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Design Of A Distribution Station Monitoring System Using Nigeria Secondary

Distribution Substation As A Case Study

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 ISSN 2394-7349
International Journal of Novel Research in Engineering and Science
Vol. 4, Issue 1, pp: (63-73), Month: March 2017 - August 2017, Available at: www.noveltyjournals.com

Design Of A Distribution Station Monitoring

System Using Nigeria Secondary Distribution
Substation As A Case Study
OFUALAGBA. G1, AKINLOYE. B.O2
Department of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, Federal University of Petroleum Resources, PMB 1221, Effurun,
Nigeria

Abstract: This paper is aimed at designing a microcontroller based distribution substation monitoring system that
monitors the voltages, current, oil temperature and the moisture content of the silical gel. The generation and the
transmission sections are properly monitored by the utility companies involved in its operations. The distribution,
seems not to be given the same level of monitoring as the other two sections. Most of the times, when their is a fault
in a distribution substation, it always take some time before the utility will be able to restore the supply majorly
due to poor monitoring to easily detect the cause of the fault. The design is to cordinate the sensing and tripping of
the transformer based on the defiation of the parameters from referenced value set in the programm that controls
the operation of the microcontroller. The sensing elements measures the transformer parameters and feeds the
information into the ADC port of the microcontroller and a GSM module interfaced with the microcontroller
sends the transformer’s voltage, current,temperature and the moisture content of the silical gel to the utility
station via SMS messages for quick response.
Keywords: GSM Module, AVR Microcontroller, Distribution Transformer.

I. INTRODUCTION

The power system is divided into three main sections; the Generation, Transmission and Distribution. The first two deal
with high voltage as it handle bulk power. The generation is where power is being generated at a voltage of 11 kV or 16
kV as in Nigeria case. This voltage is fed into a step up transformer to increase the voltage level for transmission.The
main process of a transmission system is to transfer electric power from electric generators to customer area, whereas a
distribution system provides an ultimate link between high voltage transmission systems and consumer services. In other
words, the power is distributed to different customers from the distribution system through feeders, distributors and
service mains [1]. The distribution, which is the third part of the system seems not to be given the same level of
monitoring as the other two sections. Most of the times, when their is a fault in a distribution substation, it always take
some time before the utility will be able to restore the supply majorly due to poor monitoring to easily detect the cause of
the fault and to bring out the quickest solution to the problem. Outage of supply to consumers always directly or indirectly
have impact on the economy of the consumers and at the end on the economy of the country [2]. With this situation, this
work critically look at the variation in the parameters of the distribution substaion and put some mechanisms in place to
check any deviation from the normal operating condition of the substation.
For high reliability, the substation transformer must be kept in a good state for as long as possible. However, the life span
is reduced if they are subjected to overloading, resulting in unexpected failures and loss of supply to a large number of
consumers thus affecting system reliability. Overloading and ineffective cooling of transformers are the major causes of
failure in distribution transformers.

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Moreover with the increasing population and their unavoidable need for electric power leads to an increase in demand of
electrical power. With this increase in the demand for power, the system may become overloaded which can affect the
transformer efficiency and consequently leads to breakdown. The reliability of a substation transformer can be improved
by implementing a real-time monitoring system to detect all operating parameters, and send to the monitoring station in
time to examine the state of the transformer. This action reduces the down time of such transformer.
During strange events for some reasons the transformer is burned out due to the over load and short circuit in their
winding. Also the oil temperature is increased due to the increase in the level of current flowing through their internal
windings. This results in an unexpected raise in voltage, current or temperature in the distribution transformer [3].
Therefore, we are proposing the automatic monitoring of the distribution transformer. Hence, the work is to design a
microcontroller based monitoring system for a substation transformer. The system provides both monitoring and
protection capabilities. The sensing elements measures the transformer parameters and feeds the information into the
ADC port of the microcontroller and a GSM module interfaced with the microcontroller sends the transformer‟s voltage,
current and temperature to the utility station via SMS messages for quick response. Although, the secondary distribution
substation in Nigeria is 11/0.415kV, the design is using a prototype to investigate the monitoring of the substation and the
component should be properly sized for implementation.
Various works has been carried out on microcontroller based monitoring system for a transformer. Some of these
researches which have been carried out, their setbacks, ambiguities and advantages are discussed in subsequent
paragraphs.
Reference [4] desgned and implemented a transientmeter. This is a monitoring system for the detection, classification and
measurement of disturbances on electrical power systems. CORBA architecture was utilized as communication interface
by the Transientmeter, wavelet-based techniques for automatic signal classification and characterization, and a smart
trigger circuit for the detection of disturbances. A measurement algorithm, developed by using the wavelet transform and
wavelet networks, had been adopted for the automatic classification and measurement of disturbances.
A design which consists of two units, one in the substation unit, called as transmitter unit, and another in the Main station
called the controlling and receiver unit was developed [5]. The transmitter in the substation is where the power is
monitored continuously by the microcontroller. In this work, ZIGBEE method was used for communicating between the
substation and the utility office.A ZIGBEE is used for transmitting the signals that are obtained. The controlling unit in
the main station receives the transmitted signals by means of ZIGBEE receiver and displays in LCD and LED and reacts
in accordance to the received signal.
A mobile embedded system was used to monitor and record key parameters of a distribution transformer [6]. If any
abnormality or an emergency situation occurs the system sends SMS (short message service) messages to the mobile
phones containing information about the abnormality according to some predefined instructions programmed in the
microcontroller. This mobile system will help the transformers to operate smoothly and identify problems before any
catastrophic failure.

