pursuit of the good life he may unconsciously
Phil. acquire, consume or destroy what the world has to offer. It is
SCIENCE, TECHNOLOGY AND NATION-BUILDING thus, necessary to reflect on the things that truly matter.
HUMAN FLOURISHING IN ST
⚫ They established a government agency, the Bureau of Science, for
the sole purpose of nurturing development in the field of S and T. ⚫ To be able to appreciate the fruits of science and technology, they
must be examined not only for their function and instrumentality
⚫ POST-COLONIAL PERIOD but also for their greater impact on humanity as a whole.
⚫ After achieving independence from the colonizers, the Phils. Under
different administrations, continued to pursue programs in S and T. ⚫ The various gadgets, machines, appliances and vehicles
⚫ Each leadership had its own S and T agenda. are all tools that make human lives easier because they
However it is important to note that some Phil Presidents posted more serve as a means to an end.
developments in the field than others due to terms. HUMAN FLOURISHING IN ST
SCIENCE, TECHNOLOGY AND NATION-BUILDING
TECHONOLOGY AS A MODE OF REVEALING
⚫ One of the presidents who ushered in advancements in S and T
was former president and dictator Ferdinand Marcos. Under his ⚫ One says- Technology is a means to an end.
term, many agencies in science and technology were established ⚫ Other says – Technology is a human activity.
and strengthened, including the Philippine Atmospheric ⚫ The two definitions of technology belong together.
Geophysical and Astronomical Services Administration PAGASA For to posit ends and procure and utilize the means to them is a human
in place of the abolished Weather Bureau. activity.
⚫ The progress in S and T continued even after his
dictatorial rule. TECHONOLOGY AS A MODE OF REVEALING

⚫ Technology itself is a contrivance.----In Latin, an

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SCIENCE,TECHNOLOGY and SOCIETY (STS): DR. ARLEEN CARLOS-MOLATO & PROF. MARIA TERESA B. DELERA (MODULE)

instrument-um. and brings about the setting upon of land.

⚫ The correct conception of technology, according to which it is TECHNOLOGY AS POEISIS- APPLICABLE TO MODERN
a means and a human activity, can therefore be called the TECHNOLOGY?
instrumental and anthropological definition of
technology.---Heidegger, 1997 p.5 ⚫ Mining….It extracts minerals from the earth and forcefully
⚫ The definition is correct but not necessarily true. The true entails so assigns the land as a means to fulfill the never-ending
much more meaning and significance. Heidegger , however, demands of people.
asserted that the true can be pursued through the correct. ⚫ With modern technology, revealing never comes to an end.
TECHONOLOGY AS A MODE OF REVEALING
⚫ The revealing always happens on our own terms as
Heidegger also put forward the ancient Greek concepts
everything is on demand.
of:
⚫ Information at our fingertips, food harvested even out of season,
⚫ Aletheia – means unclosedness or disclosure or truth
gravity defied to fly off to space---such is the capacity of the
⚫ Poiesis – is defined as bringing forth human person.
⚫ Techne – means skill, art or craft TECHNOLOGY AS POEISIS- APPLICABLE TO MODERN
TECHNOLOGY?
⚫ It means of bringing forth something.
⚫ Thus Heidegger’s work, technology is a poeisis that discloses ⚫ We no longer need to work with the rhythms of nature
or reveals the truth. because we have learned to control it.
TECHNOLOGY AS POEISIS- APPLICABLE TO MODERN ⚫ We order nature, and extract, process, make ready for
TECHNOLOGY? consumption, and store what we have forced it to reveal.
⚫ Heidegger described modern technology as the age of switches,
⚫ Modern technology may also be a mode of revealing but not as
standing reserve, and stockpiling for its own sake.
harmonious bringing forth that is described in his thesis of
technology as a POEISIS. ⚫ This observation is manifest in the mechanization and
digitization of many aspects of our life.
⚫ Modern technology challenges nature and demands of its
resources that are, most of the time, forcibly extracted for
human consumption and storage. QUESTIONING AS THE PIETY OF THOUGHTS
⚫ It brings about a setting upon of the land.
⚫ Normally, piety is associated with being religious.
⚫ Mining is an example of modern technology that challenges forth

