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Chapter-1
Data Dictionary
Contents
Introduction: ......................................................................................................................................... 32
Figure2.1: Data Dictionary Central Repository ..................................................................................... 32
1. Database tables (Data Dictionary tables).......................................................................................... 33
Introduction .......................................................................................................................................... 33
Figure2.2: Database Table .................................................................................................................... 33
Transparent tables: ............................................................................................................................... 34
Figure 2.3: Transparent Table ............................................................................................................... 34
Note: In the real time we mostly work with the transparent tables. ......................................... 34
Pooled tables: ....................................................................................................................................... 34
Cluster tables: ....................................................................................................................................... 35
Figure 2.4: Pooled or Cluster Table ....................................................................................................... 35
Different approaches to create the database (or) Data dictionary tables: .......................................... 36
1.Top down approach: .......................................................................................................................... 36
2.Bottom up approach: ......................................................................................................................... 36
Note: In the real time the top down approach is advisable since the bottom up approach take
more time and difficult to remember to create a data element and domains. ............................... 36
Domain .................................................................................................................................................. 36
Introduction: ......................................................................................................................................... 36
FIELD NAME .......................................................................................................................................... 36

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DATA TYPE............................................................................................................................................. 36
DATA LENGTH ....................................................................................................................................... 36
Data Elements: ...................................................................................................................................... 37
Hierarchy of the domains and dataelements reusability: .................................................................... 37
Figure 2.5: Hierarchy of Domains and Data Elements Reusability ....................................................... 37
Mandatory fields: .................................................................................................................................. 37
System provided search help: ............................................................................................................... 38
Creation of the below custom table: .................................................................................................... 38
FIELD...................................................................................................................................................... 38
KEY ........................................................................................................................................................ 38
INITIAL VALUE ....................................................................................................................................... 38
DATA TYPE............................................................................................................................................. 38
DATA LENGTH ....................................................................................................................................... 38
DESCRIPTION......................................................................................................................................... 38
Client dependent and independent tables: .......................................................................................... 38
Note: In the real time we mostly work with the client dependent tables.................................. 38
Key fields: .............................................................................................................................................. 38
Note: If there are more than one field the data will be checked row level................................ 39
Initial value check box: .......................................................................................................................... 39
Steps to create the database (data dictionary) transparent table: ...................................................... 39
Note: If a data element exist in the system, the corresponding details such are data types,
length etc. are displayed. .................................................................................................................. 39
Steps to Create of data element: .......................................................................................................... 39
Steps to Create of domain: ................................................................................................................... 40
Note: If the domain is already available in the system, the corresponding details such as data
type, data length………….. Etc. ........................................................................................................... 40
Note: ................................................................................................................................................. 41
 Press F4 function key to see all the system provided data types in the search help. .............. 41

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 The decimal places should be filled for the decimal data types such are currency,
quantity………..etc.............................................................................................................................. 41
 The field output length is used to restrict the data output length. .......................................... 41
 The check box sign is checked to return sign of the number. .................................................. 41
 The check box lower case is checked to make the character fields as a case sensitive to accept
both upper and lower case letters. Since the system takes the character data as uppercase letters
by default. ......................................................................................................................................... 41
Example: Data type : (NUMC) ...................................................................................................... 41
No of characters : (10) ................................................................................................................... 41
Decimal places : ( ) ......................................................................................................................... 41
Note: If an object is activated directly, the corresponding object will be saved, checked and
activated. .......................................................................................................................................... 41
Activate = Save + Activate ................................................................................................................. 41
Note: ................................................................................................................................................. 41
 Check the check boxes key and initial value to make the fields of the table as key field. ....... 41
 Follow the similar steps to create any number of required data elements and domains. ...... 41
(Refer ‘creation of data elements’ and ‘creation of domains’ ) ....................................................... 41
Steps to create the table entries (in the custom table): ....................................................................... 42
Note: Follow the similar steps to create any number of entries. ..................................................... 42
Steps to execute a table:....................................................................................................................... 42
Note: ................................................................................................................................................. 43
 The transaction codes SE16or SE16N can also be used. ........................................................... 43
 The button number of entries is used to know the total number of recordings in the table. . 43
Some of the useful functions or properties in the tables: .................................................................... 43
Steps to convert field names to field labels and vice versa: ................................................................. 43
Steps to change the input fields for selection: ..................................................................................... 43
Note: ................................................................................................................................................. 43
 Check is to add input fields and uncheck is to hide input fields. .............................................. 43

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 An icon find (ctrl + f) can be used to find the required fields. .................................................. 43
 (Find icon  enter a field name or field label in the find string  press enter) ..................... 43
 An icon select all (F9) is used to select all the fields. ................................................................ 43
 An icon deselect all (shift + F2) is used to deselect all the fields. ............................................. 43
Steps to choose the fields in the list: .................................................................................................... 44
Note: Uncheck the check box to hide the fields. .............................................................................. 44
Steps to change the output list format: ................................................................................................ 44
Note: The default output list format is ‘SE16 standard list’. ............................................................ 44
Steps to download the table data:........................................................................................................ 44
Steps to find a system generated program of the tables: .................................................................... 45
Note: The system generated program name is appeared in the program field under SAP data
block. ................................................................................................................................................. 45
Currency or Quantity fields: .................................................................................................................. 45
 The reference table could be any table which has the currency key and quantity unit fields. 45
 The same table can also be used as a reference table if it has the currency key or quantity
unit fields. ......................................................................................................................................... 45
Field ....................................................................................................................................................... 46
Data type ............................................................................................................................................... 46
Reference table ..................................................................................................................................... 46
Reference field ...................................................................................................................................... 46
Description ............................................................................................................................................ 46
Steps to work with the currency or quantity fields: ............................................................................. 46
Note: The columns reference table and reference fields are enabled for the currency and quantity
fields only. ......................................................................................................................................... 46
Table Maintenance Generator (TMG): ................................................................................................. 46
Note: In the real time the custom tables and the maintenance views are maintained using the
transaction code SM30 only. ............................................................................................................ 47
Steps to create TMG: ............................................................................................................................ 47

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Note: The custom table is maintenance view must be activated before Table Maintenance
Generator is created. ........................................................................................................................ 47
Note: Authorization group is used to control the user access. ........................................................ 47
Note: The function group must be specified. Since, the system generates the screen and the
corresponding source code for the table maintenance under the function group. ......................... 47
Note: ................................................................................................................................................. 48
 In case of one step maintenance the system generates single over view screen to maintain
and display the data. ......................................................................................................................... 48
 In case of two step maintenance the system generates two screens to create a single entry at
a time and display to create a data in another screen. Two step maintenance is the default option.
48
 In the real time the option one step maintenance is preferable. Since, the multiple entries
can be maintained at a time. ............................................................................................................ 48
Steps to maintain the custom table or maintenance view: .................................................................. 49
Note: Select an entry and click on delete (shift + F2) icon to delete the table / view entries. ........ 49
Steps to change a custom table: ........................................................................................................... 49
Note: An icon delete row is used to delete the unwanted fields. .................................................... 49
Deletion of TMG:................................................................................................................................... 49
Select to delete ‘TMG’ and recreated: .................................................................................................. 50
Table Adjustment: ................................................................................................................................. 50
Steps to adjust the table: ...................................................................................................................... 50
Steps to copy a data dictionary object: ................................................................................................ 51
Note: ................................................................................................................................................. 51
 The TMG is not copied while copying the table........................................................................ 51
 The data of an existing table is not copied while copying the table......................................... 51
Steps to delete a data dictionary object: .............................................................................................. 51
Note: It is not possible to delete a DDIC objects if they are already used in another dependent
objects. .............................................................................................................................................. 51
Steps to create the custom transaction code to maintain tables or maintenance views: ................... 51

