2A What happened?

C
E
Goal: describe past experiences
Grammar: past simple and past continuous
Vocabulary: describing feelings and events

A D

3 Choose the correct alternatives.

1 I get very annoyed/annoying when people are late for
meetings.
2 Last year I spent three months travelling round South
America. What an amazed/amazing experience!
3 My parents get very worried/worrying when I don’t
come home on time.
4 The first time I met my boyfriend’s parents, I
B
dropped my tea on the floor! It was so embarrassed/
embarrassing!
Vocabulary 5 I don’t like watching horror films on my own. They’re
1 Look at the photos and discuss the questions. too frightened/frightening.
1 What do you think is happening in each photo? 6 My sister was so disappointed/disappointing when she
2 How do you think the people are feeling? Which of the didn’t pass her driving test.
adjectives in the box would you use to describe them? 7 My brother is travelling abroad and we haven’t heard
from him for weeks. It’s very worried/worrying.
amazed annoyed disappointed embarrassed
frightened relaxed surprised tired worried 8 After a few days on holiday, I feel so relaxed/relaxing.
9 I hate getting up early every day. It’s very tired/tiring.
2 a Read the comments below and match them with
three of the photos. 4 Work in pairs. Answer the questions using adjectives
1 ‘The other day I met an old friend for the first time in Exercises 1 and 2.
in years. It was such a surprising meeting! We were 1 How do you feel when you miss a bus or train?
amazed and excited to see each other again.’ 2 What do you think about people who talk very loudly
2 'Yesterday was a really annoying day. I borrowed on the train?
my wife's car and got a parking ticket. She was very 3 How do you feel when you’re on holiday?
annoyed with me.’ 4 How would you describe a recent film you saw?
3 'I love cooking. I find it very relaxing after a long and 5 How do you feel when you go to an interview?
stressful day at work. I don’t like shopping for food 6 How would you describe the problem of extreme
though. It’s so tiring.’ weather?
b Look at the words in bold in Exercise 2a. When do we 7 How do you feel when you receive a terrible gift?
use adjectives ending in –ed or –ing, e.g. tired/tiring, 8 Why wouldn’t you ask someone how old they are?
amazed/amazing?
Go to your app for more practice.

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 8 Complete the story with the correct form of the verbs

2A | What happened?
in brackets.

While I 1 (study) at university, I 2 (join) the

Drama Society. I love the theatre and I really 3 (want)
to act in a play. In my first year, I only had a small part but I
4 (practise) for weeks! However, the day of my first
performance was a disaster! While I 5 (wait) to go on
stage, I 6 (start) to get nervous. When I finally
7 (go) on stage, I 8 (forget) my words. Can
you imagine? I 9 (stand) on stage in front of a big
audience. Everyone 10 (wait) for me to speak, but I
F couldn’t say a thing. I was so embarrassed!

Listening 9 Complete the sentences with your own ideas.

1 Recently, I was sitting in the park/the garden/a café
5 a 2.1Listen to three stories. Match speakers 1–3
when …
with topics a–c.
2 While I was walking/driving home the other night, …
a a funny incident
3 My phone/The doorbell rang while I was …
b an annoying day
4 I was having a cup of tea/coffee with my mum/a friend
c a surprising meeting
when …
b Listen again. Are the sentences true (T) or false (F)? 5 My car/My friend’s car broke down while …
Correct the false sentences. 6 My friends/dinner guests arrived at my house while I
1 Speaker 1 was visiting his old university. was still …
2 He was going into a café when he met his old friend.
Go to page 118 or your app for more information and practice.
3 While Speaker 2 was walking to the station, she
remembered she didn’t have her phone.
4 When she got to the station, her train was just arriving. Speaking
5 Speaker 3 was leaving the office when she heard a noise.
PREPARE
6 While she was waiting for the security guard, she saw
a cat. You’re going to tell a story about a time when you
10
felt frightened, annoyed, embarrassed, surprised,
Grammar pleased or disappointed. Think about these
6 Read the grammar box and choose the correct questions and make notes.
alternatives. • When/Where did it happen?
• What were you doing at the time?
Past simple and past • What happened?
continuous • How did you feel?
Use the 1past simple/past continuous to talk about • Why was it annoying/embarrassing etc.?
completed actions and events in the past.
Last year I had an interview for a new job. SPEAK
Use the 2past simple/past continuous
to talk about an action or situation in progress
11
a Work in pairs. Tell your partner your story. Listen to
around a time in the past. your partner’s story and respond. Use the Useful
One afternoon, I was walking along the street … phrases to help you.
to describe the background to a story.
Useful phrases
I was working late at the office one night …
What happened?
Use the past continuous and past simple with when
and while to talk about interrupted actions. Use How amazing!
while or while/when + past continuous and when + Really!
past simple. How did you feel?
While I was walking through the old town, I I was surprised/excited.
suddenly realised I was late.
She was just leaving when she heard a noise. b What adjectives would you use to describe your
partner’s story?
7 a 2.2 Listen and notice the pronunciation of was.
Is it strong or weak?
1 While he was visiting his home town, he met an old Develop
friend.
your
2 While he was walking to the station, it started to rain.
reading
3 While she was waiting, she saw a cat.
page 89
b Listen again and repeat.
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 2B
C

