BRAIN-COMPUTER-INTERFACE

seminar report submitted

in partial fulfillment of the requirement for award of the degree of

Bachelor of Technology
in
Computer Science & Engineering

By

C. RAGHUNATHA REDDY
(19UECS0175)
A. RAHUL KUMAR REDDY
(19UECS0056)
G. SHUKESH REDDY
(19UECS0357)
Under the guidance of
MRS.K. MAITHILI MTech.,
ASSISTANT PROFESSOR.

DEPARTMENT OF COMPUTER SCIENCE & ENGINEERING

SCHOOL OF COMPUTING

VEL TECH RANGARAJAN Dr. SAGUNTHALA R&D

INSTITUTE OF SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY
(Deemed to be University Estd u/s 3 of UGC Act, 1956)
CHENNAI 600 062, TAMILNADU, INDIA

May, 2021
 BONAFIDE CERTIFICATE
It is certified that the work contained in the seminar report titled “BRAIN-
COMPUTER-INTERFACE” by C. RAGHUNATHA REDDY (19UECS0357) A.
RAHULKUMAR REDDY (19UECS0056) G. SHUKESH REDDY (19UECS0357)
has been carried out under my supervision and that this work has not been submitted
elsewhere for a degree.

Signature of Supervisor

MRS.K.Maithili,M.Tech
Asst. professor
Computer Science & Engineering
School of Computing
Vel Tech Rangarajan Dr. Sagunthala R&D
Institute of Science and Technology
May, 2021

Signature of Head of the Department

Dr. V. Srinivasa Rao
Professor & Head
Computer Science & Engineering
School of Computing
Vel Tech Rangarajan Dr. Sagunthala R&D
Institute of Science and Technology
May,2021

i
 DECLARATION
We declare that this written submission represents our ideas in our own words and
where others’ ideas or words have been included, we have adequately cited and ref-
erenced the original sources. We also declare that we have adhered to all principles of
academic honesty and integrity and have not misrepresented or fabricated or fal- sified
any idea/data/fact/source in our submission. We understand that any violation of the
above will be cause for disciplinary action by the Institute and can also evoke penal
action from the sources which have thus not been properly cited or from whom proper
permission has not been taken when needed.

(Signature)
C.RAGUNATHA REDDY
Date: / /

(Signature)
A. RAHUL KUMAR REDDY
Date: / /

(Signature)
G. SHUKESH REDDY
Date: / /

ii
 APPROVAL SHEET

This seminar report entitled BRAIN-COMPUTER-INTERFACE by C.

RAGHUNATHA REDDY (19UECS0175), A. RAHUL KUMAR REDDY
(19UECS0056), G. SHUKESH REDDY (19UECS0357) is approved for the degree of
B. Tech in Computer Science & Engineering.

Signature of Supervisor
MRS. K. Maithili (M.Tech)
Asst. Professor
Computer Science & Engineering
School of Computing
Vel Tech Rangarajan Dr. Sagunthala R&D
Institute of Science and Technology

Signature of Seminar Handling Faculty

MR. A. Karthikram (M.Tech)
Asst. Professor
Computer Science & Engineering
School of Computing
Vel Tech Rangarajan Dr. Sagunthala R&D
Institute of Science and Technology

Date: / /
Place:

iii
 ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

We express our deepest gratitude to our respected Founder Chancellor and Pres-
ident Col. Prof. Dr. R. RANGARAJAN B.E. (EEE), B.E. (MECH), M.S (AUTO).
DSc., Foundress President Dr. R. SAGUNTHALA RANGARAJAN M.B.B.S.,
Chairperson Managing Trustee and Vice President.

We are very grateful to our beloved Vice Chancellor Prof. S. SALIVAHANAN,

Ph.D., for providing us with an environment to complete our seminar successfully.

We record indebtedness to our Dean & Head, Department of Computer Science

& Engineering Dr. V. SRINIVASA RAO, MTech., Ph.D., for immense care and
encouragement towards us throughout the course of this seminar.

We take this opportunity to express our gratitude to Our Internal Supervisor

MRS. K. MAITHILI M.TECH for his/her cordial support, valuable in- formation
and guidance, he helped us in completing this seminar through various stages.

A special thanks to our Seminar Coordinator Dr. T. VEERAMAKALI Ph.D.,

for her valuable guidance and support throughout the course of the seminar.