II. DESIGN PROCEDURE

A variable AC source which varies between 0-240VAC was connected to a load. The load current was monitored by
connecting a current transformer in series between the load and the variable AC source, while the voltage was monitored
by connecting a potential transformer (230V/12VAC) across the variable AC source. The output of the potential
transformer was rectified to a pure 5VDC and then fed into the ADC pin of the microcontroller. A temperature sensor,
LM35, was used to measure the temperature of the oil. The output pin of the sensor was connected to an ADC pin of the
microcontroller. Whenever the input voltage is varied the microcontroller displays the value of the voltage, current,
temperature and humidity on the liquid crystal display (LCD).
A. Flow chart of the system:
The flow chart describing the code used in the microcontroller is shown in figure 1

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Fig. 1: Flow chart for Coding the Microcontroller

B. Power Supply:
The power supply circuit is the circuit which provides the desired dc voltage of 5V to run the circuits. The voltage
obtained from the main line is 220V AC but the other components require 5V DC. Hence a step-down transformer
(220V/12V) is used to get 12V AC which is later converted to 12V DC using a bridge rectifier circuit which is basically
four diodes where two are connected in reversed and the other two are in forward biased. The output of rectifier still
contains some ripples. To remove the ripples and obtain smoothed DC power, a filter circuit is use. Here a capacitor is
used. The 12V DC is rated down to 5V using a positive voltage regulator chip (7805), therefore, a fixed DC voltage of
5V is obtained.

Fig. 2: Power Supply Circuit Design

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Figure three shows the block diagram of the substation monitoring device.

Fig. 3: Block Diagram of the Substation Monitoring Circuit.

C. AVR Microcontroller:
The microcontroller is the heart of the system. It monitors the transformer parameters, displays the values on the LCD,
and sends the data to the monitoring station and triggering the relay when there is any fault.
There are number of popular families of microcontrollers which are used in different applications as per their capability
and feasibility to perform various task, mostly used of these are 8051, AVR and PIC microcontrollers. For this project,
AVR microcontroller will be used. The microcontroller transmits and receives 8-bit data. The input and output registers
available are also of 8-bits. An Atmega16 microcontroller is used, consists of a 40-pin IC and it belong to ATmega
AVR category of AVR family.
D. LCD (Liquid Crystal Display):
The LCD is use to display the measured values obtained from the sensors. The LCD used is 16x2. LCD (Liquid Crystal
Display); which means 16 characters per line by 2 lines. The microcontroller receives data and communicates directly
with the LCD. Here 8-bit mode of LCD is used, using 8-bit data bus (DB0, DB1, DB2, DB3, DB4, DB5, DB6, and DB7.).
And also three control lines; EN, RS, and RW. Three additional pins for supply VSS (ground), VDD (+5V power supply),
and VEE (to adjust contrast).

Fig. 4: Photo view of the LCD display unit

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Vol. 4, Issue 1, pp: (63-73), Month: March 2017 - August 2017, Available at: www.noveltyjournals.com

E. Potential Transformer (PT):

The Step down transformer is of rating 220/12V. The output of the potential transformer is fed into the bridge rectifier for
rectification purpose and the rectified output from the bridge rectifier is again fed into the filter circuit in order to remove
any ripples. The DC voltage is stabilized using Zener diode before it is fed into the AVR Microcontroller. Now the
stabilized DC Voltage is fed to theADC pin of the AVR microcontroller.