Memories

Goal: talk about memories

Grammar: used to
Vocabulary: memories

B E

Vocabulary 3 a Which of the phrases in bold in Exercise 2 can be used

with …
1 a Look at the things in box A and match them with the
senses in box B. There may be more than one answer. a a verb + –ing?

A b an adjective?
c a noun, e.g. a person or a place?
a baby's skin a cup of coffee freshly baked bread
b Choose two correct alternatives.
a sunrise a train arriving at a station
1 I’ll always remember him/meeting her/she.
B 2 Looking at the sea always makes me feel calm/
feeling calm/calm.
feel sight smell sound taste
3 This place reminds me of being young/my old friends/
b When you think about the past, which of the senses happy.
are the most important to you? 4 I’ll never forget the first time I saw it/travel to that
place/entering that place for the first time.
2 Read the comments. Match them with photos A–E.
5 I have happy memories of school/visiting the seaside/
1 The sound of sea birds always reminds me of summer
go to my grandmother’s house.
and holidays at the beach.
2 The smell of paella makes me think of home. I have c Complete the sentences with your own ideas.
happy memories of eating outside with my family. 1 Tasting oysters always reminds me of …
visiting the seaside
3 The sight of city lights from a plane at night makes me
feel excited. 2 The sound of always makes me think of …
4 I’ll never forget the sight of the sun coming up over 3 The smell of reminds me of …
the mountains and watching it rise into the sky. 4 The taste of makes me think of my …
5 I’ll always remember the taste of my mother’s 5 Seeing makes me feel …
homemade apple pie. It was so good! 6 Visiting always reminds me of my …
d Work in pairs and compare your ideas.

Go to page 137 or your app for more vocabulary and practice.

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 Reading 7 a Complete the sentences with used to or didn’t use to.

2B | Memories
When I was a child, …
4 a Read the post and comments below it. Which of the
1 I ride my bike to school.
senses do the comments mention?
2 I fight with my brother a lot.
Sight, sound, taste, smell, feel – our senses often remind 3 I play volleyball with my friends after school.
us of important events from our childhood and family When I was a teenager, …
life. What are your happiest memories? What helps you
4 I go on holiday with my friends.
remember them?
5 I study hard.
Comments 6 I play in the school orchestra.
The smell of chips always reminds me of swimming lessons b Work in pairs and ask your partner the questions.
when I was at school. We used to pass a chip shop when we
were walking to the pool every Friday and if we had money, Did you use to ride your bike to school?
we'd get some. Whenever I eat chips, I remember those No, I didn’t. I used to take the bus.
Friday swimming lessons. Ed
c Ask and answer more questions about your childhood.
The sound of rain on the windows always makes me think of Use the prompts and your own ideas.
my childhood. I grew up in Malaysia and it rained a lot from • play video games
October to March. My sister and I used to love going out and • go to your grandparents’ home on Sundays
running around in the rain. My mother didn’t use to mind! • be afraid of the dark
Tony
• do a lot of sport
When I hear the old song Bohemian Rhapsody, I have Go to page 118 or your app for more information and practice.
happy memories of long car journeys on our holidays. Every
summer my father used to drive us to the seaside. During the
journey we used to play all kinds of music, but this song was
our favourite. It always reminds me of that time. Tess
Speaking
The smell and taste of roast chicken always makes me PREPARE
think of my grandmother. We used to go to her house every
Sunday. She used to cook lunch for the whole family. I’ll 8 a 2.4 You’re going to talk about your childhood
never forget her roast chicken. It tasted so good. Sara memories. First, listen to two friends talking about
their memories. Which senses do they mention?