We thank to our Seminar handling Faculty MR.A. KARTHIKRAM M.TECH

for the valuable information shared in proceeding with our seminar.

We thank our department faculty, supporting staff and friends for their help and
guidance to complete this project.
C.RAGHUNATHA REDDY
(19UECS0175)
A. RAHULKUMAR REDDY
(19UECS0056)
G. SHUKESH REDDY
(19UECS0357)

iv
 ABSTRACT
A brain-computer interface (BCI) is a communication system that
translates brain activity into commands for a computer or other
devices. In other words, a BCI allows users to act on their
environment by using only brain activity, without using peripheral
nerves and muscles. The major goal of BCI research is to develop
systems that allow disabled users to communicate with other
persons, to control artificial limbs, or to control their environment.
An alternative application area for brain-computer interfaces (BCIs)
lies in the field of multimedia communication. To develop systems
for usage in the field of assistive technology or multimedia
communication, many aspects of BCI systems are currently being
investigated. Research areas include evaluation of invasive and Non-
invasive technologies to measure brain activity, evaluation of
control signals (i.e. patterns of brain activity that can be used for
communication), development of algorithms for translation of brain
signals into computer commands, and the development of new BCI
applications. In this we have given an introduction to some of the
aspects of BCI research

Keywords: Peripheral nerves, Neuralink , Artificial limbs , Multimedia-

communication ,Brain activity ,N1 sensor.

v
 LIST OF FIGURES

1) FIG: 3.1.1 TYPES OF BCI

2) FIG: 4.1.1 SIGNAL PROCESSING
3) FIG: 4.1.2: N1 SENSOR
4) FIG: 4.2.1: NON-INVASIVE
5) FIG: 4.2.2: MEG SENSOR

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 LIST OF ACRONYMS AND
ABBRERIVATIONS

1) BCI – BRAIN- COMPUTER-INTERFACE

2) N1 SENSOR - NEURALINK N1 SENSOR
3) ECOG - ELECTRO COCHLEO GRAPHY
4) EEG – ELECTROENCE PHALOGRAM
5) MEG – MAGNETOENCE PHALOGRAPHY
6) FMRI – FUNCTIONAL MAGNETIC RESONANCE
IMAGING

vii
 TABLE OF CONTENTS

Page.No

ABSTRACT v

LIST OF FIGURES vi

LIST OF ACRONYMS AND ABBREVIATIONS vii

1 INTRODUCTION 1
1.1 Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1
1.2 Aim of the Seminar . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2
1.3 Scope of the Seminar . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3
1.4 Methodology . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3

2 LITERATURE REVIEW 4

3 SEMINAR DESCRIPTION
3.1 Existing System. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6

4 METHODOLOGIES
4.1 INVASIVE BCI. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8
4.2 NON INVASIVE BCI. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9
5 RESULTS AND DISCUSSIONS 11

6 CONCLUSION AND FUTURE ENHANCEMENTS

 6.1 Conclusion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12
6.2 Future Enhancements . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12

References 13
 Chapter 1

INTRODUCTION

1.1 Introduction: -

It is the study of brain functions. A collaboration in which a

brain accepts and controls a mechanical device. Direct
communication pathway between a brain and an external
device. PRINCIPLE: The generated brain signals are
interpreted using a computer software which converts and
transmits the information to the implanted artificial organs. A
Brain-Computer Interface (BC]) is a technology which allows
a human to control a computer, peripheral, or other electronic
device with thought.It does so by using electrodes to detect
electric signals in the brain which are sent to a computer.

The computer then translates these electric signals into data

which is used to control a computer or a device linked to a
computer. Computer brain interfaces are designed to restore
sensory function, transmit sensory information to the brain, or
stimulate the brain through artificially generated electrical
signals. Using a combination of innovative signal processing,
advanced machine learning algorithms and intelligent
controllers, we propose to establish non-invasive and semi-
invasive BCIs as a paradigm for reliable control of prosthetic
arms with multiple degrees of freedom. Due to their low
clinical threshold for use, extensive human experimentation
could augment the remarkable advances being made with
1
 direct neurally controlled prostheses.