Figure 5: Interfacing the Potential Transformer with the Microcontroller.

The transformer used is a step down transformer. It has a secondary voltage of 12VAC.
VDC = VAC × (2)1/2 – (2×0.7)
VDC = 12 × (2)1/2 – (2×0.7) = 15.57V
VAC is the RMS value of the transformer and 0.7V is the voltage drop across the rectifier. There are two diodes
conducting each half cycle, so therefore voltage drop per cycle is 1.4V.
The microcontroller has a Ref voltage of 5V. Let‟s divide the Ref voltage by two to increase the safety factor for the
microcontroller.
ARef voltage = 5/2 = 2.5V
The voltage divider circuit is use to scale than the voltage to obtain 2.5V across R2. A zener diode permits the flow of
current in one direction but in reverse direction if the voltage is greater than the zener breakdown voltage.
Let R1 = 50KΩ, R2 = 10KΩ
Voltage drop across R2 = 15.57 × (10 / (10 + 50)) = 2.6V
2.6V is the maximum voltage that will enter into the microcontroller.
F. Current Transformer (CT):
Current transformer will be used to sense the current. The Current transformer is interfaced with the AVR microcontroller
with the same procedure that will be used in interfacing the potential transformer with the AVR Microcontroller except
that in Current transformer a resistance (R3) is connected in parallel in order to convert the current to voltage because the
microcontroller accepts only voltage as its input.

Fig. 6: Interfacing the Current Transformer with Microcontroller.

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Vol. 4, Issue 1, pp: (63-73), Month: March 2017 - August 2017, Available at: www.noveltyjournals.com

Current transformer TA20FL-100 was used. Input current is 20A, output current is 20mA. Therefore, the current ratio is
given as 20A/20mA = 1000
Primary peak-current = 20A × 1.414 = 28.28A
Secondary peak-current = primary pea-current / no. of turns
= 28.28/1000 = 0.02828A
To maximise resolution, the voltage across the secondary winding should be half the microcontroller REF voltage. Ref
voltage = 5V
VS = (5/2) = 2.5V
Therefore,
R3 = 2.5/0.02828 = 88.4Ω
100Ω is connected across the secondary terminal of the current transformer since 88.4Ω is not readily available.
G. Temperature Sensor LM35:
The temperature sensor (LM35) was to sense the temperature change in the insulating oil. It is calibrated directly in
degree Celsius 0.50C accuracy. It is rated for full-550 to +1500C range.

Fig. 7: Interfacing LM35 with the Microcontroller.

H. Relay:
The relay is use to isolate the transformer if there is any abnormality in the transformer.
For this work, Darlington transistor driver IC (ULN2803) was connected between the microcontroller and the relay for
amplification purposes. The microcontroller cannot supply a sufficient amount of current needed to energize the relay.
The relay needs around 12mA to be energized while the microcontroller can only provide a between 1 and 2mA.

Figure 8: Interfacing the Relay with the Microcontroller.

I. GSM Module:
A GSM module is a wireless modem that works with a GSM wireless network. The wireless modem sends and receives
data through waves Like a GSM mobile phone. The GSM also requires a SIM card from a wireless carrier to operate. AT
commands are the instructions used for controlling the module.

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Vol. 4, Issue 1, pp: (63-73), Month: March 2017 - August 2017, Available at: www.noveltyjournals.com

The GSM module is connected to the microcontroller by connecting Txd and Rxd pins to the modem‟s Rxd and Txd pins
respectively. And the third pin of modem is grounded. And the third pin of modem is grounded. The circuit diagram for
the design is as given in figure eight. RL1
12V
TR1

5
+88.8
L1 L2 L3 L4
12V 12V 12V 12V
U1

IP+

IP-
AC Amps
+88.8 ACS755XCB-050

VIOUT

GND
AC Volts

VCC
1

2
TRAN-2P2S

BR1
V1
5V

C1
1000u
BRIDGE

10
18
17
16
15
14
13
12
11
U4

1C
2C
3C
4C
5C
6C
7C
8C
COM
V4 ULN2803
12V LCD1
BR2
1B LM016L
2B
3B
4B
5B
6B
7B
8B
R1
50k
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8