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Note: If a checkbox step initial screen is check, an initial screen of SM30 can be skipped. ....... 52
Indexes: ................................................................................................................................................. 52
Primary Index: ....................................................................................................................................... 52
Secondary Index:................................................................................................................................... 52
Note: In the real time the secondary indexes are not advisable since the data is filtered at
database level for all the users. ........................................................................................................ 53
Steps to create a secondary index: ....................................................................................................... 53
Note: An icon index is used to delete unwanted index. ................................................................... 53
Primary and foreign key relationship or link: ....................................................................................... 53
Note: The domain name of a check table field should be similar to a domain name of the foreign
key field in the child table to create foreign key relationship, but the field name is different. ....... 54
Figure 2.6: Primary and Foreign Key Relationship ................................................................................ 54
Note: ................................................................................................................................................. 55
 Here domain name of EMP_NO and EMPNO should be similar. .............................................. 55
 It is not possible to join pooled and cluster tables, since they are already set of tables. ........ 55
 A search help is displayed to see the possible entries of a check table field on the foreign key
field when the foreign key table or child table are executed. .......................................................... 55
Steps to create a foreign key relationship: ........................................................................................... 55
Different ways to check table relationships (or) link between the tables: ........................................... 56
1. Transaction code SQVI: ..................................................................................................................... 56
Steps to use SQVI: ................................................................................................................................. 56
Note: ................................................................................................................................................. 56
 Follow the similar steps to insert any number of transparent tables. ..................................... 56
 The button delete table is used to remove the tables from the join. ...................................... 56
2. To check the relationship by maintaining the foreign key table: ..................................................... 56
Note: If the system given an error message as ‘entry xxxx does not exists in the check table’, the
relationship is working fine. .............................................................................................................. 57
Value table: ........................................................................................................................................... 57

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Steps to maintain the value table: ........................................................................................................ 57

Differences between check table and value table:............................................................................... 58
Check Table ........................................................................................................................................... 58
Value Table............................................................................................................................................ 58
Standard Tables: ................................................................................................................................... 58
Material Management (MM) tables: .................................................................................................... 59
Finance and controlling (FI / CO) tables:............................................................................................... 59
Note: ................................................................................................................................................. 60
 In fico some of the tables are cluster tables which start with BSE* ......................................... 60
HR Tables (Human Resource): .............................................................................................................. 60
Customer relationship management (CRM) tables: ............................................................................. 60
Some of the example tables for pooled:............................................................................................... 60
Vendor Tables: ...................................................................................................................................... 61
Customer tables: ................................................................................................................................... 61
Some of the useful special tables: ........................................................................................................ 61
Differences between Transparent, Pooled and Cluster tables: ............................................................ 62
Linear and Binary search: ...................................................................................................................... 63
Note: In case of the required record id not found in the second half, a system will search in the
first half. ............................................................................................................................................ 64
Technical properties of a table: ............................................................................................................ 64
a.)Delivery class: ................................................................................................................................... 64
Note: in case of delivery class ‘A’ the table or maintenance view can be maintained in any system
(Development  Quality  Production) using SM30...................................................................... 64
b.)Data browser / Table view maintenance: ........................................................................................ 64
Note: ................................................................................................................................................. 65
 In the real time n option display or maintenance allow is mostly used. .................................. 65
 In case of the option display or maintenance allowed with restrictions and display or
maintenance not allowed the custom table or maintenance views cannot be maintained. ........... 65

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c.)Data Class: ......................................................................................................................................... 65

Master data:.......................................................................................................................................... 65
Transaction data: .................................................................................................................................. 65
Organization and customizing data: ..................................................................................................... 65
Note: ................................................................................................................................................. 66
 There are two more data classes USR and USR1 which are reserved for user specific
developments. .................................................................................................................................. 66
 In the real time the data class APP0 (master data) or APPL1(transaction data) is mostly used.
66
d.)Size category: .................................................................................................................................... 66
Note: If the user tries to enter a record over that the selected range, the system will increase
the size category in to a next category (0 to 1). ............................................................................... 66
e.)Buffering: .......................................................................................................................................... 66
Single record buffer: ............................................................................................................................. 66
Figure 2.7: Single Record Buffer............................................................................................................ 67
Generic Area Buffer: ............................................................................................................................. 67
Figure 2.8: Generic Area Buffer ............................................................................................................ 68
Fully buffer: ........................................................................................................................................... 68
Figure 2.9: Fully Buffer .......................................................................................................................... 68
f.) Enhancement category: .................................................................................................................... 68
Note: In the real time an option “can be enhanced (DEEP)” is mostly selected. ............................. 68
g.)Table Maintenance Generator (TMG): ............................................................................................. 68
Structures:............................................................................................................................................. 68
Introduction: ......................................................................................................................................... 68
Steps to create a structure: .................................................................................................................. 69
Creation of Data Element: .................................................................................................................... 69
Creation of domain: .............................................................................................................................. 70

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Note: Follow the similar steps (creation of data element and creation of domain) to create any
number of required data elements and domains. ............................................................................ 70
Pre-defined types:................................................................................................................................. 71
Steps to make use of the predefined types while creating the table or structure:.............................. 71
Note: The data element or component column is disabled in case of predefined types................. 71
Note: Follow the similar steps to make use of pre-defined types for any number of fields. ........... 71
Differences between the tables created using data elements and using predefined types: ............... 71
Using data elements ............................................................................................................................. 71
Using predefined types ......................................................................................................................... 71
Include structure and append structure: .............................................................................................. 72
Include structure: .................................................................................................................................. 72
Steps to include a structure: ................................................................................................................. 72
Note: The structure can also be created by double clicking on the specified structure name. ....... 72
Append structure: ................................................................................................................................. 72
Steps to append a structure: ................................................................................................................ 72
Note: Refer creation of structure concept........................................................................................ 73
Note: Fields for include and append structure are in blue color. ..................................................... 73
Steps to append a structure to a standard table: ................................................................................. 73
Differences between INCLUDE and APPEND structures: ...................................................................... 74
4.Search Helps....................................................................................................................................... 75
Introduction: ......................................................................................................................................... 75
Elementary search help: ....................................................................................................................... 75
Collective search help: .......................................................................................................................... 75
Steps to create an Elementary Search Help:......................................................................................... 75
NOTE: ................................................................................................................................................ 76
 The checkboxes IMP and EXP must be check to import all the possible entries from the
specified table or help view and export the selected entry to the screen fields. ............................ 76

