Specific and Latent Heat [22 marks]

In an experiment to determine the specific latent heat of fusion of ice, an ice cube is dropped
into water that is contained in a well-insulated calorimeter of negligible specific heat capacity.
The following data are available.
Mass of ice cube = 25g
Mass of water = 350g
Initial temperature of ice cube = 0˚C
Initial temperature of water = 18˚C
Final temperature of water = 12˚C
Specific heat capacity of water = 4200Jkg −1K−1

1a. Using the data, estimate the specific latent heat of fusion of ice. [4 marks]

Markscheme
use of m×c×θ with correct substitution for either original water or water from melted ice
energy available to melt ice = «8820 – 1260 =» 7560 J
equates 7560 to mL
3.02×105Jkg–1
FOR EXAMPLE
0.35 × 4200 × (18 – 12) OR 0.025 × 4200 × 12
7560 J
7560
L= 0.025
3.02×105Jkg–1
Award [3 max] if energy to warm melted ice as water is ignored (350kJkg –1).
Allow ECF in MP3.

The experiment is repeated using the same mass of crushed ice.

Markscheme
(i)
no change in temperature/no effect, the energies exchanged are the same
(ii)
the time will be less/ice melts faster, because surface area is greater or crushed ice has
more contact with water

This question is about thermal properties of matter.

2a. Explain, in terms of the energy of its molecules, why the temperature of a pure [3 marks]
substance does not change during melting.

Markscheme
energy supplied/bonds broken/heat absorbed;
increases potential energy;
no change in kinetic energy (so no change in temperature);

Three ice cubes at a temperature of 0°C are dropped into a container of water at a
2b. Three ice cubes at a temperature of 0°C are dropped into a container of water at a [4 marks]
temperature of 22°C. The mass of each ice cube is 25 g and the mass of the water is
330 g. The ice melts, so that the temperature of the water decreases. The thermal capacity of
the container is negligible.
The following data are available.
Specific latent heat of fusion of ice = 3.3 × 105J kg–1
Specific heat capacity of water = 4.2 × 103 J kg –1 K–1
Calculate the final temperature of the water when all of the ice has melted. Assume that no
thermal energy is exchanged between the water and the surroundings.

Markscheme
use of M × 4.2 × 103 × Δθ
ml = 75 × 10–3 × 3.3 × 105 / 24750 J;
recognition that melted ice warms and water cools to common final temperature;
3.4ºC;

Part 2 Thermal concepts

3a. Distinguish between internal energy and thermal energy (heat). [2 marks]
Internal energy:
Thermal energy:
 Markscheme
internal energy:
the sum of the potential and the (random) kinetic energy of the molecules/particles of a
substance;
Allow “potential and kinetic” for “sum”.
thermal energy:
the (non-mechanical) transfer of energy between two different bodies as a result of a
temperature difference between them;

3b. A 300 W immersion heater is placed in a beaker containing 0.25 kg of water at a [4 marks]
temperature of 18°C. The heater is switched on for 120 s, after which time
the temperature of the water is 45°C. The thermal capacity of the beaker is negligible and the
specific heat capacity of water is 4.2×103J kg–1K–1.
(i) Estimate the change in internal energy of the water.
(ii) Determine the rate at which thermal energy is transferred from the water to the surroundings
during the time that the heater is switched on.
 Markscheme
(i) (ΔU)=0.25×4.2×10 3×27(=2.835×104J);
=2.8×104(J);
Award [2] for a bald correct final answer of 28 (kJ)
Award [1 max] if correct energy calculated but the answer goes on to work out a further
quantity, for example power.
(ii) energy transfer=[300×120] – [2.835×104]=7.65×103 (J);
3
rate of transfer= 7.650×10
120
= 64 (W);
Allow ECF from (b)(i).
Award [1 max] for
(b)(i)answer
120
where answer omits 300×120 term, however only allow this if 120 is seen.
Award [0] for other numerators and denominators.
Accept rounded value from (b)(i) to give 67 (W).

4. A liquid is initially at its freezing point. Energy is removed at a uniform rate from the [1 mark]
liquid until it freezes completely.
Which graph shows how the temperature T of the liquid varies with the energy Q removed
from the liquid?

Markscheme
A

Energy is supplied at a constant rate to a fixed mass of a material. The material begins
 5. Energy is supplied at a constant rate to a fixed mass of a material. The material begins [1 mark]
as a solid. The graph shows the variation of the temperature of the material with time.

The specific heat capacities of the solid, liquid and gaseous forms of the material are c s cl and
cg respectively. What can be deduced about the values of c s cl and c g?
A. c s > c g > c l
B. c l > c s > c g
C. cl > c g > c s
D. cg > c s > c l

Markscheme
D

6. Equal masses of water at 80°C and paraffin at 20°C are mixed in a container of [1 mark]
negligible thermal capacity. The specific heat capacity of water is twice that of paraffin.
What is the final temperature of the mixture?
A. 30°C
B. 40°C
C. 50°C
D. 60°C

Markscheme
D

© International Baccalaureate Organization 2019

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