C2

VDD
VSS

VEE
R2 D1

RW
BRIDGE

RS

D0
D1
D2
D3
D4
D5
D6
D7
1000u

E
10k 1N4732A

1
2
3

4
5
6

7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
+88.8
AC Volts
U2
2 14
D2 3
PD0/RXD/PCINT16 PB0/ICP1/CLKO/PCINT0
15
PD1/TXD/PCINT17 PB1/OC1A/PCINT1
4 16
PD2/INT0/PCINT18 PB2/SS/OC1B/PCINT2
5 17
PD3/INT1/OC2B/PCINT19 PB3/MOSI/OC2A/PCINT3
LED-RED 6 18
PD4/T0/XCK/PCINT20 PB4/MISO/PCINT4
11 19
U3 PD5/T1/OC0B/PCINT21 PB5/SCK/PCINT5
1 12 9
PD6/AIN0/OC0A/PCINT22 PB6/TOSC1/XTAL1/PCINT6
13 10
PD7/AIN1/PCINT23 PB7/TOSC2/XTAL2/PCINT7
21 23
30.0 AREF PC0/ADC0/PCINT8
V2 V3 20
AVCC PC1/ADC1/PCINT9
24
5V 5V 25
PC2/ADC2/PCINT10
2 26
VOUT PC3/ADC3/PCINT11
27
PC4/ADC4/SDA/PCINT12
28
PC5/ADC5/SCL/PCINT13
1
PC6/RESET/PCINT14
3 LM35
ATMEGA328P

Fig. 9: Circuit Diagram

III. RESULT
As the AC source is varied, the microcontroller detects the change in voltage and sends a signal to trip the relay in order
to isolate the transformer from the load if the voltage exceeds the reference voltage. A variable resistor is connected in
parallel to the load. As the variable resistor is increased or decreased, the current also increases or decreases. If the load
current exceeds the rated output current of the transformer, the microcontroller sends a signal to the relay to isolate the
transformer. Similarly, the microcontroller does the same when the temperature of the insulating oil rises above the rating
of the transformer. For the moisture content of the silica gel, the GSM modem sends SMS to the monitoring station to
inform that the silica gel is saturated. The following results were obtained.

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Novelty Journals
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International Journal of Novel Research in Engineering and Science
Vol. 4, Issue 1, pp: (63-73), Month: March 2017 - August 2017, Available at: www.noveltyjournals.com
TR1 RL1
12V

+0.69
AC Amps L1 L2 L3 L4
12V 12V 12V 12V

TRAN-2P2S

V1
12V

10
18
17
16
15
14
13
12
11
4

5
BR1 U2 U3

1C
2C
3C
4C
5C
6C
7C
8C
COM
VCC IP+

IP-
ACS755XCB-050 ULN2803

VIOUT

GND

1B
2B
3B
4B
5B
6B
7B
8B
1

1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
BRIDGE R3 C3
1000u LCD1
C1 100
LM016L

C2
1000u
AC Volts
+2.15

VDD
VSS

VEE
0.1u

RW
R1 R2

RS

D0
D1
D2
D3
D4
D5
D6
D7
E
20k 50k

1
2
3

4
5
6

7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
D1

1N4732A
D2 U1
RV1 2
PD0/RXD/PCINT16 PB0/ICP1/CLKO/PCINT0
14
3 15
68%

1k PD1/TXD/PCINT17 PB1/OC1A/PCINT1
LED-RED 4 16
D3 5
PD2/INT0/PCINT18 PB2/SS/OC1B/PCINT2
17 C5
PD3/INT1/OC2B/PCINT19 PB3/MOSI/OC2A/PCINT3
6 18
PD4/T0/XCK/PCINT20 PB4/MISO/PCINT4
11 19
U4 PD5/T1/OC0B/PCINT21 PB5/SCK/PCINT5
1 LED-BLUE 12 9
PD6/AIN0/OC0A/PCINT22 PB6/TOSC1/XTAL1/PCINT6
13 10
PD7/AIN1/PCINT23 PB7/TOSC2/XTAL2/PCINT7 33p

20.0
21
AREF PC0/ADC0/PCINT8
23 X1
20 24 CRYSTAL
AVCC PC1/ADC1/PCINT9
PC2/ADC2/PCINT10
25 C4
2 RV2 26
VOUT PC3/ADC3/PCINT11
27
PC4/ADC4/SDA/PCINT12
28
PC5/ADC5/SCL/PCINT13
1
43%