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 The position numbers LPOS and SPOS must be filled with the same number to position the
search help window on a screen field. ............................................................................................. 76
 The search help exit is used to control the possible entries of a search help. ......................... 76
Steps to create a collective search help: .............................................................................................. 76
Note: Follow the similar steps to assign the parameters for any number of search helps. ............. 77
Different dialog types in DDIC search helps:......................................................................................... 77
1. Display values immediately: ............................................................................................................. 77
2. Dialog depends on set of values: ...................................................................................................... 77
Note: An icon ‘Multiple Selection’ is used to choose the different single values and range. .......... 77
3. Dialog with value restrictions: .......................................................................................................... 77
4. Hot key: ............................................................................................................................................. 77
Search help assignment to table or structure field: ............................................................................. 78
Steps to assign a search help: ............................................................................................................... 78
5.VIEWS ................................................................................................................................................. 78
Introduction: ......................................................................................................................................... 78
Figure 2.10: Views ................................................................................................................................. 79
1. Database view: .................................................................................................................................. 79
2. Maintenance view:............................................................................................................................ 80
3. Help view:.......................................................................................................................................... 80
4. Projection view: ................................................................................................................................ 80
Steps to create the Database View: ...................................................................................................... 80
Note: The transaction code SQVI can also be used to know the join conditions. ............................ 80
Note: ................................................................................................................................................. 81
 Follow the similar steps for any number of base tables. .......................................................... 81
 The field names should not be duplicate in the tables or structures or views. ........................ 81
Note: ................................................................................................................................................. 81
 Follow the similar steps to create the help view by selecting a radio button help view. ........ 81
 Help views cannot be executed. ............................................................................................... 81

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Steps to create Maintenance View: ...................................................................................................... 81

Note: Follow the similar steps to select the fields for any number of tables by clicking on ‘Table
Fields’button. .................................................................................................................................... 82
Note: Transaction code SM30 is used to maintain the data in the maintenance views as like the
custom table. .................................................................................................................................... 83
Steps to create Projection View:........................................................................................................... 83
6.LOCK OBJECTS .................................................................................................................................... 83
Introduction: ......................................................................................................................................... 83
1. Write lock: ......................................................................................................................................... 84
2. Read lock: .......................................................................................................................................... 84
Note: All other write locks are rejected but read locks are accepted. ............................................. 84
3. Exclusive but not cumulative lock: .................................................................................................... 84
Steps to create lock objects: ................................................................................................................. 84
Note: The system generated two function modules one starts with ENQUEUE* and another one
with DEQUEUE* once the lock object is activated. .......................................................................... 85
ENQUEUE* function module: ............................................................................................................... 85
DEQUEUE* function module:................................................................................................................ 85
Steps to see the system generated function modules: ........................................................................ 85
Note: The system generated function modules are appeared. ........................................................ 85
Example:................................................................................................................................................ 85
Maintain locked objects: ....................................................................................................................... 85
Steps to list out the locked objects and unlock them: .......................................................................... 85

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Data Dictionary (DDIC)

Introduction:

 The data dictionary is the central and structured source of data.

 The central data definitions (metadata) are maintained in the data dictionary.
 The data objects can be referred anywhere in the system.

Figure2.1: Data Dictionary Central Repository

 The transaction code SE11 is used to work with the data dictionary.
 Following are the different types of data dictionary objects
1. Database Tables.
2. Domains.
3. Data types
a. Data element.
b. Structure.
c. Table type.
4. Search helps
a. Elementary search help.
b. Collective search help.

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5. Views
a. Database view.
b. Maintenance view.
c. Help view.
d. Projection view.
6. Lock objects.
7. Type groups.

1. Database tables (Data Dictionary tables)

Introduction

 They are the small data storage components in the data base.
 Tables are the collection of fields which contain the physical data.
 The tables are made up of rows by columns.

Figure2.2: Database Table

 In SAP tables are of three types.

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1. Transparent tables.
2. Pooled tables.
3. Cluster tables.

Transparent tables:

 The transparent tables have one-one relationship with the database tables, that
means, the table names, field names and the number of fields are similar in both
data dictionary and database.

Figure 2.3: Transparent Table

Note: In the real time we mostly work with the transparent tables.

Pooled tables:

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 The pooled tables have many to one relationship with the database tables, that
means one table on the data dictionary is liked with another set of tables called
TABLE POOL in the data base.
 The pool tables follow the binary search while accessing data.
 Key field names are different in DDIC and table Pool

Cluster tables:

 The cluster tables also have many to one relationship with the database tables, that
means one table in the data dictionary is stored with another set of tables called
cluster pool.
 Key field names are same in DDIC and cluster Pool

Figure 2.4: Pooled or Cluster Table

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Different approaches to create the database (or) Data dictionary tables:

 There are two approaches to create the transparent database or datadictionary

tables.
1. Top down approach.
2. Bottom up approach.

1.Top down approach:

 In this approach the required data elements and domains are created while creating
the tables.

Tables Data Elements  Domains

2.Bottom up approach:

 In this approach the required domains and data elements are created first then they
can be used at the time of creation the tables or structures.

Domains  Data Elements  Tables

Note: In the real time the top down approach is advisable since the bottom up approach
take more time and difficult to remember to create a data element and domains.

Domain
Introduction:

 It is also one of the data dictionary objects which can be used to maintain the
technical properties of field such are data types, length of the data……..etc.
 It can also be used to maintain the value tables to provide search help on the field.

FIELD NAME DATA TYPE DATA LENGTH

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EMP_NO NUMC (numeric) 10

EMP_NAME CHAR (character) 30

Data Elements:

 It is one of the data dictionary objects.

 It is used to maintain the field tables of the fields in the tables or structures.

FIELD NAME FIELD LABELS

EMP_NO EMPLOYEE NO

EMP_NAME EMPLOYEE NAME

Hierarchy of the domains and dataelements reusability:

 The domains, data elements and tables or structures can be reused as below

Figure 2.5: Hierarchy of Domains and Data Elements Reusability

Mandatory fields:

 The mandatory fields are the compulsory fields to be filled if the data.

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 The tick marks are appeared on the mandatory fields

Example: Mandatory field Must be filled

Optional field May or may not be filled

System provided search help:

 It is used to display all the system provided possible entities and select any one of
them.
 The function key ‘f4’ or a search help icon is pressed to display the search help
windows.

Creation of the below custom table:

FIELD KEY INITIAL DATA TYPE DATA DESCRIPTION

VALUE LENGTH
MANDT CLNT 3 Client

EMP_NO NUMC 10 Employee No

EMP_NAME CHAR 30 Employee Name

Client dependent and independent tables:

 The tables which have the field name will have MANDT (client no) are called client
dependent tables.
 The table which does not have the field MANDT iscalled client independent table.

Note: In the real time we mostly work with the client dependent tables.

Key fields:

 Key fields are used to maintain the unique data by avoiding the duplicate data.

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 In SAP the key field check boxes are checked to make the fields as primary key fields.

Note: If there are more than one field the data will be checked row level.

Initial value check box:

 It is checked to take the default field values of the key fields for the first time.

Example: integer :0

Character : space…………..etc.

Steps to create the database (data dictionary) transparent table:

 Execute the transaction code SE11.

 Enter the table name (ZB21_EMPLOYEE).
 Click on create button (F5).
 Enter short description (could be any).
 Select an appropriate delivery class (c).
 Select an option ‘Display or Maintenance allowed’ by pressing the drop down under
data browser or table view maintenance.
 Click on fields tab.
 Enter the field name MANDT’.
 Check the check boxes key and initial value.
 Enter the standard data element ‘MANDT’.
 Press the ‘Enter’ button.

