CHI-SQUARE TEST
#chi-square test
install.packages("vcd")
library(vcd)
#Chi-Square test
View(Arthritis)
mytable1<-xtabs(~Treatment+Improved,data=Arthritis)
mytable1
chisq.test(mytable1)
mytable2<-xtabs(~Improved+Sex,data=Arthritis)
mytable2
chisq.test(mytable2)
OUTPUT
#Chi-Square test
> View(Arthritis)
> mytable1<-xtabs(~Treatment+Improved,data=Arthritis)
> mytable1
Improved
Treatment None Some Marked
Placebo 29 7 7
Treated 13 7 21
> chisq.test(mytable1)
Pearson's Chi-squared test
data: mytable1
X-squared = 13.055, df = 2, p-value = 0.001463
> mytable2<-xtabs(~Improved+Sex,data=Arthritis)
> mytable2
Sex
Improved Female Male
None 25 17
Some 12 2
Marked 22 6
CORRELATION
# Correlation
#Correlation coefficients are used to describe relationships among quantitative variables. The sign ±
indicates the direction of the relationship (positive or inverse) and
#the magnitude indicates the strength of the relationship (ranging from 0 for no relationship to 1 for a
perfectly predictable relationship)
#PEARSON, SPEARMAN, AND KENDALL CORRELATIONS
#The Pearson product moment correlation assesses the degree of linear relationship
#between two quantitative variables.
#Spearman's Rank Order correlation coefficient assesses the degree of relationship between two rank-
ordered variables.
#Kendall's Tau is also a nonparametric measure of rank correlation.
#cor(x,use=,method=)
states<-state.x77[,1:6]
View(states)
cor(states)
cor(states,method="spearman")
cor(states,method="kendall")
x <- states[,c("Population", "Income", "Illiteracy", "HS Grad")]
y <- states[,c("Life Exp", "Murder")]
cor(x,y)
Output
# Correlation
> #Correlation coefficients are used to describe relationships among quantitative variables. The sign ±
indicates the direction of the .... [TRUNCATED]
> View(states)
> cor(states)
Population Income Illiteracy Life Exp Murder HS Grad
Population 1.00000000 0.2082276 0.1076224 -0.06805195 0.3436428 -0.09848975
Income 0.20822756 1.0000000 -0.4370752 0.34025534 -0.2300776 0.61993232
Illiteracy 0.10762237 -0.4370752 1.0000000 -0.58847793 0.7029752 -0.65718861
Life Exp -0.06805195 0.3402553 -0.5884779 1.00000000 -0.7808458 0.58221620
Murder 0.34364275 -0.2300776 0.7029752 -0.78084575 1.0000000 -0.48797102
HS Grad -0.09848975 0.6199323 -0.6571886 0.58221620 -0.4879710 1.00000000
> cor(states,method="spearman")
Population Income Illiteracy Life Exp Murder HS Grad
Population 1.0000000 0.1246098 0.3130496 -0.1040171 0.3457401 -0.3833649
Income 0.1246098 1.0000000 -0.3145948 0.3241050 -0.2174623 0.5104809
Illiteracy 0.3130496 -0.3145948 1.0000000 -0.5553735 0.6723592 -0.6545396
Life Exp -0.1040171 0.3241050 -0.5553735 1.0000000 -0.7802406 0.5239410
Murder 0.3457401 -0.2174623 0.6723592 -0.7802406 1.0000000 -0.4367330
HS Grad -0.3833649 0.5104809 -0.6545396 0.5239410 -0.4367330 1.0000000
> cor(states,method="kendall")
Population Income Illiteracy Life Exp Murder HS Grad
Population 1.00000000 0.08408163 0.2123063 -0.06865555 0.2364983 -0.2353905
Income 0.08408163 1.00000000 -0.1970811 0.21904389 -0.1448450 0.3579896
Illiteracy 0.21230629 -0.19708113 1.0000000 -0.42852098 0.5155359 -0.5047401
Life Exp -0.06865555 0.21904389 -0.4285210 1.00000000 -0.5997547 0.3952537
Murder 0.23649826 -0.14484495 0.5155359 -0.59975465 1.0000000 -0.2884066
HS Grad -0.23539045 0.35798964 -0.5047401 0.39525368 -0.2884066 1.0000000
> x <- states[,c("Population", "Income", "Illiteracy", "HS Grad")]
> y <- states[,c("Life Exp", "Murder")]
> cor(x,y)
Life Exp Murder
Population -0.06805195 0.3436428
Income 0.34025534 -0.2300776
Illiteracy -0.58847793 0.7029752
HS Grad 0.58221620 -0.4879710