PC6/RESET/PCINT14 33p
3 LM35
ATMEGA328P

1k

A
TR1 RL1
12V

0.00
AC Amps L1 L2 L3 L4
12V 12V 12V 12V

TRAN-2P2S

V1
12V
10
18
17
16
15
14
13
12
11
4

BR1 U2 U3
1C
2C
3C
4C
5C
6C
7C
8C
COM
VCC IP+

IP-

ACS755XCB-050 ULN2803
VIOUT

GND

1B
2B
3B
4B
5B
6B
7B
8B
1

1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8

BRIDGE R3 C3
1000u LCD1
C1 100
LM016L

C2
1000u
AC Volts
+1.52

VDD
VSS

VEE

0.1u
RW

R1 R2
RS

D0
D1
D2
D3
D4
D5
D6
D7
E

20k 50k
1
2
3

4
5
6

7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
D1

1N4732A
D2 U1
RV1 2
PD0/RXD/PCINT16 PB0/ICP1/CLKO/PCINT0
14
3 15
48%

1k PD1/TXD/PCINT17 PB1/OC1A/PCINT1
LED-RED 4 16
D3 5
PD2/INT0/PCINT18 PB2/SS/OC1B/PCINT2
17 C5
PD3/INT1/OC2B/PCINT19 PB3/MOSI/OC2A/PCINT3
6 18
PD4/T0/XCK/PCINT20 PB4/MISO/PCINT4
11 19
U4 PD5/T1/OC0B/PCINT21 PB5/SCK/PCINT5
1 LED-BLUE 12 9
PD6/AIN0/OC0A/PCINT22 PB6/TOSC1/XTAL1/PCINT6
13 10
PD7/AIN1/PCINT23 PB7/TOSC2/XTAL2/PCINT7 33p

35.0
21
AREF PC0/ADC0/PCINT8
23 X1
20 24 CRYSTAL
AVCC PC1/ADC1/PCINT9
PC2/ADC2/PCINT10
25 C4
2 RV2 26
VOUT PC3/ADC3/PCINT11
27
PC4/ADC4/SDA/PCINT12
28
PC5/ADC5/SCL/PCINT13
1
43%

PC6/RESET/PCINT14 33p
3 LM35
ATMEGA328P

1k

B
TR1 RL1
12V

+0.69
AC Amps L1 L2 L3 L4
12V 12V 12V 12V

TRAN-2P2S

V1
12V
10
18
17
16
15
14
13
12
11
4

BR1 U2 U3
1C
2C
3C
4C
5C
6C
7C
8C
COM
VCC IP+

IP-

ACS755XCB-050 ULN2803
VIOUT

GND

1B
2B
3B
4B
5B
6B
7B
8B
1

1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8

BRIDGE R3 C3
1000u LCD1
C1 100
LM016L

C2
1000u
AC Volts
+2.15

VDD
VSS

VEE

0.1u
RW

R1 R2
RS

D0
D1
D2
D3
D4
D5
D6
D7
E

20k 50k
1
2
3

4
5
6

7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14

D1

1N4732A
D2 U1
RV1 2
PD0/RXD/PCINT16 PB0/ICP1/CLKO/PCINT0
14
3 15
68%

1k PD1/TXD/PCINT17 PB1/OC1A/PCINT1
LED-RED 4 16
D3 5
PD2/INT0/PCINT18 PB2/SS/OC1B/PCINT2
17 C5
PD3/INT1/OC2B/PCINT19 PB3/MOSI/OC2A/PCINT3
6 18
PD4/T0/XCK/PCINT20 PB4/MISO/PCINT4
11 19
U4 PD5/T1/OC0B/PCINT21 PB5/SCK/PCINT5
1 LED-BLUE 12 9
PD6/AIN0/OC0A/PCINT22 PB6/TOSC1/XTAL1/PCINT6
13 10
PD7/AIN1/PCINT23 PB7/TOSC2/XTAL2/PCINT7 33p

20.0
21
AREF PC0/ADC0/PCINT8
23 X1
20 24 CRYSTAL
AVCC PC1/ADC1/PCINT9
PC2/ADC2/PCINT10
25 C4
2 RV2 26
VOUT PC3/ADC3/PCINT11
27
PC4/ADC4/SDA/PCINT12
28
PC5/ADC5/SCL/PCINT13
1
43%

PC6/RESET/PCINT14 33p
3 LM35
ATMEGA328P

1k

C
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Novelty Journals
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International Journal of Novel Research in Engineering and Science
Vol. 4, Issue 1, pp: (63-73), Month: March 2017 - August 2017, Available at: www.noveltyjournals.com
TR1 RL1
12V

+0.09
AC Amps L1 L2 L3 L4
12V 12V 12V 12V

TRAN-2P2S

V1
12V

10
18
17
16
15
14
13
12
11
4

5
BR1 U2 U3

1C
2C
3C
4C
5C
6C
7C
8C
COM
VCC IP+

IP-
ACS755XCB-050 ULN2803

VIOUT

GND

1B
2B
3B
4B
5B
6B
7B
8B
1

1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
BRIDGE R3 C3
1000u LCD1
C1 100
LM016L