Note: If a data element exist in the system, the corresponding details such are data types,
length etc. are displayed.
 Click on save icon.
 Click on local object button (F7).
 Enter the next field name ‘EMP_NO’.

Steps to Create of data element:

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 Enter the data element name ( ).

 Press the ‘Enter’ button.
 Double click on data element name.
 Click on yes button.
 Click on yes button or enter.
 Enter short description (EMPLOYEE NAME).
 Click on the tab ‘Field label’.
 Enter the field labels for short, medium, long and heading.
 Press the ‘Enter’ button.
 Click on save icon.
 Click on the local object button (F7).
 Click on the tab ‘data type’.

Steps to Create of domain:

 Enter the domain name (could be same as data element name).

 Press the ‘Enter’ button.

Note: If the domain is already available in the system, the corresponding details such as
data type, data length………….. Etc.

 Click on yes button in case of no active domain available message.

 Double click on the domain name.
 Click on yes button.
 Click on yes button.
 Enter short description.
 Enter the required number of characters.

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Note:
 Press F4 function key to see all the system provided data types in the search help.
 The decimal places should be filled for the decimal data types such are currency,
quantity………..etc.
 The field output length is used to restrict the data output length.
 The check box sign is checked to return sign of the number.
 The check box lower case is checked to make the character fields as a case sensitive
to accept both upper and lower case letters. Since the system takes the character
data as uppercase letters by default.
Example: Data type : (NUMC)
No of characters : (10)
Decimal places : ( )
…………………………………………

 Click on save icon.

 Click on the button local object button.
 Click on check icon (ctrl + F2).
 Click on activate icon.

Note: If an object is activated directly, the corresponding object will be saved, checked and
activated.
Activate = Save + Activate

 Press the ‘Enter’ button.

 Click on an icon back (F3).
 Click on activate icon.
 Press the ‘Enter’ button.

Note:
 Check the check boxes key and initial value to make the fields of the table as key
field.
 Follow the similar steps to create any number of required data elements and
domains.
(Refer ‘creation of data elements’ and ‘creation of domains’ )

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 Click on technical settings button.

 Enter or select an appropriate data clause (APPLO).
 Enter the required size category ( '0’ )
 Click on save icon.
 Click on back.
 Click on the menu icon ‘extra’.
 Click on enhancement category.
 Click on yes button.
 Click on active icon.
 Click on back icon.

Steps to create the table entries (in the custom table):

 Execute the transaction code SE11.

 Enter required custom table name.
 Click on display button.
 Click on the menu icon utilities.
 Click on the table contents.
 Click on create entries.
 Enter required data.
 Click on save.
 Click on back icon.

Note: Follow the similar steps to create any number of entries.

Steps to execute a table:

 Execute the transaction code SE11.

 Enter the required table name.
 Click on display button.
 Click on the icon contents (ctrl + shift + F10).
 Click on execute icon.

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Note:
 The transaction codes SE16or SE16N can also be used.
 The button number of entries is used to know the total number of recordings in the
table.

Some of the useful functions or properties in the tables:

Steps to convert field names to field labels and vice versa:

 Once the table is executed ( SE11  Table name  Display  Contents )

 Click on the menu item settings.
 Click on user parameters.
 Select a radio button either field name or field label.
 Click on yes button.

Steps to change the input fields for selection:

 Execute transaction code SE16 or SE11.

 Enter the required table name.
 Click on the table contents icon.
 Click on the menu item settings.
 Click on fields for selection.
 Check or uncheck the required fields.

Note:
 Check is to add input fields and uncheck is to hide input fields.
 An icon find (ctrl + f) can be used to find the required fields.
 (Find icon  enter a field name or field label in the find string  press enter)
 An icon select all (F9) is used to select all the fields.
 An icon deselect all (shift + F2) is used to deselect all the fields.

 Click on yes button.

 Click on back icon.

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Steps to choose the fields in the list:

 Once the table is executed.

 Click on the menu icon settings in the output list.
 Click on format list.
 Click on choose field (ctrl + F9).
 Click on an icon find.
 Enter the required field names or field labels to be displayed in the output list.
 Press the ‘Enter’ button.
 Click on the required highlighted field name or field label (yellow background).
 Check the check box that appeared beside a fieldname.
 Click on yes button.

Note: Uncheck the check box to hide the fields.

Steps to change the output list format:

 Once the table is executed.

 Click on menu icon settings.
 Click on user parameters.
 Select the required format (AVL grid display) under output list block.
 Click on yes button.

Note: The default output list format is ‘SE16 standard list’.

Steps to download the table data:

 Once the table is displayed either in ALV list format or ALV grid format.
 Click on an icon local file (ctrl + shift + F9).
 Select the required file format such as ‘spread sheet’ or ‘rich text’ or ‘html
format’……etc.
 Click on yes button.
 Select the required directory by pressing the function key ‘F4’ or search help icon.

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 Enter the file name (download_excell.xls).

 Click on back icon.

Steps to find a system generated program of the tables:

 Once the table is executed.

 Click on the menu item system.
 Click on status.
 Double click on the system generated program name to see system generated
source code.

Note: The system generated program name is appeared in the program field under SAP data
block.

Currency or Quantity fields:

 In SAP the currency and quality fields are required currency key and quantity unit.
Hence, the reference table and the reference field must be specified for currency
and quantity fields.
 The data type for the currency field is ‘CURR’ and the data type for the currency key
is ‘CUKY’.
 The data type for the quantity is ‘QUAN’ and the data type for quantity key is ‘UNIT’.

Note:
 The reference table could be any table which has the currency key and quantity unit
fields.
 The same table can also be used as a reference table if it has the currency key or
quantity unit fields.

 The number of decimal places at domain level must be specified for currency and
quantity fields.

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Example: <ZCUST_TAB>

Field Data type Reference Reference Description

table field
CURR_KEY CUKY Currency key

EMP_SAL CURR <ZCUST_TAB> CURR_KEY Salary key

QUANTITY QUAN VBAP MEINS Quantity

( standard
table )

Steps to work with the currency or quantity fields:

 Once the currency and quantity fields are inserted in the table or structures.
 Click on the tab currency or quantity fields.

Note: The columns reference table and reference fields are enabled for the currency and
quantity fields only.

 Specify the reference tables and reference fields as like the above example.
 Click on activate icon.
 Press the ‘Enter’ button.

Example: 50,784.50 RS/USD……….

Currency value_CURR currency key_CUKY

100.50 pieces/kgs/grams……..

Quantity_QUAN Quantity units_UNIT

Table Maintenance Generator (TMG):

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 It is used to maintain (create/change/delete) the custom tables and maintenance

views.
 It also must be created to check and pass the default values of the table fields while
maintaining.
 The transaction code SM30 is used to maintain the custom tables and maintenance
views.

Note: In the real time the custom tables and the maintenance views are maintained using
the transaction code SM30 only.

Steps to create TMG:

 Once the custom table or maintenance view is in change mode or in display mode.

Note: The custom table is maintenance view must be activated before Table Maintenance
Generator is created.

 Click on utilities menu item.

 Click on table maintenance generator.
 Select an appropriate authorization group (&NC&).

Note: Authorization group is used to control the user access.

 Enter the function group name (could be same as the table name).

Note: The function group must be specified. Since, the system generates the screen and the
corresponding source code for the table maintenance under the function group.
 Select the radio button one step maintenance.