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⚫ For Heidegger, however, piety means obedience and submission. way of looking at reality.
⚫ In addressing what technology has brought forth, one ⚫ In simpler terms, if nature is put in a box or in a frame so that it
cannot help but be submissive to what his thoughts and can be better understood and controlled according to people’s
reflections elicit. desires. Poeisis is concealed in enframing as nature is viewed
⚫ Sometimes, thinking brings forth insights that the mind has as an oderable and calculable system of information.
not yet fully understood or developed.
QUESTIONING AS THE PIETY OF THOUGHTS
ENFRAMING
⚫ There are times when one’s thinking brings forth eureka
moments. Whatever understanding is found becomes CALCULATIVE THINKING VS MEDITATIVE THINKING
significant because it is evoke by questioning who or what we ● Calculative thinking, one orders and puts a system to
essentially are in the world. nature so it can be understood better and controlled.
● Meditative thinking, one lets nature reveal itself to hi
⚫ Example; it is a known truth that we, human beings and
without forcing it.
everything around us, are made of the same substances that
constitutes the stars. Therefore, we actually are stardust. Dow e ⚫ One kind of thinking is not in itself better than the other.
just take this ⚫ The human person has the faculty for both and would do well
matter-of-factly or do we wonder at its significance? to use them in synergy.
QUESTIONING AS THE PIETY OF THOUGHTS ⚫ However, people also want control and are afraid of
unpredictability, so calculative thinking is more often used.
⚫ It is when we start questioning that we submit ourselves to our
thoughts. This kind of questioning leads one to search for his ENFRAMING
place in the universe and in the grand scale of things. ● Enframing is done because people want security, even if the
Earth is made as a big gasoline station from which we extract,
⚫ It is through this process that one builds a way towards stockpile, and put in standing-reserve, ready to be used as we
knowing the truth of who he is as a beingin this world. see fit.
● Human Person Swallowed By Technology:
ENFRAMING; WAY OF REVEALING IN MODERN TECHNOLOGY ⚫ If we allow ourselves to get swallowed by modern
technology, we lose the essence of who we are as beings
⚫ The way of revealing in modern technology is an in this world.
enframing.
⚫ This enframing that challenges forth and sets upon nature is a HUMAN PERSON SWALLOED BY TECHNOLOGY

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⚫ Development is equated with growth and greater consumption.

⚫ If we are constantly plugged online and no longer have the The more that a population is able to consume, the wealthier it
capacity for authentic personal encounters, then we are truly is.
swallowed by technology. ⚫ Likewise, the more that a person is able to buy stuff, the higher
⚫ If we cannot let go of the conveniences and profits brought he is on the development scale.
about by processes and industries that pollute the
environment and cause climate change, then technology has ⚫ The planet, however, is already overburdened with human
consumed our humanity. activities.
ART AS A WAY OUT OF ENFRAMING
⚫ Enframing, as the mode of revealing in modern HUMAN FLOURISHING AS REFLECTED IN PROGRESS AND
technology, tends to block POEISIS. DEVELOPMENT
⚫ The poetry that is found in nature can no longer be easily
appreciated when nature is enframed. ⚫ It is about time that we rethink our standards of
⚫ In modern technology, the way of revealing is no longer development if we truly want to live the good life.
poetic; it is challenging.
⚫ Jason Hickel, an anthropologist at the London School of
Economics, challenges us to rethink and reflect on a different
ART AS AS WAY OUT OF ENFRAMING paradigm of “de-development.”
Forget “developing” poor countries, it’s time to “de-
⚫ In the nuclear age, we view nature as a problem to be solved. develop” rich countries.
⚫ The calculative thinking in which we percieve nature in a Source: Hickel, J.,2015. Pls. retrieved from
technicaland scientific manner is becoming more important in the https://www.theguardian.com/global-development-professionals-netw ORK/
world. 2015/SEP/23/DEVELOPING-POOR-COUNTRIES-DE-DEVELOP-RICH-COUNTRIES
-sdgsl
⚫ On the other hand, it is meditative thinking that provides a way for
us to remain rooted in the essence of who we are.