C2
1000u
AC Volts
+2.34

VDD
VSS

VEE
0.1u

RW
R1 R2

RS

D0
D1
D2
D3
D4
D5
D6
D7
E
20k 50k

1
2
3

4
5
6

7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
D1

1N4732A
D2 U1
RV1 2
PD0/RXD/PCINT16 PB0/ICP1/CLKO/PCINT0
14
3 15
74%

1k PD1/TXD/PCINT17 PB1/OC1A/PCINT1
LED-RED 4 16
D3 5
PD2/INT0/PCINT18 PB2/SS/OC1B/PCINT2
17 C5
PD3/INT1/OC2B/PCINT19 PB3/MOSI/OC2A/PCINT3
6 18
PD4/T0/XCK/PCINT20 PB4/MISO/PCINT4
11 19
U4 PD5/T1/OC0B/PCINT21 PB5/SCK/PCINT5
1 LED-BLUE 12 9
PD6/AIN0/OC0A/PCINT22 PB6/TOSC1/XTAL1/PCINT6
13 10
PD7/AIN1/PCINT23 PB7/TOSC2/XTAL2/PCINT7 33p

20.0
21
AREF PC0/ADC0/PCINT8
23 X1
20 24 CRYSTAL
AVCC PC1/ADC1/PCINT9
PC2/ADC2/PCINT10
25 C4
2 RV2 26
VOUT PC3/ADC3/PCINT11
27
PC4/ADC4/SDA/PCINT12
28
PC5/ADC5/SCL/PCINT13
1
43%

PC6/RESET/PCINT14 33p
3 LM35
ATMEGA328P

1k

D
TR1 RL1
12V

+0.69
AC Amps L1 L2 L3 L4
12V 12V 12V 12V

TRAN-2P2S

V1
12V
10
18
17
16
15
14
13
12
11
4

BR1 U2 U3
1C
2C
3C
4C
5C
6C
7C
8C
COM
VCC IP+

IP-

ACS755XCB-050 ULN2803
VIOUT

GND

1B
2B
3B
4B
5B
6B
7B
8B
1

1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8

BRIDGE R3 C3
1000u LCD1
C1 100
LM016L

C2
1000u
AC Volts
+2.15

VDD
VSS

VEE

0.1u
RW

R1 R2
RS

D0
D1
D2
D3
D4
D5
D6
D7
E

20k 50k
1
2
3

4
5
6

7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
D1

1N4732A
D2 U1
RV1 2
PD0/RXD/PCINT16 PB0/ICP1/CLKO/PCINT0
14
3 15
68%

1k PD1/TXD/PCINT17 PB1/OC1A/PCINT1
LED-RED 4 16
D3 5
PD2/INT0/PCINT18 PB2/SS/OC1B/PCINT2
17 C5
PD3/INT1/OC2B/PCINT19 PB3/MOSI/OC2A/PCINT3
6 18
PD4/T0/XCK/PCINT20 PB4/MISO/PCINT4
11 19
U4 PD5/T1/OC0B/PCINT21 PB5/SCK/PCINT5
1 LED-BLUE 12 9
PD6/AIN0/OC0A/PCINT22 PB6/TOSC1/XTAL1/PCINT6
13 10
PD7/AIN1/PCINT23 PB7/TOSC2/XTAL2/PCINT7 33p

20.0
21
AREF PC0/ADC0/PCINT8
23 X1
20 24 CRYSTAL
AVCC PC1/ADC1/PCINT9
PC2/ADC2/PCINT10
25 C4
2 RV2 26
VOUT PC3/ADC3/PCINT11
27
PC4/ADC4/SDA/PCINT12
28
PC5/ADC5/SCL/PCINT13
1
43%