b Read the post and comments again and answer the b Listen again and answer the questions.
questions. 1 Does Adam like the song? Why/Why not?
1 Why does the taste of chips remind Ed of school 2 What smell does Jane love? Why?
swimming lessons? 3 Why does Adam love the smell of coffee and fresh
2 Why does Tony remember his childhood when he hears bread?
the sound of rain? 9 Think about the questions and make notes.
3 Why does Tess love that old song? • What are your happiest memories of childhood? What
4 Why does roast chicken make Sara think of her makes you remember them?
grandmother? • Does a particular song have a special meaning for you?
Does it make you think of a special time in your life?
Grammar • Does a particular smell/sight remind you of something
5 Read the grammar box. Find more examples of used or someone special?
to in the comments in Exercise 4. • Do you have a favourite food that reminds you of home?
• Do you have a photo that reminds you of happy times?
used to
Use used to to talk about actions that happened SPEAK
regularly in the past, but don’t happen now.
a Work in pairs. Ask and answer the questions in
10
Every summer we used to go to the seaside.
Exercise 9. Use the Useful phrases to help you.
My mother didn’t use to mind!
What did she and her sister use to do?
Useful phrases
Don’t use used to for actions or events that only
So, do you have a favourite (food)?
happened once in the past. Use the past simple.
Oh really, why?
My mum made a cake last week.
Yes, it makes me think of (home/my mum), too.
NOT: My mum used to make a cake last week.

b Share your memories with another pair. Did you all

6 a 2.3Listen and notice the pronunciation of used choose the same sense?
to. Which is pronounced more strongly, used or to?
Develop
1 We used to go every Friday.
your
2 My mother didn’t use to mind!
3 What did they use to do?
writing
page 90
b Listen again and repeat.
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 2C Culture shock

Goal: describe a new experience

Grammar: so/such … that; too … to; not … enough to
Vocabulary: feelings and reactions

Reading and vocabulary 3 Look at the adjectives in the box and answer the
questions. Use the article to help you.
1 Look at the photos and discuss the questions.
1 Where do you think the photos were taken? anxious cheerful dull enjoyable extraordinary
homesick lively nervous optimistic peaceful
2 Would you like to live in these places? Why/Why not?
positive strange stressful unpleasant
2 Read the article. Where did Sue and Mike live?
1 Are the adjectives negative or positive?
Going to live somewhere new is exciting. You won’t 2 Which describe how people feel?
be bored because whatever happens it won’t be dull. 3 Which describe what an experience was like?
However, will it be too strange for you to enjoy it? It’s
normal to feel a bit nervous and you may even experience
4 Choose the correct alternatives.
a bit of culture shock, but there’s no reason to feel 1 It was an enjoyable/unpleasant trip. I loved it.
anxious. Here are some tips from two people who have 2 I’m really glad I went there. It was a positive/stressful
lived abroad. experience and I learned a lot.
3 I felt tired and cheerful/anxious by the time we arrived.
Remember it will be stressful in the beginning. When I moved 4 We were lucky to see some extraordinary/dull places.
to Mexico there were so many new things that I didn’t know
5 I thought it was a peaceful/lively place. There were a
where to start. Understanding how to pay bills was such a
problem that I gave up! I was lucky because friends helped lot of different things happening all the time.
me. Then suddenly everything becomes fun and enjoyable. 6 I like going to new places and I never feel nervous/
The towns and cities in Mexico are so lively that you never optimistic about going somewhere new.
feel bored. And the historical sites are extraordinary. My best 7 I was travelling alone. I went home in the end because I
tip is ... learn the language. At first, I didn’t feel confident was sad and cheerful/homesick all the time.
enough to speak. That’s the best way to understand the
local culture and make friends. – Sue 5 a Complete the sentences with your own ideas.
1 Going to the dentist is always really stressful.
At first, you feel optimistic – you think everything is going to 2 Some people think that is really
be wonderful, but remember, you will feel homesick. There enjoyable, but I find it really dull.
will be days when you are having such an unpleasant time 3 is a really pleasant and peaceful place.
that you just want to go home! I came to Vietnam. In the
4 The first time I tried , I thought it was a
beginning, everything was strange. The streets were full of
bit strange.
people, cars and bicycles. It was so dangerous, you couldn’t
cross the road! However, then I started to enjoy life here. 5 I’m always cheerful after watching . It
The people are so cheerful and friendly that I felt at home makes me laugh so much!
very quickly. It’s such a beautiful country. The countryside 6 is really lively, there’s a lot to do.
is so peaceful and quiet. In fact, I’m so happy here now
b Work in pairs and compare your sentences.
that I don’t want to go home. So, remember, stay positive!
Everything really will be wonderful in the end. – Mike Go to page 137 or your app for more vocabulary and practice.