Ch.5 HUMAN FLOURISHING AS REFLECTED IN PROGRESS AND

DEVELOPMENT

⚫ How do we know we are progressing? What are the indicators

of development?

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springs from living and doing well.

● …both the many and the cultivated call it happiness, and suppose
that living well and doing well are the same as being happy
(Nicomachean Ethics 1:4)
⚫ The ancient Greeks called this concept of “living well and doing
well” as EUDAIMONIA.

Ch.6 - THE GOOD LIFE EUDAIMONIA

⚫ Everyone is in pursuit of a good life. We do certain things ⚫ The word came from the Greek word eu meaning good and
because we want to achieve a life which will make us happy daimon meaning spirit. Taken together, it generally refers to the
and content. good life, which is marked by happiness and excellence.
⚫ By studying and working hard, we try to attain this goal not ⚫ It is a flourishing life filled with meaningful endeavors that
only for ourselves but also for our loved ones and the rest of empower the human person to be the best version of himself.
humanity. ⚫ Furthermore, according to Aristotle, happiness is the ultimate
⚫ People’s definition of the good life may vary and differ in end of human action. It is that which people pursue for its own
the particulars. In general, however, we recognize sake.
universal truths that cut across our differences. HAPPINESS
THE GOOD LIFE: Nicomachean Ethics and Modern Concepts
⚫ HAPPINESS defines a good life. This happiness,
⚫ In Nicomachean Ethics, Aristotle, an important ancient however, is not the kind that comes from sensate
Greek philosopher stated: pleasures. It is that which comes from living of virtue, a
● All human activities aim at some good. Every art and human life of excellence, manifested from the personal to the
inquiry, and similarly every action and pursuit, is thought to aim at global scale.
some good; and for this reason the good has been rightly declared ● It is the activities that express virtue that control happiness,
as that at which all things aim. (Nicomachean Ethics 2:2) and the contrary activities that control its contrary
THE GOOD LIFE (Nicomachean Ethics 1:10)
VIRTUE
⚫ The good life, however, is more than these countless ⚫ For example, is taking care of the environment through proper
expressions of what is good. It is characterized by happiness that waste management which results in a clean environment and adds

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to people’s well-being and happiness. ⚫ Everyone has the capacity within himself to be good, but he also
⚫ These virtuous actions require discipline and practice. On has to be disciplined to make a habit of exercising the good.
the other hand, activities contrary to virtue are those which 2 KINDS OF VIRTUE
do not result in happiness. 1. Intellectual Virtue in the main owes its birth and growth to
⚫ The lack of discipline in eating healthful food teaching (for which reason it requires experience and
eventually makes one sick. time).

⚫ The lack of concern for the environment destroys the Earth we live 2. Moral Virtue comes about as a result of habit.
in. The onward progress of S and T is also the movement towards
VIRTUE AND HAPPINESS the good life. S & T are one of the highest expressions of human
facilities. They allow us to thrive and flourish in life if we so desire it. S
⚫ Thus, disregard for virtuous actions, especially for the sake of & T may also corrupt a person, but grounding oneself in virtue will help
convenience and gratification, does not contribute to him steer clear of danger.
happiness.
⚫ The good life is marked by happiness brought about by virtuous Ch. 7 – WHEN TECHNOLOGY & HUMANITY CROSS
human actions and decisions that affect the individual self and
the greater community.
⚫ UNIVERSAL DECLARATION OF HUMAN RIGHTS
⚫ It is characterized by a life of flourishing of oneself and of
others. The good life does not happen in a bubble where only ⚫ The UDHR explicates the fundamental hunam rights in 30 articles.
one person is flourishing, other have to be in it, too. ⚫ It outlines inalienable human rights that are vital and
VIRTUE AND THE GOOD LIFE necessary in the pursuit of the good life.
⚫ These are the freedoms everyone is entitled to and
⚫ Virtue plays a significant role in the living and guaranteed by virtue of being human.
attainment of the good life.
⚫ The first article states the essential principle of being human in a
⚫ It is the constant practice of good no matter how difficult just, free, and rational society. Everyone is born free and equal in
the circumstances may be. dignity and rights.
⚫ Virtue is the excellence of character that empowers one to do UDHR
good and be good. Such virtue is cultivated with habit and  The common experience, however,
discipline as it is not a one-time deed, but a constant and does not always manifest such truth.
consistent series of actions. More often than not, those who have