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Note:
 In case of one step maintenance the system generates single over view screen to
maintain and display the data.
Example: In case of one step
EMP_NO EMP_NAME --------------
1 A B

2 C D
| | |
| | |
Over-view screen – 1 (display / change mode)
 In case of two step maintenance the system generates two screens to create a single
entry at a time and display to create a data in another screen. Two step maintenance
is the default option.
Example: In case of two steps

EMP_NO : _______________

EMP_NAME : _______________
|
|
|

SINGLE SCREEN

Display mode only

EMP_NO EMP_NAME --------------

1 A B
| | |
| | |

Overview screen – 1

 In the real time the option one step maintenance is preferable. Since, the multiple
entries can be maintained at a time.

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 Enter overview screen number (could be any number).

 Click on create icon (F6).
 Click on save icon (package: $TMP).
 Press the ‘Enter’ button.
 Click on local object button (F7).
 Click on back icon.

Steps to maintain the custom table or maintenance view:

 Execute the transaction code SM30.

 Enter the required custom table or view name.
 Click on maintain button.
 Click on new entries button.
 Maintain the required data.

Note: Select an entry and click on delete (shift + F2) icon to delete the table / view entries.
 Click on save icon.
 Click on back icon.

Steps to change a custom table:

 Execute the transaction code SE11.

 Enter the required custom table name.
 Click on change icon (F6).
 Select the required field before which the new field to be inserted.
 Click on an icon insert row that appears just above the field column.

Note: An icon delete row is used to delete the unwanted fields.

 Add the required additional fields and make the necessary fields.
 Click on activate button.
 Press the ‘Enter’ button.

Deletion of TMG:

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 If any changes are made in custom table after TMG is created then the TMG must be
deleted and recreated again without getting any run time error.

Select to delete ‘TMG’ and recreated:

 Once the custom table is in change mode.

 Click on the menu item ‘utilities’.
 Click on TMG.
 Click on delete icon(shift + F2).
 Click on yes button.
 Click on back icon.
 Select theradio button ‘one step maintenance.’
 Click on create (F6) icon.
 Click on save icon under a package $TMP (local object).
 Click on back icon.

Table Adjustment:

 If the key fields are changed as non-key fields by unchecking key check boxes, the
system gives an error to convert the table.

Example:Structure change at field level.

 The table must be adjustable to avoid such kind of errors.

 The transaction code SE14 or the menu bar utilities and database utilities in SE11 can
be used to adjust the tables.

Steps to adjust the table:

 Execute the transaction code SE14.

 Enter the required table name in the object name field.
 Click on edit button.
 Click on the button ‘Active and Adjust database’.
 Click on yes button.

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 Activate the table in SE11.

Steps to copy a data dictionary object:

 Execute the transaction code SE11.

 Enter the required data dictionary object name (table name).
 Click on icon copy.
 Change to table name.
 Click on yes button.
 Press the ‘Enter’ button.
 Click on local object button.

Note:
 The TMG is not copied while copying the table.
 The data of an existing table is not copied while copying the table.

 Click on change icon.

 Make the necessary changes in the copied table.
 Activate the table and create TMG.
 Click on back icon.

Steps to delete a data dictionary object:

 Execute the transaction code SE11.

 Enter the required DDIC object name.
 Click on delete icon.

Note: It is not possible to delete a DDIC objects if they are already used in another
dependent objects.
 Click on yes button.

Steps to create the custom transaction code to maintain tables or maintenance views:

 Execute the transaction code SE93.

 Enter the custom transaction code name to be created.

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 Click on create button.

 Enter short text (custom transaction code).
 Select the last radio button (parameter transaction).
 Click on yes button.
 Enter the transaction code SM30 in transaction field.

Note: If a checkbox step initial screen is check, an initial screen of SM30 can be skipped.
 Scroll down and check all GUI supported checkboxes.
 Maintain the default values as below.
Name of screen field Value
VIEW NAME <ZCUST_TABLE>

UPDATE X
 Click on save icon.
 Click on local object button.
 Execute the above created transaction code to maintain the table.

Indexes:

 Indexes are used to avoid the duplicate data in the table.

 They can also be used for better performance while extracting the data from the
tables.
 Indexes are of two types:
1. Primary index.
2. Secondary index.

Primary Index:

 The primary indexes are generated automatically by the system using all the key
fields of a table.

Secondary Index:

 The secondary indexes are maintained by the technical consultants.

 The secondary indexes are created using key and non-key fields of a table.
 The secondary indexes are also called custom indexes.

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 Up to 9 secondary indexes can be created in a table

Note: Secondary indexes cannot be defined on pooled and cluster tables.

Note: In the real time the secondary indexes are not advisable since the data is filtered at
database level for all the users.
 The indexes are represented as below.

Example: <dbtab / dbtab> ~ < PIN /ZSD>

<PIN> Primary index

<ZSD> Secondary index

Steps to create a secondary index:

 Once the table is in display or change mode.

 Click on the button ‘indexes’.
 Click on create icon.
 Click on create index.
 Enter the index name up to 3 characters only(ZSD).
 Click on yes button.
 Enter short description.
 Click on ‘Table Fields’ button.
 Check the required fields.
 Click on yes button.
 Click on activate icon.
 Click on back icon.

Note: An icon index is used to delete unwanted index.

 Cancel the index window.
 Click on back.

Primary and foreign key relationship or link:

 In each RDBMS (Relational database management system) all the tables are linked
together through primary and foreign key relationship.

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 It is used to execute the correct data from the multiple tables by joining them.
 In SAP the master tables (primary tables) are called check tables, the child tables are
called foreign key tables.

Note: The domain name of a check table field should be similar to a domain name of the
foreign key field in the child table to create foreign key relationship, but the field name is
different.

Figure 2.6: Primary and Foreign Key Relationship

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Note:
 Here domain name of EMP_NO and EMPNO should be similar.
 It is not possible to join pooled and cluster tables, since they are already set of
tables.
 A search help is displayed to see the possible entries of a check table field on the
foreign key field when the foreign key table or child table are executed.

Steps to create a foreign key relationship:

 Once the foreign key table or child table is in change mode.

 Place the cursor on the field through which the foreign key relationship to be
created.
 Click on foreign key icon that appears beside search help button.
 Enter the required check table name.
 Maintain the foreign key fields and select the radio button key field or candidates as
below.

Example:Foreign key fields

Checkbox Check table Foreign key table Foreign key field

<ZCUST_TABLE> EMP_NO

|
|
|
Key fields / candidates

 Click on yes button.

 Press the ‘Enter’ button.

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 Click on yes button.

 Activate the foreign key table.
 Click on back.

Different ways to check table relationships (or) link between the tables:

There are two ways to check the relationship between the tables:

1. Using the transaction code SQVI.

2. By maintaining the foreign key (child) custom tables.

1. Transaction code SQVI:

 It is used to know the relationship or joining conditions between the tables.

Steps to use SQVI:

 Execute the transaction code SQVI.

 Enter quick view name ‘YJOIN’.
 Click on create button.
 Enter title.
 Select table join under data source block.
 Click on yes button.
 Click on insert table button.
 Enter the required table name (<ZCUST_TABLE1>) or standard table name.
 Click on insert table button.
 Enter the required table name (<ZCUST_TABLE2>) or standard table name.
 Press the ‘Enter’ button.