PC6/RESET/PCINT14 33p
3 LM35
ATMEGA328P

1k

E
TR1 RL1
12V

+0.55
AC Amps
L1 L2 L3 L4
12V 12V 12V 12V

TRAN-2P2S

V1
12V
10
18
17
16
15
14
13
12
11
4

BR1 U2 U3
1C
2C
3C
4C
5C
6C
7C
8C
COM
VCC IP+

IP-

ACS755XCB-050 ULN2803
VIOUT

GND

1B
2B
3B
4B
5B
6B
7B
8B
1

1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8

BRIDGE R3 C3
1000u LCD1
C1 100
LM016L

C2
1000u
AC Volts
+1.52

VDD
VSS

VEE

0.1u
RW

R1 R2
RS

D0
D1
D2
D3
D4
D5
D6
D7
E

20k 50k
1
2
3

4
5
6

7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14

D1

1N4732A
D2 U1
RV1 2
PD0/RXD/PCINT16 PB0/ICP1/CLKO/PCINT0
14
3 15
48%

1k PD1/TXD/PCINT17 PB1/OC1A/PCINT1
LED-RED 4 16
D3 5
PD2/INT0/PCINT18 PB2/SS/OC1B/PCINT2
17 C5
PD3/INT1/OC2B/PCINT19 PB3/MOSI/OC2A/PCINT3
6 18
PD4/T0/XCK/PCINT20 PB4/MISO/PCINT4
11 19
U4 PD5/T1/OC0B/PCINT21 PB5/SCK/PCINT5
1 LED-BLUE 12 9
PD6/AIN0/OC0A/PCINT22 PB6/TOSC1/XTAL1/PCINT6
13 10
PD7/AIN1/PCINT23 PB7/TOSC2/XTAL2/PCINT7 33p

20.0
21
AREF PC0/ADC0/PCINT8
23 X1
20 24 CRYSTAL
AVCC PC1/ADC1/PCINT9
PC2/ADC2/PCINT10
25 C4
2 RV2 26
VOUT PC3/ADC3/PCINT11
27
PC4/ADC4/SDA/PCINT12
28
PC5/ADC5/SCL/PCINT13
1
43%

PC6/RESET/PCINT14 33p
3 LM35
ATMEGA328P

1k

F
Page | 71
Novelty Journals
 ISSN 2394-7349
International Journal of Novel Research in Engineering and Science
Vol. 4, Issue 1, pp: (63-73), Month: March 2017 - August 2017, Available at: www.noveltyjournals.com
TR1 RL1
12V

+0.69
AC Amps L1 L2 L3 L4
12V 12V 12V 12V

TRAN-2P2S

V1
12V

10
18
17
16
15
14
13
12
11
4

5
BR1 U2 U3

1C
2C
3C
4C
5C
6C
7C
8C
COM
IP+

IP-
ACS755XCB-050 ULN2803

VIOUT

GND
VCC

1B
2B
3B
4B
5B
6B
7B
8B
1

1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
BRIDGE R3 C3
1000u LCD1
C1 100
LM016L

C2
1000u
AC Volts
+2.15

VDD
VSS

VEE
0.1u

RW
R1 R2

RS

D0
D1
D2
D3
D4
D5
D6
D7
E
20k 50k

1
2
3

4
5
6

7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
D1

1N4732A
D2 U1
RV1 2
PD0/RXD/PCINT16 PB0/ICP1/CLKO/PCINT0
14
3 15
68%

1k PD1/TXD/PCINT17 PB1/OC1A/PCINT1
LED-RED 4 16
D3 5
PD2/INT0/PCINT18 PB2/SS/OC1B/PCINT2
17 C5
PD3/INT1/OC2B/PCINT19 PB3/MOSI/OC2A/PCINT3
6 18
PD4/T0/XCK/PCINT20 PB4/MISO/PCINT4
11 19
U4 PD5/T1/OC0B/PCINT21 PB5/SCK/PCINT5
1 LED-BLUE 12 9
PD6/AIN0/OC0A/PCINT22 PB6/TOSC1/XTAL1/PCINT6
13 10
PD7/AIN1/PCINT23 PB7/TOSC2/XTAL2/PCINT7 33p

20.0
21
AREF PC0/ADC0/PCINT8
23 X1
20 24 CRYSTAL
AVCC PC1/ADC1/PCINT9
PC2/ADC2/PCINT10
25 C4
2 RV2 26
VOUT PC3/ADC3/PCINT11
27
PC4/ADC4/SDA/PCINT12
28
PC5/ADC5/SCL/PCINT13
1
43%