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more to offer are given special ⚫ ARTICLE 5 – No one shall be subjected to torture or to cruel,
treatment. inhuman or degrading treatment or punishment.
 The good life, nevertheless, as a life UDHR 1-7
of justice, demands not just equal
treatment of human beings but also
preferential treatment to those who
have less or are disadvantaged. ⚫ ARTICLE 6 - Everyone has the right to recognition everywhere
s a person before the law.
 The first 7 articles of the UDHR ⚫ ARTICLE 7- All are equal before the law and are entitled without
encapsulate the spirit of this so- any discrimination to equal protection of the law. All are entitled
called “milestone documents in the to equal protection against any discrimination in violation of this
history of human rights.” Declaration and against any incitement to such discrimination.
UDHR ARTICLE 1-7
HUMANS VS. ROBOTS
⚫ ARTICLE 1 – All human beings are born free and equal in dignity
and rights. They are endowed with reason and conscience and
should act towards one another in a spirit of brotherhood.
⚫ The rise of the machines accompanying the progress in S & T
⚫ ARTICLE 2 – Everyone is entitled to all rights and freedoms set
may render humans useless.
forth in this Declaration, without distinction of any kind, such as
race, color, sex, language, religion, political, or other status. ⚫ Manual labor is gradually being replaced by
Furthermore, no distinction shall be made on the basis of the machinery.
political, jurisdictional or international status of the country or ⚫ Computers become more and more sophisticated.
territory to which a person belongs, whether it be independent, trust, ⚫ Robots, usually designed like human beings, are created to
non-self-governing or under any other limitation of sovereignty. perform complex, repetitive, or dangerous tasks.
UDHR 1-7 HUMANS VS. ROBOTS

⚫ With the development of artificial intelligence (AI), robots may

⚫ ARTICLE 3 – Everyone has the right to life, liberty and also eventually act and decide like humans.
security of person. ⚫ To Filipinos, artificial intelligence seems like the stuff of science
⚫ ARTICLE 4 – No one shall be held in slavery or fiction movies. Be that as it may, its use in the country is surely
servitude; slavery and the slave trade shall be gaining ground, especially in the business process outsourcing
prohibited in all their forms.

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(BPO) industry. have to consider the ethical treatment for AI.

⚫ Technology enables the growth of the BPO industry but it seems ⚫ It is also interesting to note that as machines and robots
that it is also technology that will kill the industry as we know it. approach having a human-like nature, humans may also
have the tendency to become machine-like.
AI
ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE
⚫ Since many of the things people need, from conveniences to
information, are availablewith just the touch and swipe of the
⚫ Investors and business people find as a sure return of investment fingertips, humans begin to function more like automatons.
the use of business analytics provided by artificial intelligence.
⚫ The internet has become an instant go-to tool for answers to
⚫ Business analytics is a means by which consumer and
questions. More often than not, people accept what the search
industry data are used to come up with better decision-
engine, like Google, spews out in byte sizes and forget how to
making.
process, read, think further, or put things in context.
⚫ With the help of AI, decisions now arise from sophisticated
⚫ As the internet gets more intelligent, we are in
statistical analyses made from massive data.
danger of becoming less so.
AI
AI
⚫ In the article, “Is Google making us stupid?” Nicolas Carr (2008)
⚫ As of August 2017, it is estimated that a million Filipino BPO
asserted that “as we come to rely on computer to mediate our
workers may be affected and lose their jobs with the adoption of
understanding of the world, it is our own intelligence that flattens
artificial intelligence (Santos, 2017).
into artificial intelligence.”
⚫ Unemployment is only one of the many ethical
⚫ What is vital is that, at the very least, we are able to protect
considerations in the widespread use of AI.
and exercise human rights for everyone in our pursuit of the
⚫ What does this man for human beings who can be replaced good life.
by machines? Is the value of the person inversely
⚫ It is important that amid these developments, human beings
proportional to that of a machine exhibiting artificial
become more free, more rational, and more loving in our practice
intelligence?
of S & T.
AI
⚫ How do we guard against mistakes committed by
machines? WHY THE FUTURE DOES NOT NEED US
⚫ In the future, when machines and robots become more human- ⚫ Chief scientist and corporate executive officer of Sun
like, with all the attendant feelings and thoughts, people may also Microsystems, Bill Joy, wrote in 2000 a controversial essay, “Why

