Operating System Kernels
Windows
- Microsoft Windows NT kernel
- Hybrid kernel (Microkernel and Monolithic)
- Influenced by Mac Microkernel
Microkernel Architecture
Mac OS
- Hybrid Kernel (combination of Mach Microkernel (updated one is known
as OSFMK) and BSD kernel (FreeBSD))
Monolithic Architecture
- The kernel is known as XNU
- Hybrid by means it is a combination of monolithic and microkernel
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Linux
- Monolithic kernel
Windows Mac OS Linux
Name: Windows NT Name: XNU Kernel Name: Linux Kernel
Hybrid Monolithic
Combination of Monolithic and Microkernel -
File System: Compare Permission Models
Windows
- Read, write, read & execute, list folder contents, modify, full control
- Administrator, Standard, and Guest.
Mac OS
- Owner, group & everyone
Linux
- User, Group & Others
- Permissions are divided into read, write and execute: r,w,x
Process management: Compare the differences in process management
algorithms
Windows
- Similar to UNIX/Linux
- Relies more on threads
- Task Manager
- The memory is managed more by the system
- Process use unique ID’s
- Processes detach from the interface
Linux
- Processes are controlled through commands
- Process detach from interface
- Daemons
- Systems is built around “everything is a file”
- TOP – similar to Task Manager
- Great at creating processes
Mac OS
- Monitor processes
- Always searching for plist files
- Mac OS X – uses Launcd, similar to Task Manager and TOP
Compare the permissions models between UNIX file systems and Windows file
systems
In Windows file systems there are Share permissions which impacts access over the network and
these are:
Full Control - lets users or groups to have full control on file or directory
Change - permissions allow to modify the file or directory
Read - permission is Read Only, copy permission is allowed.
NTFS Permissions are the permissions where it is over the network or through local access.
These are:
Full Control
Modify
Read & execute
List folder contents
Read
Write
NTFS has Windows access control entries (ACEs). ACE consists of the principal (users
and groups are principals) and operational permissions operations (Read, Write, Execute, etc.)
based on which the operations are allowed or denied. There can be other ACEs than files such as
registry entries, printer objects, etc. Deny is priority over allow. And also windows ACEs
support inheritance where the permissions can propagate to lower level directories.
File systems in the Unix has owning user (owner) and owning group (owner-group). The
principals here are the owner, owning groups and everybody else. For each principal there would
be 4 bits which will govern the read, write, and execute permissions. The file's mode is read,
write, and execute and are built into the file and this determines who can perform what
operations. Unix permission operate on the file system but even objects which appear as files
such as disks, printers can also be used with permissions to restrict. Unix permissions are simpler
but coarser and they do not support inheritance and do not affect the lower level directories.
Both UNIX and Windows approach permissions in different ways, Windows offers fine-
grained user-level control while UNIX offers application-level control. Windows file systems
permissions are best for file storage and management while the UNIX file system offers effective
permission structure for web and application servers where it triumphs.
Memory management: Compare differences in memory allocation algorithms
Windows
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Security management (Compare the Microsoft Operating system to UNIX or
LINUX. Are there major security feature differences. Which Operating System
would you choose as being most secure? What security features most influenced
your decision.)
1. Now I am comparing the Microsoft Operating system to Linux and Based on My
knowledge and my research Linux is the operating system which is more and more
secure than Microsoft Operating system which is windows.
2. The popularity of the Linux OS has been increasing very rapidly and more smart devices
with Linux OS is being developed nowadays. The biggest reasons behind the enormous
increase in the popularity of Linux is considered the high tech security system of the
Linux. Linux is an open source operating system whose code can be easily read out by
the users, but still, it is the more secure operating system when compared to the other
OS like Microsoft windows.
3. Linux is very simple but still very secure operating system, which protects the important
files from the attack of viruses and malware.
The Most Security differences are also given below:
1. A perk of Accounts:
In the operating system such as Windows, users have full admin access to the accounts
of software. When the virus strikes in this system and then within few seconds it
corrupts the whole system. In short, all the files are in danger due to the open access,
but in the Linux, very low access is given to the users. Thus the viruses can’t attack the
whole system and they only attack few files, and other system works without any issue.
2. Strong Community:
Windows and other operating systems are more vulnerabilities to the type of social
engineering Ltd compared to Linux. Amateur users can easily expose to the viruses in
other OS by opening one email. But this is not the case in the Linux and user needs full
execution right before opening any new attachment. Thus web developers and testers
prefer this system as it saves them from the vulnerabilities.
3. IPtables:
A high tech security of IPtables is used by the Linux to enhance the security circle of the
system. This firewall that allows you to create a more secure environment for the
execution of any command or access the network.
4. Different working environment:
Linux system operates in the different environment such as such as Linux Mint, Debian,
Ubuntu, Gentoo, Arch, and many others. The division and segmented working
environment protect from the attack of the virus. On the other hand, Windows isn’t
much divided operating system and thus it is more exposed to the threats.
5. Recording in Linux:
A Proper log is established in the Linux of the timing and it can be viewed later on easily.
If someone tries to enter safe system files, these system gaps can be viewed by the
system administrator. Also, the disk to fail attempts are presented to read for later on.
6. Fewer users:
The number of users in the Linux operating system is lesser than the iOS or Windows
user. Thus fewer people are using Linux system makes it more secure as compared to
the overly crowded operating system Windows.
So The conclusion I would like to say is linux is 100% secure operating system when compared
to microsoft operating system. and above all are the security features that influenced me the
decision as linux is secure.