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 8 Choose the correct alternatives.

2C | Culture shock
My dad had 1so/such a wonderful time living abroad 2that/
than he didn’t want to go home. However, my mum thought
this kind of life was 3too/so hard to do forever. There wasn’t
4enough/too time to feel at home in one place. It was 5too/
enough stressful for her 6to/that keep moving all the time,
but staying in one place wasn’t exciting 7so/enough for
us kids. Mum complained that we went to 8so/such many
different schools 9that/to we couldn’t get a good education. I
think we were fine, though!

9 a Complete the sentences with your own ideas.

1 When I was at school, I sometimes felt so …
2 I’m not old enough …
3 People are too busy …
4 My friend got so angry …
5 I’m not brave enough …
b Work in pairs and compare your ideas.
Go to page 118 or your app for more information and practice.

Grammar Speaking
6 Read the grammar box and choose the correct PREPARE
alternatives.
10 a 2.6 You’re going to talk about a time you
so/such ... (that) experienced something new. First, listen to Nick and
Use so … that and such … that to link a cause to a Maria. Which of the things do they talk about?
result. • a new country • a new school
I’m so happy that I don’t want to go home. • a new job • a new town
Understanding how to pay bills was such a problem
that I gave up! b Listen again and answer the questions.
Use so before a(n) 1noun/adjective. 1 What did Nick find strange when he moved?
And the people are so friendly and cheerful ... 2 How has the experience changed him?
Use 3so/such with an adjective and a noun together. 3 What did Maria’s mum find strange when she moved?
It’s such a beautiful country! 4 What did she do?
Use 4so/such before many and much. 5 What was different in Nick’s second example?
... there were so many new things that I didn’t know 6 How did Nick feel?
where to start.
c Make notes about a new experience you had. Use the
too … to and (not) enough … to ideas in Exercise 10a to help you.
Use too … to to say something is more than you want. Use
(not) enough … to to say you have or don’t have as much SPEAK
as you want.
Use 5too/enough before an adjective and 6too/enough a Work in pairs. Ask and answer questions about your
11
after an adjective. experiences. Use the Useful phrases to help you.
Will it be too strange for you to enjoy it?
I didn’t feel confident enough to cross the road. Useful phrases
To say you have what you need, use enough before a I remember ...
noun. No one used to ...
There’s enough time to become perfect. I thought everyone/no one ...
It felt/didn’t feel strange/stressful.

7 a 2.5 Listen and notice the pronunciation of so b Choose one experience and tell the class.
and such. In which sentences are they more strongly
pronounced? Why?
1 It’s such a nice day.
2 He’s so quiet today.
Develop
3 I was so busy yesterday afternoon.
your
4 She’s such a bad liar.
listening
b Listen again and repeat.
page 91