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the future does not need us?”

st Unit 3 : Ch. 8 – INFORMATION SOCIETY
⚫ In his work, he contended that our most powerful 21 -century
technologies—Genetics, Nanotect, and Robotics (GNR) –are
threatening to make humans an endangered species. This ⚫ Humans are surrounded on all sides by technology claiming to
possible extinction of the species may largely come about due to supply information: TV, smart phones, and internet devices,
the unreflective and unquestioning acceptance of new etc. However, do they all provide information or just noise?
technologies by humans. More voices are trying to get our attention but how can we be
sure that they share knowledge and the truth?
AND WHY???? According to Joy:
⚫ INFORMATION- a word is a combination of sounds that represents
⚫ 1) Robots, engineered organisms, and nanobots share a dangerous something. It is this significance which makes words distinct from just
amplifying factor: They can self- replicate. Ex. A bomb is blown up any kind of vocal utterance.
only once—but one bot can become many, and quickly get out of
control.
⚫ 2) Each of these technologies also offers Untold promise: Ex.
INFORMATION
The vision of near immortality drives us forward; genetic
engineering may soon provide treatments, if not outright cures,
⚫ Words are made up of sounds and yet they transmit something
for most diseases; and nanotechnology and nanomedicine can
more significant.
addresss yet more ills. Together they could significantly extend
our average life span and improve the quality of our lives. ⚫ They transmit a MESSAGE. The words are
“informed” because they carry “information”
(Chaisson, 2006;BEN-NAIM,2015).
AND WHY???? According to Joy:
⚫ Words are informed with meaning given by the speaker and
⚫ Yet, with each of these technologies. A sequence of small, intended for the listener. Simply put, they communicate
individually sensible advances leads to an accumulation of meaning.
great power and concomitantly, great danger
(JOY,2000). . . .like Covid 2019! THE ROLE OF LANGUAGE
⚫ S and T may be the highest expression of human rationality.
People are able to shape and destroy the world with it. If we are ⚫ In the human quest for understanding the natural world, the
not able to rein in the vanity and arrogance that such powers ability to name and classify objects found in nature was seen as
unleash, then we are on the way to destroying the world.(Freeman a first step in knowing.
DYSON,1981) ⚫ Thus, the scientific search for truth early on recognized the

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usefulness of LANGUAGE and the ability it gave to make

sense of nature. ⚫ The power of the eidos,or idea, would be witnessed in the
⚫ For the ancient Greeks, language was an object succeeding centuries of development in the West. The ancient
worthy of admiration. Words have power. fascination with language gave rise to the preservation of the words
of earlier people at the same time when the West weakened itself
MATHEMATICS AS THE LANGUAGE OF NATURE due to internecine warfare and conflicts.
⚫ Throughout this dark period, the importance of the word
⚫ Since people have discovered the laws and language of nature, ---the power to be informed as a human being—led to the
they can develop technology that uses laws and language for their transmission of ideas through hand-copying, From this manual action
benefit. would arise the technology that would transform cultures—the
⚫ This language is, of course, MATHEMATICS, the great PRINTING PRESS.
contribution of Isaac Newton.
⚫ Nature can be understood because it speaks in the language of
mathematics and the human brain, to a certain extent, can PRINTING PRESS
comprehend this LANGUAGE.(WIGNER,1960) Unfortunately, this
fact is not always appreciated.
⚫ The development of the printing press, which may be regarded as
TECHNOLOGICAL WORLD the beginning of a true revolution, could be dated to the 15TH
century.
⚫ Even in the ancient times, Western thinkers harnessed the forces
of nature after understanding them better and that leads to ⚫ Through this technology, the ancient Greek idea that knowledge
science. should be shared and communicated among humans would
actually be done on a scale unimagined by its thinkers.
⚫ Lost in antiquity is the first sailing vessel that worked
through the power of the wind. ⚫ Using the printing press, people on different sides of the world
could share their thoughts and ideas with each other, forming
⚫ Similarly, it was never recorded when the early people communities of thinkers across space and time. (CONNELL,1958).
realized that fire has its own power and energy.
PRINTING PRESS
⚫ Not all early inventions are lost in time, however.
⚫ Hero of Alexandria, for instance, would invent a ⚫ In the age of information, the transmission of idea has
primitive steam engine in the first century (Paul undergone changes.
DAVIES,1990).
⚫ Meaning and depth are no longer conveyed strictly by rhetoric
THE PRINTING PRESS AND BEYOND but rather by its electronic replacement, the digital signal or