PC6/RESET/PCINT14 33p
3 LM35
ATMEGA328P

1k

G
TR1 RL1
12V

+0.69
AC Amps L1 L2 L3 L4
12V 12V 12V 12V

TRAN-2P2S

V1
12V
10
18
17
16
15
14
13
12
11
4

BR1 U2 U3
1C
2C
3C
4C
5C
6C
7C
8C
COM
IP+

IP-

ACS755XCB-050 ULN2803
VIOUT

GND
VCC

1B
2B
3B
4B
5B
6B
7B
8B
1

1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8

BRIDGE R3 C3
1000u LCD1
C1 100
LM016L

C2
1000u
AC Volts
+1.52

VDD
VSS

VEE

0.1u
RW

R1 R2
RS

D0
D1
D2
D3
D4
D5
D6
D7
E

20k 50k
1
2
3

4
5
6

7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14

D1

1N4732A
D2 U1
RV1 2
PD0/RXD/PCINT16 PB0/ICP1/CLKO/PCINT0
14
3 15
48%

1k PD1/TXD/PCINT17 PB1/OC1A/PCINT1
LED-RED 4 16
D3 5
PD2/INT0/PCINT18 PB2/SS/OC1B/PCINT2
17 C5
PD3/INT1/OC2B/PCINT19 PB3/MOSI/OC2A/PCINT3
6 18
PD4/T0/XCK/PCINT20 PB4/MISO/PCINT4
11 19
U4 PD5/T1/OC0B/PCINT21 PB5/SCK/PCINT5
1 LED-BLUE 12 9
PD6/AIN0/OC0A/PCINT22 PB6/TOSC1/XTAL1/PCINT6
13 10
PD7/AIN1/PCINT23 PB7/TOSC2/XTAL2/PCINT7 33p

24.0
21
AREF PC0/ADC0/PCINT8
23 X1
20 24 CRYSTAL
AVCC PC1/ADC1/PCINT9
PC2/ADC2/PCINT10
25 C4
2 RV2 26
VOUT PC3/ADC3/PCINT11
27
PC4/ADC4/SDA/PCINT12
28
PC5/ADC5/SCL/PCINT13
1
60%

PC6/RESET/PCINT14 33p
3 LM35
ATMEGA328P

1k

H
Figure 10: Measurements of the substation parameters; (a) normal temperature measurement; (b) high temperature; (c)
normal voltage; (d) Over Voltage (e) Normal Current; (f) over load (g) humidity (h) saturated Humidity

From the results above, it was discovered that the relay tripped off when there was an overvoltage, overloads and when
the normal working temperature of 30oC set for the temperature sensor was exceeded. The circuit was designed in such a
way that when the silica gel is saturated, the relay does not need to trip so as to minimize the number of time the
transformer will be isolated. All the readings of the parameters are sent to the monitoring station.

IV. CONCLUSION
Conclusively, monitoring the distribution substation in Nigeria saves the distribution transformers from damage. Another
advantage of monitoring the distribution transformer is to prolong the lifespan of the transformer The real time
implementation of this design will make the reliability of the power supply to the consumers improved due to the fact that

Page | 72
Novelty Journals
 ISSN 2394-7349
International Journal of Novel Research in Engineering and Science
Vol. 4, Issue 1, pp: (63-73), Month: March 2017 - August 2017, Available at: www.noveltyjournals.com

the down time of the the transformer will be reduced. In this case, the income for the utility station also increases. The
system is carefully designed to send the conditions of the substation transformer to the utility staff anytime the parameters
deviate from the acceptable values.

REFERENCES
[1] Argonne National Laboratory, "Assessment of the Potential Costs and Energy Impacts of Spill Prevention, Control,
and Countermeasure equirements for Electric Utility Substations", Draft Energy Impact Issue Paper, 2006.
[2] B. A. Carreras, V. E. Lynch, D. E. Newman and I. Dobson, "Blackout Mitigation Assessment in Power
Transmission Systems", Hawaii International Conference on System Science, January 2003.
[3] Amit Sachan (2012)“Microcontroller Based Substation Monitoring and Control System with Gsm Modem”IOSR
Journal of Electrical and Electronics Engineering (IOSRJEEE) Volume 1, Issue 6, PP 13-21
[4] M. Daponte, Di Penta and G.Mercurio, "TRANSIENTMETER: A Distributed Measurement System for Power
Quality Monitoring", IEEE Transactions on Power Delivery, Vol. 19, Issue. 2, pp: 456-463, 2004.
[5] S. Sangeetha, S.Muruganand, Azha Periasamy, “An Efficient Monitoring Of Substations In Power Transmisssion
Lines Using Zigbee In Embedded System ” 3498, International Journal of Advanced Research in Computer and
Communication Engineering (IJARCCE) Vol.2, Issue 7, July 2013.
[6] A. Sharma and R. Behura „GSM Based Distribution Tansformer Monitoring System‟, A Final Year Report
Submitted To The Department Of Electrical Engineering, National Institute Of Technology, Rourkela May 2013 pp
1-44.

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