Note:
 Follow the similar steps to insert any number of transparent tables.
 The button delete table is used to remove the tables from the join.

2. To check the relationship by maintaining the foreign key table:

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 Execute the transaction code SM30.

 Enter the foreign key table name (child table name).
 Click on maintain button.
 Click on new entries button.
 Enter any values in the foreign key field which does not exist in the check table.
 Click on save icon.

Note: If the system given an error message as ‘entry xxxx does not exists in the check table’,
the relationship is working fine.

Value table:

 The value is maintained at domain level to provide the possible maintained entries
as a search help.
 It does not force the user to select any one of to maintain entries in the value table
at the time of maintaining the custom table.

Steps to maintain the value table:

 Once the domain is in change mode.

 Click on the tab value range.
 Maintain the required single values or intervals or specify any value table.

Example: Single values:

FIXED VALUE Short Text

A

Intervals:
Lower Limit Upper Limit Short Text
A S

T X

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(or) Value table (ZCUST_TABLE2)

 Click on save icon.

 Click on back icon.
 Activate the data element.
 Click on back.

Differences between check table and value table:

Check Table Value Table

1. It is maintained at table level. 1. It is maintained at domain level.
2. If forces the user to select any one of 2. It does not force the user since it has
check table field entries. empty value by default.
3. The search help is displayed from the 3. The search help is displayed on each
check table on the foreign key field of field which is linked with the same
a foreign key table (child table). domain of the valued table.
4. Can be used to extract the data. 4. It is not possible to extract the data
since not physical table.

Standard Tables:

 They are the system provided tables.

 The standard tables can only be updated through the standard transaction codes
(applications or programs).
 The standard tables of function areas can be recognized as below.
Sales and distribution tables
Most of the SD tables start with VB* and LI*
Example:
VBAK -- Sales document Header data.
VBAP -- Sales document Item data.
VBAK – Billing Document.
VBRP – Billing Document item data.
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LIKP – Delivery Document Header data.
LIPS – Delivery Document Item data.

Material Management (MM) tables:

 Most or the mm tables start with MA* and EK*

Example:

MARA – Material Master Data.

MARC – Material Plant Data.

EKKO – Purchase Order Header data.

EKPO – Purchase Order Item data.

Finance and controlling (FI / CO) tables:

 Most of the FICO tables start with BS*, PR* and CS*

Example: BSAD – Customer accounts for cleared items.

BSAK – Vendor account for cleared items.
BSID – Customer accounts
BSIK – Vendor accounting
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PRPS – WBS element master data.

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(WBS – Work Breakdown Structure)

CSKS – cost center master data.

Note:
 In fico some of the tables are cluster tables which start with BSE*
Example: BSEG – Accounting Document Segment.
BSEC – Accounting Data Document Segment.
BSET – Tax Data Document.
…….

HR Tables (Human Resource):

 Most of the HR tables start with PA* and HRM*

Example: PA000-HR Master Record for an info type ‘0001’.

PA001-HR Master Data: Registry for serialization in ALE in bound.

Customer relationship management (CRM) tables:

 Most of the tables start with BUT*

Example: BUT000 – Business Partner : General data 1

BUT001 – Business Partner : General data 2

Some of the example tables for pooled:

 Some of the pooled tables start with M-MTV*

Example: M_MTVMA – Generated pooled table for match code.

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Vendor Tables:

 Most of the vendor tables start with LF*

Example: LFA1 – Vendor master table.

LFB1 – Vendor master table(company code).

Customer tables:

 Most of the customer tables start with KN*

Example: KNA1 – General Data in customer master.

KNB1 – Customer master ( company code ).

Some of the useful special tables:

a) Data Dictionary related tables:

o Most of the data dictionary tables start with DD*

Example: DD02L – SAP Tables.

DD02T – SAP Table texts (to find the table names using short
description).
DD01L – Domain.
DD01T – Domain texts.
DD04L – Data elements.
DD04T – Data elements text
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b) Transaction codes table:

o The standard table ‘TSTC “contains all the transaction codes in the system.

c) Repository objects table:

o The standard tables TADIR (directory of repository objects) and TRDIR
(system ABAO programs) contains all the workbench objects.

Differences between Transparent, Pooled and Cluster tables:

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Transparent Tables Pooled Tables Cluster Tables

1. It has one-one 1. It has many to one 1. It has many to one
relationship with the relationship with the relationship with the
data base tables. data base table. data base table.

2. Secondary indexes 2. Secondary indexes 2. Secondary indexes

can be created. cannot be created. cannot be created.

3. Can be joined with 3. Cannot be used with 3. Cannot be used with

other transparent joins. joins.
tables.

4. The table name, field 4. Table names and field 4. Table names and field
name, of fields is names are different names are different
similar in both DDIC in database. in database.
and database.

5. Both open and native 5. Open SQL statements 5. Open SQL statements
SQL can be used. can only be used. can onlybe used.

6. There is a similar 6. It is stored with 6. It is stored with

table in DB. another set of table another set of table
called Table pool. called Cluster pool.
7. Data can be accessed 7. It follows binary 7. It follows linear
in both linear and search. search.
binary search.
8. Foreign keys can be 8. Foreign Keys cannot 8. Foreign Keys can be
created be created since key created since key
field names are field names are same
different in DDIC and in DDIC and Cluster
Table Pool Pool

Linear and Binary search:

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 In case of linear search the search criteria is started for the first record and stopped
once the required record is found.
Example: 1, 2, 3,……75,……100.
 
Linear search
 In case of binary search total number of records are split in to two equal parts (n/2)
then the search criteria is started in the second half.

Note: In case of the required record id not found in the second half, a system will search in
the first half.
Example: 1, 2, 3……, 50,………., 100
 (n/2) 
Binary search

Technical properties of a table:

 Following are the different technical properties of a table.

a) Delivery class.
b) Data browser or Table view maintenance.
c) Data class.
d) Size category.
e) Buffering.
f) Enhancement category.
g) Table Maintenance Generator.

a.)Delivery class:

 It is used to specify type of the table.

 It can also control the transport of the tabledata.
 It is also used in the extended table maintenance.

Note: in case of delivery class ‘A’ the table or maintenance view can be maintained in any
system (Development  Quality  Production) using SM30.

b.)Data browser / Table view maintenance:

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 It is used to specify an option to maintain or not maintain the table or views.

Note:
 In the real time n option display or maintenance allow is mostly used.
 In case of the option display or maintenance allowed with restrictions and display or
maintenance not allowed the custom table or maintenance views cannot be
maintained.

c.)Data Class:

 It is used to specify type of data which can be maintained in the tables.

 There are mainly three types of data.
o Master data.
o Transaction data.
o Organization and customer data.

Master data:

 It is the data which can be accessed frequently and rarely changed.

 The data class for the master table is APPLO.
Example: Date of Birth, permanent address etc………

Transaction data:

 It is the data which can be frequently accessed and updated.

 The data class for transaction data is APPL1.
Example: Salary, current address etc…………

Organization and customizing data:

 This data is maintained while installing the system.

 It can be changed rarely
Example: Company codes, serial numbers etc…..