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digit. ⚫ Social media also encourages building a community of like-

⚫ Such digital world is a direct offspring of the processing world of minded people.
technology built upon the many advances in science ⚫ The creation of these groups often reinforces biases and beliefs
(TOFFLER,1984). based only on the content that they allow within the community,
THE WORLD WIDE WEB forgoing the variation and clash of ideas provided in real life.
⚫ Worse, these communities can be trapped by people in power
⚫ A more modern example of technology feeding upon itself is the who may take advantage of these mechanisms—controlling
20TH century tour de force: the World Wide Web through the public opinion and harassing those who present opposing views
internet. —for their own advantage.
⚫ Sir Tim Berners-Lee invented it as a way of addressing date THE WORLD WIDE WEB
processing and information sharing needs among scientists for
the European organization for Nuclear Research (CERN). ⚫ Meanwhile, the easy access to personal information makes one
susceptible to online predation, identify theft, and scamming,
⚫ The CERN’s atom smasher produces ahuge amount of among others.
scientific data every second. It does required a better data
analyzers to work on the gathered information in coordination ⚫ Thus, it pays to be vigilant in utilizing these modern devices at all
with each other. times.
THE WORLD WIDE WEB ⚫ Considering the many benefits we get from these technologies, we
must also be responsible in utilizing them to avoid harming others
and ourselves.
⚫ While the TELEGRAPH and TELEPHONE had allowed the
transmission of information to transcend physical boundaries,
processing a veritable ocean and mountain of scientific data Ch.9 - BIODIVERSITY
generated by the tom smasher needed a new medium.
⚫ With the ease of sharing information at present, its ⚫ From the early times, when ancient philosophers of nature tried
reliability becomes compromised. to explain all things as coming from the elements of WATER,
FIRE, AIR or EARTH, Science sought for the common
⚫ Anyone with a connection to other people can produce characteristic, a unifying element, in all of nature’s phenomenan.
contents which are showing half-truths or even lies, giving rise
to disinformation. ⚫ There was a growing awareness of how all living things
are related to each other, an idea called
THE WORLD WIDE WEB BIODIVERSITY.
⚫ The recognition started when naturalits began to classify