1.2 Aim of the Seminar: -

Brain-computer interfaces (BCIs) translate deliberate intentions

and associated changes in brain activity into action. The main
goal of BCI is to replace or restore useful function to people
disabled by neuromuscular disorders such as amyotrophic
lateral sclerosis, cerebral palsy, stroke, or spinal cord injury.
The goal of the Brain-Computer Interface is to develop a fast
and reliable connection between the brain of a severely
disabled person and a personal computer. The ‘Brain Gate’
device can provide paralysed or motor-impaired patients a
mode of communication through the translation of thought into
direct computer control. To rehabilitate and restore the mobility
issues and lost functions in the body and regain the previous
functionalities.

2
1.3 Scope of the Seminar: -

 Wireless implants in brain

 Injectable implants
 Better interpretation of waves
 Decode non-motor brain signals
 Brain-to-Brain communication

1.4 Methodology: -

Methodology which we are using is by using

Neuralink. Neuralink is a device that will be
surgically implanted into your brain and with
it, you’ll be able to communicate with
machines and even control them. with
Neuralink a chipset, called N1 chipset, will be
installed in your skull which is 8mm in
diameter and has multiple wires housing
electrodes and insulation for the wire. we can
insert more than one N1 sensor inside the
brain. Neurons in your brain connect with
each other to form a large network and
communicate using chemical signals called
neurotransmitters. This reaction generates an
electric field and you can record these
reactions by placing electrodes nearby.

3
 Chapter 2

LITERATURE REVIEW

Brain-Computer Interfaces for Communication and Control, The

Second International Meeting, held in Rensselaerville, NY, in June
2002. Sponsored by the National Institutes of Health and organized
by the Wadsworth Center of the New York State Department of
Health, the meeting addressed current work and future plans in brain-
computer interface (BCI) research. Ninety-two researchers
representing 38 different research groups from the United States,
Canada, Europe, and China participated. The BCIs discussed at the
meeting use electroencephalographic activity recorded from the scalp
or single-neuron activity recorded within cortex to control cursor
movement, select letters or icons, or operate neuroprostheses.

The central element in each BCI is a translation algorithm that

converts electrophysiological input from the user into output that
controls external devices. BCI operation depends on effective
interaction between two adaptive controllers, the user who encodes
his or her commands in the electrophysiological input provided to the
BCI, and the BCI that recognizes the commands contained in the
input and expresses them in device control. Current BCIs have
maximum information transfer rates of up to 25 b/min. Achievement
of greater speed and accuracy requires improvements in signal
acquisition and processing, in translation algorithms, and in user
training. These improvements depend on interdisciplinary
cooperation among neuroscientists, engineers, computer
programmers, psychologists, and rehabilitation specialists, and on
adoption and widespread application of objective criteria for
evaluating alternative methods.
4
 Chapter 3

SEMINAR DESCRIPTION

3.1 Existing System: -

The Existing methodology of BRAIN-

COMPUTER-INTERFACE is based on how they will approach the
human body either direct or indirect. They are broadly classified as

Fig: - 3.1.1 Types of BCI

Invasive: In this method a sensor is placed inside the brain to collect

the brain signals and resend the signals to brain to perform task
which we need. It gets high quality brain signal Example:
neurosurgery
Partial invasive: In this method it is implanted inside the skull and
outside the brain Example: ECOG

5
Non-invasive: In this method we collect the signals of brain and we
can achieve the ability to a muscle implants and restore partial
moments
Example: EEG, MEG, FMRI

Advantages:
 allow paralyzed people to control prosthetic limbs
with their mind
 transmit visual images to the mind of a blind
person, allowing them to see
 transmit auditory data to the mind of a def person,
allowing them to hear
 allow gamers to control video games with minds
 allow a mute person to have their thoughts
displayed and spoken by a computer

Disadvantages:
 Research is still in beginning stages
 The current technology is crude
 Ethical issues may prevent its development
 Electrodes outside of the skull can detect very few
electric signals from the brain
 Electrodes placed inside the skull create scar tissue
in the brain

6
 Chapter 4

METHODOLOGIES

4.1 INVASIVE BCI:

Invasive BCI research has targeted repairing

damaged sight and providing new functionality for people with
paralysis. Invasive BCIs are implanted directly into the grey matter of
the brain during neurosurgery. Because they lie in the grey matter,
invasive devices produce the highest quality signals of BCI devices
but are prone to scar-tissue build-up, causing the signal to become
weaker, or even non-existent, as the body reacts to a foreign object in
the brain.
In vision science, direct brain implants have been used to treat non-
congenital (acquired) blindness. One of the first scientists to produce
a working brain interface to restore sight was private researcher
William Dobelle.