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Note:
 There are two more data classes USR and USR1 which are reserved for user specific
developments.
 In the real time the data class APP0 (master data) or APPL1(transaction data) is
mostly used.

d.)Size category:

 This property is used to reserve the initial space required for the table data in the
database.
 The size categories from 0 to 7 are available from the version ecc6.
 In the real time the size category ‘0’ is mostly used (0 to 7100).

Note: If the user tries to enter a record over that the selected range, the system will
increase the size category in to a next category (0 to 1).

e.)Buffering:

 It is used to reduce the traffic in the database in case of the table is accessed by
multiple users for number of times.
 There are three buffering modes
o Buffering not allowed – The table cannot be buffered.
o Buffering allowed but switched off – Buffering allowed but not activated.
o Buffering switched on – The table can be buffered. In case of this option any
one of the buffering types should be selected.
 Buffering types are of three types:
o Single record buffering.
o Generic area buffering.
o Fully buffered.

Single record buffer:

 In case of this buffering type a record by record is buffered from the database tables.

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Figure 2.7: Single Record Buffer

Generic Area Buffer:

 It is used to buffer the table data based on the specified key fields.
 In case of this buffering type the number of key fields must be specified.
Example: Numberof key fields: 2

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Figure 2.8: Generic Area Buffer

Fully buffer:

 The entire table is buffered.

Figure 2.9: Fully Buffer

f.) Enhancement category:

 This property is used to control the table or structure enhancement.

Note: In the real time an option “can be enhanced (DEEP)” is mostly selected.

g.)Table Maintenance Generator (TMG):

 This property is used to maintain the multiple entries and validate the table data.

Structures:
Introduction:

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 It is almost similar to a table but only the difference is the structures donot have any
physical data. Whereas, tables have physical data.
 The structure is filled with a single record at runtime only.
 The structure can be referred across the system.

Steps to create a structure:

 Execute the transaction code SE11.

 Select a radio button data type.
 Enter the structure name(<zcust_dd_structure>).
 Click on the create button.
 Select a radio button structure.
 Click on yes button.
 Enter short description
 Enter the required field name.

Example:EMP_CITY

 Enter the data element name in the component typecolumn.

 Press the ‘Enter’ button.

Creation of Data Element:

 Double click on data element name.

 Click on yes button.
 Click on yes button.
 Click on local object button.
 Click on yes button.
 Enter short description.
 Click on the tab ‘Field label’.
 Enter the field labels for short, medium, long and heading.
 Press the ‘Enter’ button.
 Click on save icon.
 Click on the local object button (F7).

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 Click on the tab ‘data type’.

Creation of domain:

 Enter the domain name (could be same as data element name).

 Press the ‘Enter’ button.
 Click on yes button in case of no active domain available message.
 Double click on the domain name.
 Click on yes button.
 Click on yes button.
 Enter short description.
 Select an appropriate data type.
 Enter the required number of characters.
 Click on save icon.
 Click on the button local object button.
 Click on checkbox lowercase to accept both lowercase and uppercase letters.
 Click on activate icon.
 Press the ‘Enter’ button.
 Click on an icon back (F3).
 Click on activate icon to activate data element.
 Press the ‘Enter’ button.
 Click on back icon.

Note: Follow the similar steps (creation of data element and creation of domain) to create
any number of required data elements and domains.
 Click on the menu icon ‘extra’.
 Click on enhancement category.
 Click on yes button.
 Click on enhancement category (can be enhanced deep).
 Click on yes button.

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 Click on active icon to activate structure.

 Click on back icon.

Pre-defined types:

 They are used to created table or structure without using data element or domains.

Steps to make use of the predefined types while creating the table or structure:

 Once the table or structure is in change mode.

 Click on predefined button.

Note: The data element or component column is disabled in case of predefined types.

 Enter the required field name.

 Select an appropriate data type.
 Enter the required length and short description.
 Activate the table or structure.

Note: Follow the similar steps to make use of pre-defined types for any number of fields.

Example:
Component Component type Data Length Short description
type
EMP_CITY <ZCUST_EMP_CITY> CHAR 30 Employee city

EMP_COUNTRY CHAR 25 Employee country

Differences between the tables created using data elements and using predefined types:

Using data elements Using predefined types

1. Data elements can be reused. 1. Reusability is not possible.

2. Foreign key relationship can be 2. Foreign key relationship is not be

created since it contains domains. created.

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3. Field labels are displayed while 3. ‘+’ symbols are appeared while
maintaining the table. maintaining the table instead of field
labels.

Include structure and append structure:

 The table or structure can be enhanced to add additional fields using include
structure or append structure.

Include structure:

 Include structure can be used for the multiple tables or structures.

 The table or structure must be in change mode to include a structure.
 Click on yes button.

Steps to include a structure:

 Once the table or structure is in change mode.

 Select a field before which a structure to be inserted or included.
 Click on insert row icon.
 Enter “.include” under field or component column.
 Enter the required structure name under Data Element or component column.
 Press the ‘Enter’ button.
 Activate the table or structure.

Note: The structure can also be created by double clicking on the specified structure name.

Append structure:

 The append structures are specific to a table or structure. Hence, they cannot be
used for the multiple tables or structures.
 An append structures can be inserted in displaymode also.

Steps to append a structure:

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 Once the table or structure is in display or change mode.

 Click on append structure button.
 Enter append structure name.
 Click on yes button.
 Create the structure with the required fields.

Note: Refer creation of structure concept.

 Activatethe structure.
 Click on no button in case of warnings.
 Click on back icon.

Note: Fields for include and append structure are in blue color.

Example:The custom table looks as below on the structure is appended or included.

Fields Data structure Data type Short description

|
|
.include <zcust_bdtab> STRU Structure include
|
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EMPNAME
.APPEND STRU Append include

Steps to append a structure to a standard table:

 Once the standard table is in display mode.

 Click on append structure button.
 Click on create append icon.
 Enter append structure name.
 Click on yes button.

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 Create the structure with the required fields.

 Activate the structure.
 Click on back icon.
 Cancel the append structure window.

Differences between INCLUDE and APPEND structures:

INCLUDE APPEND

1. It can be used for the multiple tables. 1. It is specific to particular table or

structure.
2. Can be inserted at any position. 2. It is inserted at the end of table (or)
Structure (after the last field)
3. The table must be in change mode to 3. It can be inserted in display mode
include the structure. also
4. It is not possible for standard tables
or structures without using access 4. It is possible to insert structure for
key. standard tables (or) structure.
5. Possible to add the additional fields 5. It is not possible to add the additional
after INCLUDE structure manually. fields manually after append
structure

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4.Search Helps
Introduction:

 These are used to display all the possible entries in the search help window.
 The function key (F4) or search help icon () is pressed to display the search help
window.
 The DDIC search helps are of two types.
o Elementary search help.
o Collective search help.

Elementary search help:

 An elementary search help is defined using one base table or help view

Collective search help:

 It is a collection of elementary search helps.

Steps to create an Elementary Search Help:

 Execute the transaction code SE11.

 Select the radio button search help.
 Enter an elementary search help name to be created.
 Click on create button.
 Click on yes button.
 Enter short description.
 Enter the required table or help view name in the selection method field.
 Enter a search help parameter names, check the check boxes imp, exp…
 Enter L position and S position.
 Press the ‘Enter’ button.