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organisms in the natural world using TAXONOMY, a 1. Biotechnology uses biological systems, living organisms, or derivatives
system devised by Carl Linnaeus. thereof, to make or modify products or processes for a specific use.
BIODIVERSITY 2. Genetic engineering is a technique that allows genes and DNA to be
⚫ It builds on the ability of the mind to find the common in the transferred from one source to another. It leads to the production of living
diverse, the One in the Many. It is a system commonly used modified organisms (LMOs) or genetically modified organims (GMOs).
today and shows that though the living organisms in the world 3. Modern biotechnology gives scientists molecular tools for obtaining a
are so diverse, they still share many traits. better understanding of the structure and function of genes in living
⚫ Where several different species and genera organims.
cohabitate, there is rich biodiversity. GENETICALLY MODIFIED ORGANISMS
⚫ One of the basic laws of the living is that of self-preservation.
⚫ An organism will sacrifice all it has to ensure its ⚫ Based on evolutionary theory, the concept of survival of the
survival. fittest implies that living organisms have a natural spectrum of
characteristics such as size, mass, or length.
⚫ The characteristics of an organism and its successors can be
BIODIVERSITY modified today by modern biotechnology, giving rise to what are
⚫ However, with a limited amount of resources, how do the called genetically modified organims or GMOs (MAYR,2001).
many living organisms of a diverse region survive?
⚫ A GMO is a plant, animal, microorganism, or other organism
⚫ The answer lies in the way the available energy supply in the whose genetic make-up has been modified using a
world is shared among the different species through the various recombinant DNA methods (also called gene splicing), gene
ecological relationships. modification, or transgenic technology.
⚫ The energy needed to live is shared among the elements of the GENETICALLY MODIFIED ORGANISMS
living world, or passed on from one to another.
⚫ Genetic modification aims to address issues with regards
BIOTECHNOLOGY to food security, agriculture, drug production, and
⚫ The Biodiversity International has released a module titled “Law nutrition.
and policy of relevance to the management of plant genetic ⚫ The promise of better food that is more resistant to spoilage,
resources” (Bragdon ET.AL.,2005) which aims to help professionals pest invasiveness, and harsh weather conditions has made
in managing, conserving, and using plant genetic resources for transgenic crops enticing to many people.
food and agriculture.
CARTAGENA PROTOCOL ON BIOSAFETY
The module provides the following definitions:

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⚫ The Protocol is an international agreement which aims to ensure allowed for the discovery of nanostructures.
the safe handling, transport, and use of living modified ⚫ Some innovations developed in this field include
organisms (LMOs) resulting from the modern biotechnology that microprocessors and strain-resistant fabrics.
may have adverse effects on biological diversity, taking also into
account risks to human health.
⚫ It takes a precautionary approach by making sure that
countries are provided with the data necessary to make
informed decisions before agreeing to the import of such
organisms into their territory.
CARTAGENA PROTOCOL ON BIOSAFETY
⚫ The Philippines recognizes the technologies that can be of
particular help for its development. Since the Philippines is one of
the biodiversity “hotspots” in the world, it is helpful to know how
biotechnology will progress in the country.

Ch. 10 - THE NANO WORLD

⚫ The term “nano” refers to a unit meaning one billionth or ten raised
to negative nine ….example, a nanometer is one billionth of a
meter. Hence, “nano” expresses a very tiny amount or size. On a
nanoscale: Ch. 11 - GENE THERAPY
⚫ m🡪 A🡪 a🡪
From AtoDNBacteriGrain t🡪
of SalOrange
⚫ Nanoscience, therefore, deals with materials that are very small
using specialized microscopes and other nanodevices. ⚫ Gene technology focuses on the developments in nano world
⚫ Nanotechnology refers to the manipulation of matter on an atomic as applied to the animate or the living.
or subatomic scale. ⚫ When identifying the contribution of the technology to biology, the
THE NANO WORLD first place to look would be the field of human health.
⚫ Just as we are not aware of the air we breathe or the molecules ⚫ The whole vast concerns of human health including aging,
constantly feeding our cells at every second, we are also not disease treatment and prevention, and diet and general lifestyle
conscious of these very little particles. have greatly benefited from technology.
⚫ Since the nano world cannot be seen by the naked eye, it
was only recognized and identified after technology has
GENE THERAPY

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prevent the problem”.