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 2D English in action

Goal: show interest in a conversation

1 Look at the pictures. What do you think is happening

in each one?
2a 2.10 Listen and match conversations 1–3 with
pictures A–C. Were your ideas in Exercise 1 correct? C

b Listen to the conversations again. How does the

person listening help the person telling the story? 4 Work in pairs. Take turns to read this story to each
other. Each time you see (...), react to what your
c Listen again. Tick the phrases in the Useful phrases
partner says and help them to continue talking.
box that you hear.
I had an interesting day yesterday … I was at work, and my
Useful phrases boss told me he wanted to speak to me … He told me that
Encouraging someone to continue he was leaving the company … And that I would be the new
Uh huh. boss of the department! … I didn’t know what to say. I was so
Right. surprised!
What happened? A: I had an interesting day yesterday …
What did you do? B: Really? What happened?
And what happened next?
5 a You’re going to tell your partner about an experience
What happened in the end?
you've had. First, choose a topic below or think of
Reacting and showing interest
your own idea.
Wow! • a bad day
That’s so cool! • somewhere new you visited
That’s awful! • someone famous you saw or met
That’s amazing! • an amazing day you had
Great! • something surprising that happened
Really?
b Make some notes. Think about the following:
Oh no!
• when and where it happened
• the most important things that happened
3a 2.11 Listen to the phrases below. Which of the • how you felt
people sound interested?
c Work in pairs. Ask and answer questions about your
1 And what happened next? experiences. Use the Useful phrases to help you.
2 That’s amazing!
3 Oh no.
Go online for the
4 So what did you do? Roadmap video.
b 2.12 Listen and repeat.
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Check and reflect

1 a Complete the words with the correct endings, -ed or b Think about a place you know well. Write three
-ing. sentences about how it used to be different.
1 The news was surpris . I was really surpris 5 a Complete the sentences with the words in the box.
when I heard it.
2 I was quite disappoint with the film. The story cheerful dull enjoyable extraordinary
was really disappoint . homesick optimistic peaceful stressful

3 I had a really tir day. I was so tir when I finally 1 I never feel , unless I’m away from home for a
got to bed. long time and then I sometimes do.
4 I was so embarrass . It was a really embarrass 2 To be honest, I find reality TV quite and boring,
situation. but I love watching action films and documentaries.
b Work in pairs. Talk about times when you 3 There are some lovely, , quiet places near where I
experienced the things in Exercise 1a. live. I go walking there quite often.

2 a Complete the sentences with the correct form of the 4 I usually get nervous before an exam. I find them quite
verbs in brackets. , to be honest.

1 I (meet) my husband while I (study) at 5 I think there are some amazing buildings where I live.
university. We (be) at the same party one night. Some of them are quite .

2 I (break) my leg while I (ski). I 6 I find cooking very . If I've got time, I really like
(go) down a difficult route and I (fall) over. preparing nice meals for my friends and family.

3 I (meet) my best friend at primary school. We 7 I love spending time with Denise, she's always really
(paint) a picture together and we just .
(not / stop) talking. We’re still best friends today. 8 The exam was really difficult but I feel and think
4 While I (travel) around South America just after I'll pass!
I (finish) university, I (start) to learn b Work in pairs. Decide if the sentences in Exercise 5a
Spanish. I then (become) a Spanish teacher. are true or false for your partner. Then check and find
b Write sentences about three significant events in out more information.
your life. Work in pairs and discuss them. 6 a Choose the correct alternatives.
3 a Complete the sentences with the verbs in the box. 1 It’s a such/such a great city.
2 It was so/such boring!
forget have reminds smile think 3 I spent so/such much money.
1 Saturday evening TV always me of my 4 We were having so/such a good time that we didn’t want
childhood. it to end.
2 The smell of chocolate always makes me of my 5 I’m too/enough young to remember it.
grandparents. 6 I’m not enough good/good enough yet. I need to improve
3 I very happy memories of my primary school. I at it.
loved every second. 7 It was too/such expensive. I didn’t have enough money/
4 I’ll never the first time I rode a bike by myself. I money enough to buy it.
felt so happy. b Replace it in the sentences in Exercise 6a to make true
5 The song Perfect Day always makes me . It’s sentences. Work in pairs and compare your ideas.
such a great song.
b Make the sentences in Exercise 3a true for you. Reflect
How confident do you feel about the statements
4 a Complete the sentences with the correct form of
below? Write 1–5 (1 = not very confident, 5 = very
used to and the verbs in the box.
confident).
be be able not be play • I can describe past experiences.
• I can talk about memories.
1 There a big shopping centre. It opened just a • I can describe a new experience.
few months ago, actually. • I can show interest in a conversation.
2 There more small independent shops, but
many of them have now closed.
3 We football in the park, but they built offices
there. Want more
4 You to drive in the city centre. Now cars are not practice?
allowed there. Go to your Workbook
or app.