FIG:4.1.1 SIGNAL PROCESSING

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Dobelle's first prototype was implanted into "Jerry", a man blinded in
adulthood, in 1978. A single-array BCI containing 68 electrodes was
implanted onto Jerry’s visual cortex and succeeded in producing
phosphenes, the sensation of seeing light. The system included
cameras mounted on glasses to send signals to the implant. Initially,
the implant allowed Jerry to see shades of grey in a limited field of
vision at a low frame-rate. This also required him to be hooked up to
a mainframe computer, but shrinking electronics and faster computers
made his artificial eye more portable and now enable him to perform
simple tasks unassisted.

FIG:4.1.2: N1 SENSOR

4.2 NON-INVASIVE BCI: -

non-invasive neuroimaging
technologies as interfaces. Signals recorded in this way have
been used to power muscle implants and restore partial
movement in an experimental volunteer.

Although they are easy to wear, non-invasive implants produce poor

signal resolution because the skull dampens signals, dispersing and
blurring the electromagnetic waves created by the neurons. Although
the waves can still be detected it is more difficult to determine the
area of the brain that created them or the actions of individual
neurons.
8
 EEG
Electroencephalography (EEG) is the most studied potential non-
invasive interface, mainly due to its fine temporal resolution, ease of
use, portability and low set-up cost. The technology is highly
susceptibility to noise however.
Another substantial barrier to using EEG as a brain–computer
interface is the extensive training required before users can work the
technology.

FIG4.2.1: NON-INVASIVE

MEG and MRI

Magnetoencephalography (MEG) and functional magnetic resonance
imaging (fMRI) have both been used successfully as non-invasive
BCIs. In a widely reported experiment, fMRI allowed two users being
scanned to play Pong in real-time by altering their haemodynamic
response or brain blood flow through biofeedback techniques.
fMRI measurements of haemodynamic responses in real time have
also been used to control robot arms with a seven second delay
between thought and movement

9
FIG4.2.2: MEG SENSOR

10
 Chapter 5

RESULTS AND DISCUSSIONS

BCI can help paralyzed people to move by controlling

their own electric wheelchairs, to communicate by using
e-mail and Internet-based phone systems, and to be
independent by controlling items such as televisions and
electrical appliances.

11
 Chapter 6

CONCLUSION AND FUTURE

ENHANCEMENTS

6.1 Conclusion: -
The ability of computers to enhance and augment both
mental and physical abilities and potential is no longer the
exclusive realm of science fiction writers. It is becoming a
reality. Brain Computer Interface technology will help define
the potential of the human race. It holds the promise of bringing
sight to the blind, hearing to the deaf, and the return of normal
functionality to the physically impaired. A miracle? Hardly. But
perhaps the next closest thing.

As BCI technology further advances, brain tissue may one day

give way to implanted silicon chips thereby creating a
completely computerized simulation of the human brain that can
be augmented at will. Futurists predict that from there,
superhuman artificial intelligence won't be far behind.

6.2 Future Enhancements: -

In future we will go advance to learn
methodology’s in BCI

12
 References
T. Ebrahimi, J.-M. Vesin , and G. N. Garcia, “Brain-computer
interface in multimedia communication,” IEEE Signal
Processing Magazine, vol. 20, no. 1, pp. 14–24, January 2020.

D. McFarland, L. McCane, S. David, and J.Wolpaw, “Spatial

filter selection for EEG- based communication,”
Electroencephalography and Clinical Neurophysiology, vol.
103, no. 3, pp. 386–394, 2021.

T. Hastie, R. Tibshirani , and J. Friedman, The Elements of

Statistical Learning - Data Mining, Inference, and Prediction.
Springer, 2019.

J. R. Wolpaw , N. Birbaumer , D. J. McFarland, G.

Pfurtscheller , and T. M. Vaughan, “Brain-computer interfaces
for communication and control,” Clinical Neurophysiology,
vol. 113, no. 6, pp. 767–791, June 2018.

S. Sutton, M. Braren , J. Zubin, and E. John, “Evoked-

potential correlates of stimulus uncertainty.” Science, vol. 150,
no. 700, pp. 1187–1188, 2019.

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