● Medicine is one example of a scientific and technological 3. Stem cells are just a small part of the molecular approach to
innovation that made a breakthrough in the area of human medicine.
health.
⚫ Before aspirin was ever understood at the nano level, it had been
known for its effects. Pain of various forms could be relieved and Ch. 12 - CLIMATE CHANGE
softened by this medicine.
⚫ Climate is not similar to weather which is constantly changing.
⚫ The aspirin was already an “old” technology at the beginning
⚫ Climate refers to the long-term weather patterns
of the 21 ST
century. prevailing over a given area of the planet.
⚫ Gene therapy can be costly. ⚫ The term comes from a Greek word “ klinein”
Meaning “to slope”.
⚫ It evolved into “klima”, connoting a zone or region of the Earth
STEM CELL
as characterized by its atmospheric conditions.
⚫ In recent years, it’s common to hear beauty doctors in the CLIMATE CHANGE
Philippines offering stem cell therapy as if it is a newfound medical
fountain of youth, the answer to all medical worries. ⚫ In the ancient Greece, the orb of the sun stood at a high
angle in the sky at noontime as ships sailed toward the north,
⚫ In various media platform, there are bombardment of and the daytime temperature of the air would get colder.
advertisements from various hospitals and clinics packaging
stem cell therapy as “cure-all” remedy. ⚫ Hence the klima in the north was colder than in the south.
⚫ Filipino-American doctor-lawyer Samuel Bernal, an expert in the ⚫ Another consideration in explaining climate change is the
field of regenerative medicine and regulatory law, said the public interaction between the sun and the Earth.
should take a lot of precautions. ⚫ With the sun in the center, the Earth moves in an elliptical
STEM CELL motion.
1. Stem cell therapy is not a “cure-all” (medical procedure).----
the goal of stem- cell therapy is actually trying to allow the body EARTH’S MOVEMENT AROUND THE SUN
to heal itself.
2. He explained that stem cell treatment requires “analyzing at the ⚫ While the orbit remains an ellipse, its position or
molecular level what is causing the problem or what could be done to orientation in space changes over time.

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SCIENCE,TECHNOLOGY and SOCIETY (STS): DR. ARLEEN CARLOS-MOLATO & PROF. MARIA TERESA B. DELERA (MODULE)

⚫ Due to the tilt of the Earth, the whole area does not receive an extremely cold.
equal amount of sunlight. ⚫ Life can be sustained on Earth due to these gases and other
⚫ The Earth spins around its own axis, an imaginary line from elements.
the North Pole to the South Pole, which dips and wobbles GREENHOUSE GASES
gradually.
⚫ The Earth could then be imagined like a spinning top or trumpo, ⚫ 19TH Century – the most prevalent of these greenhouse gases is
running and wobbling in its apth about the sun. water vapor. The amount of CO2 was miniscule.
⚫ Industrialization is the conversion of an agrarian economy into
GLOBAL WARMING an industrialized one on a large scale. Since machines are
primarily used in industry, the production of electricity by means
⚫ Two opposing arguments on the issue of whether or Not this of burning fossil fuel ---usually coal---increases.
global warming is just “natural”. ⚫ Tyndall, however, was concerned as to what would become of
⚫ One side states that nature, simply acting according to its laws the Earth’s atmosphere if industrialization became
with no reference to human beings and their actions, is the main widespread.
reason…its some what like saying, that global warming will GREENHOUSE GASES
happen as naturally as the suns rises and sets.
⚫ The other side maintains that global warming is caused or greatly ⚫ The studies of Engr. Tyndall in the MID- 19TH century and Dr.
abutted by the actions of human beings. It lays the blame on the Keeling in the MID- 20TH century were well founded. The carbon
actions of humanity, past and present. dioxide concentration has gone up and the tempera
⚫ ture has also risen. These findings are the solid proofs of global
GREENHOUSE GASES
warming.
⚫ What will happen to the climate of the world in the future?
⚫ Greenhouse Effect – refers to how certain gases in the
atmosphere trap the heat of the sun. ⚫ This issue has implications on the environment and on the
⚫ According to John Tyndall, a British Engineer: economy---burning of fossil fuels is one of the major sources of
electricity but also leads to higher amounts of CO2.
⚫ The atmosphere contains certain gases that naturally capture the
heat from the sun and hold it in the temperature of the Earth’s
atmosphere becomes hotter than it would be otherwise. GREENHOUSE GASES
⚫ This mechanism is good for the biosphere because without it, the
Earth’s atmosphere would like that of Mars or Antartica---- ⚫ All factors must then be considered when resolving this issue or
debate. If we want to industrialize but at the same time protect the

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environment, then a balanced plan must be created.

⚫ Science has given humanity a tool for modernization.
It allows for the emergence of technology that spreads and applies
knowledge for the attainment of the good life.

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