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 2A Develop your reading
Goal: understand a news story
Focus: reading for specific
BRITISH DIVERS IN
information LUCKY ESCAPE
A British couple had a lucky escape last week after they
were lost at sea for five terrifying hours. The couple,
1 Discuss the questions.
both in their thirties, were starting a ten-day diving
1 Have you read any interesting news stories recently? holiday off the coast of Indonesia. With its warm waters
If so, who were they about and what happened? and variety of fish and other sea life, this is an excellent
2 What kind of news stories are you interested in? place to go diving.
For example, sport, politics, crime, funny stories etc. Jim and Sally Brown were looking forward to their
2 Look at the photos and read the headline of the news holiday but on their first morning, they had a
story. What do you think it's going to be about? frightening experience. That morning, the Browns went
out with a dive boat and entered the water to explore.
3 Read the Focus box. What can help us find the key However, after only a short time under water, they had
details in a news story? to go back up to their boat because the sea was getting
rough and they couldn’t see well. However, when
they got to the surface, their boat wasn’t there any
Reading for specific information more. Unknown to them, it was taking other divers to
When we read a news story, we look through it quickly different places along the coast.
to get the key information. To do this successfully, it The Browns were only a short distance from land but
helps to look for the answers to these Wh– questions: they had to swim away from the shore to avoid some
Who is it about? nearby rocks. Then the waves pulled them further out
What happened? to sea, the sky went very dark and it started to rain.
Where did it happen? Their five-hour nightmare began.
Why/How did it happen? When people realised that the Browns were missing,
When did it happen? two helicopters and more than 20 boats started
searching for them. After five hours, the crew of one of
What happened in the end?
the boats finally saw them. They pulled them out of the
water and took them back to land. They were thirsty
4 Read the news story and answer the questions. and tired – but they were alive!
Underline the parts of the article with the specific According to Sally Brown, they
information. were afraid they were
1 Who is the article about? going to die. They
2 When did the event take place? were looking out for
sharks the whole
3 Where did it take place?
time. ‘We’d like to
4 What happened to the Browns? thank everyone
5 Why did it happen? who looked for
6 What happened in the end? us. We’re very
grateful,’ she said.
5 Read the story again and answer the questions.
Underline the parts of the article with the specific
information.
1 Why did the Browns need to go back to their boat?
2 Why didn’t their boat come back?
3 Why did they swim away from the shore?
4 How did they feel while they were out at sea?
5 How did they feel after their rescue?
6 Work in pairs and discuss the questions.
1 Who was responsible for the situation in the story?
2 How could you stop this situation happening again?
3 Have you ever had a lucky escape? If so, what
happened?

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 2B Develop your writing
2 Read the Focus box. How is a paragraph organised?
Goal: write an essay
Focus: writing paragraphs Writing paragraphs
A well-organised paragraph focuses on one subject
(the topic).
Topic sentence
The first sentence of the paragraph usually gives the
writer’s main idea about the topic.
Life was certainly different in my grandparents’ day.
Example sentences
The rest of the paragraph usually supports the main idea
by giving reasons, examples and supporting details.
There were no modern appliances such as washing
machines and vacuum cleaners to make housework
easy, so they had to work hard to keep their house clean.
Conclusion sentence
A paragraph often finishes with a sentence that gives a
result or conclusion.
Life was harder and less interesting.

3 Look at the third paragraph of the essay in

Exercise 1b. Underline the topic sentence and
example sentences. Is there a conclusion sentence?
4 Put the sentences in the correct order to make
a paragraph.
1 a Discuss the questions. a For example, there was no social media,
1 What differences are there between the way we live b In many ways life was easier in the past.
now and the way we lived in the past? c People didn’t have so many things going on in their
2 Is life easier or more difficult now? Think about things lives like we do these days.
like travel, free time interests, housework and cooking. d so people didn’t spend so much time checking what
b Read the essay. Does it mention any of your ideas? their friends were doing
e They also didn’t spend so much time watching the
millions of TV programmes that we have now.
Was life really better? f As a result, they spent more time talking to each other,
¹People often talk about how life was better in the past, and maybe that’s a good thing.
but how true is that? Let’s compare my grandparents’ g and worrying if they were ‘doing enough’.
lives with my life today.
²Life was certainly different in my grandparents’ day. There Prepare
were no modern appliances such as washing machines
and vacuum cleaners to make housework easy, so they 5 a You’re going to write an essay answering the
had to work hard to keep their house clean and prepare question below. What's your opinion?
their food. They also didn’t have the same opportunities
to enjoy themselves that we have. They couldn’t travel People often talk about how life was better in the ‘good
old days’, but how true is that?
to all the interesting places we go to on holiday and their
summer holidays were usually spent at the same local
b Look at the topics below. Write topic sentences about
beach every year. Life was harder and less interesting.
the difference between life in the past and life now.
³Modern life is easier in many ways. Our kitchens are
• education
full of electrical appliances to make our lives easier, from
• technology
fridges to dishwashers. We have more time to do the
things we want and more things to do. We now have the • communication
opportunity to travel the world easily and experience new • entertainment/leisure
cultures. As a result, people are living less stressful and c For each of the topics, think of examples that will
more interesting lives. support your topic sentences.
4I am not saying everything is perfect today, but for all the

reasons above, I think I am very lucky compared to my

grandparents!
Write
6 Write your essay. Use your topic sentences and
examples to help you.

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 2C Develop your listening
Goal: understand an interview
Focus: understanding linkers

1 Discuss the questions. 4 Look at the sentences. How do you think they might
1 Do you think it’s a good idea to take time off between finish?
finishing university and starting work? Why/Why not? 1 I didn't take a career break, because …
2 What is the difference between a ‘gap year’ and a ‘career 2 I was pretty tired, so …
break’? 3 We enjoyed the food and …
3 Is it usual for people to take gap years or career breaks in 4 The first day we had lovely weather. However, …
your country? 5 The service in the restaurant was generally good,
4 When do you think is a good time in life to take a gap year but …
or career break?
6 We thought the film was good, although …
5 What type of things might you do on a gap year or career
7 We didn't visit them again because …
break?
8 The price of flights was really high, so …
2 Listen to two people being interviewed and
2.7 9 They gave flowers to Julia, but …
answer the questions.
10 They took his wallet and …
1 What are they describing?
5a 2.8 Listen and choose the linker that you hear.
2 What did they do?
1 and/but/so
3 Read the Focus box. How can linkers help when
2 and/however/because
listening?
3 however/so/because
4 and/because/so
Understanding linkers b Listen again. Work in pairs and predict how the
Linkers can help us predict what's coming next when speaker might finish the sentence.
we're listening. Look at the beginning of the sentence
c 2.9 Listen and check. Were any of your ideas
below:
correct?
I liked my gap year, but/although/however …
We can guess from the linkers that the speaker will now 6 2.7 Listen to the interview again and answer
talk about something negative, perhaps the problems the questions. Use the linkers you hear to help you.
they had during their gap year. 1 Why did Rob decide to have a gap year?
Look at how the sentence changes if we change the 2 Rob found Mexico City quite busy. What did he decide
linker: to do?
I liked my gap year and …
3 Why did Rob leave the job that he got?
Now we might guess that the speaker will talk about
4 What else did Rob like about Brazil apart from the
the good times they had during their gap year or how it
beaches?
helped them.
Sometimes we will hear a linker that tells us about the 5 Was Sally’s gap year similar to Rob’s?
result of an action: 6 Why did she decide to work during her gap year?
I was very tired when I got off the plane, so … 7 What didn’t she like about her job?
In this case, we can guess that the speaker will tell us 8 Did they both enjoy their gap years?
about the result, perhaps that they went straight to bed
when they got home.
7 Work in pairs and discuss which kind of gap year you
would choose. Say why.
Because tells us that we're going to hear the reason for
something:
I didn't stay for a full year because …
We might guess that this person became ill or got
homesick.

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