Example:
Search help IMP EXP LPOS SPOS
parameter

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NAME1 * * 2 2

NOTE:
 The checkboxes IMP and EXP must be check to import all the possible entries from
the specified table or help view and export the selected entry to the screen fields.
 The position numbers LPOS and SPOS must be filled with the same number to
position the search help window on a screen field.
 The search help exit is used to control the possible entries of a search help.

 Click on activate icon.

 Click on local object icon.
 Click on yes button.
 Click on test icon.
 Press F4 function key or search help icon to see the possible entries.
 Cancel search help window.
 Click on back.

Steps to create a collective search help:

 Execute the transaction code SE11.

 Select the radio button search help.
 Enter the collective search help name.
 Click on create button.
 Select a radio button collective search help.
 Click on yes button.
 Enter short description.
 Enter the search help parameter names, check the check boxes imp, exp and enter
the data element names as below.

Search help parameter Imp Exp Data element

NAME1 * * NAME1_GP

KUNNR * * KUNNR

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 Click on the tab included search helps.

 Enter the required elementary search helps.
 Place the cursor on the 1st search help name.
 Click on the button parameters assignment.
 Click on yes button.
 Click on copy button.

Note: Follow the similar steps to assign the parameters for any number of search helps.
 Click on activate icon.
 Click on local object button.
 Click on yes button.
 Click on test icon.
 Press F4 function key.
 Click on an appropriate tabs to see the possible entries.
 Cancel the search help window.
 Click on back.

Different dialog types in DDIC search helps:

1. Display values immediately:

 It is the default option to display all the possible entries immediately.

2. Dialog depends on set of values:

 In case of this option the system gives restrictions window to filter thepossible
entries in the search help.

Note: An icon ‘Multiple Selection’ is used to choose the different single values and range.

3. Dialog with value restrictions:

 It is almost similar to 2nd option (dialog depends on set of values).

4. Hot key:

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 The hot key property is used to display the elementary search help entries. By
default in case of collective search help.

Search help assignment to table or structure field:

 The domain name of the table or structure field should be similar to the domain
name of search help parameter to assign a search help.

Steps to assign a search help:

 Once the table or structure is in chance mode.

 Place the cursor on the required field.
 Click on search help button.
 Enter the required search help name to be assigned.
 Click on yes button.
 Click on copy button.
 Activate the table or structure.
 Click on contents icon in case of table.
 Press F4 function key on the required field.

5.VIEWS
Introduction:

 Views are virtual tables which can be filled at runtime only.

 They are defined using one or multiple tables.

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Figure 2.10: Views

 Views are of 4 types:

1. Data base view.
2. Maintenance view.
3. Help view.
4. Projection view.

1. Database view:

 The database views are defined by joining multiple tables.

 It creates an inner join automatically.
 It can be used to extract the data in the program.

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2. Maintenance view:

 The maintenance view is defined to maintain multiple table’s data using the
transaction code SM30.

3. Help view:

 It is used as a selection method in an elementary search help to provide the possible

entries from the multiple tables.

4. Projection view:

 It is used to suppress the unwanted fields of a table.

 It can be defined using one table only.

Steps to create the Database View:

 Execute the transaction code SE11.

 Select the radio button view.
 Enter database view name.
 Click n create button.
 Click on yes button.
 Enter short description.
 Enter the required table name under ‘Tables session’.
 Place the cursor on table name.
 Click on relationship button.
 Check the required relationships.
 Click on yes button.

Note: The transaction code SQVI can also be used to know the join conditions.

Example:

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Tables Table Field name = Table Field name

EKKO ELKP MANDT = EKKO MANDT

ELKP ELKP EXNUM = EKKO EXNUM

 Click on view fields tab.

 Click on ‘Table Fields’ button.
 Double click on the required base table.
 Check the required fields to be inserted.
 Click on yes button.

Note:
 Follow the similar steps for any number of base tables.
 The field names should not be duplicate in the tables or structures or views.

 Click on activate icon.

 Click on local object button.
 Press the ‘Enter’ button.
 Click on contents icon.
 Click on execute icon.
 Click on back.

Note:
 Follow the similar steps to create the help view by selecting a radio button help
view.
 Help views cannot be executed.

Steps to create Maintenance View:

 Execute the transaction code SE11.

 Select the radio button view.
 Enter the maintenance view name.

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 Click on create button.

 Click the radio button maintenance view.
 Click on yes button.
 Enter short description.
 Enter the required table name under table session.
 Place the cursor on the table name.
 Click on relationship button.
 Check the required relationship.
 Click on yes button.
 Click on view fields tab.
 Click on ‘Table Fields’ button.
 Double click on the required base tables.
 Check the required fields along with the key fields
 Click on yes button.

Note: Follow the similar steps to select the fields for any number of tables by clicking on
‘Table Fields’button.
 Click on maintenance status tab.
 Change the delivery class if required.
 Click on activate icon.
 Click on local object button.
 Click on yes button.
 Click on utilities menu icon.
 Click on TMG.
 Enter authorization group (&NC&).
 Enter functional group name (could be same as table name).
 Select one step maintenance type.
 Enter overview screen number (could be any number).
 Click on create icon.
 Click on local object button.
 Press the ‘Enter’ button.
 Click on back icon.

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Note: Transaction code SM30 is used to maintain the data in the maintenance views as like
the custom table.

Steps to create Projection View:

 Execute the transaction code SE11.

 Select the radio button view.
 Enter projection view name.
 Click on create button.
 Select the radio button projection view.
 Click on yes button.
 Enter short description.
 Enter the required base table name.
 Click on ‘Table Fields’ button.
 Check the required fields to be displayed.
 Click on yes button.
 Click on activate icon.
 Click on local object button.
 Press the ‘Enter’ button.
 Click on no button in case of warning.
 Click on contents icon.
 Click on execute icon.

6.LOCK OBJECTS
Introduction:

 They are used to control the parallel access for the same data by the multiple users.
i.e., the synchronous access to the same data is provided using lock objects.
 The lock object name should start with ‘E’ followed by the table name.
Example:
E<ZCUST_DBNAME> EVBAP
Custom table standard table

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 Following are different types of lock modes:-

1. Write lock.
2. Read lock.
3. Exclusive not cumulative.

1. Write lock:

 It is also called an exclusive lock. In case of this lock mode the locked data can be
accessed or processed by single user only. All other lock requests are rejected.

2. Read lock:

 It is also called a shared lock.

 The multiple users can display the same data. If ne user tries to edit the data, all
other users cannot access this data.

Note: All other write locks are rejected but read locks are accepted.

3. Exclusive but not cumulative lock:

 It can be requested only once by the given transaction codes. All other lock requests
are rejected.

Steps to create lock objects:

 Execute the transaction code SE11.

 Select radio button lock object.
 Enter the lock object.
 Click on create button.
 Enter short description.
 Click on tables tab.
 Enter the required table name in the name field.
 Select an appropriate lock mode.
 Click on activate icon.
 Click on local object button.

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 Press the ‘Enter’ button.

Note: The system generated two function modules one starts with ENQUEUE* and
another one with DEQUEUE* once the lock object is activated.

ENQUEUE* function module:

 It is used to request for lock.

DEQUEUE* function module:

 To release the lock.

Steps to see the system generated function modules:

 Execute the transaction code SE11.

 Select the radio button lock object.
 Enter the lock object name.
 Click on display button.
 Click on ‘Goto’ menu icon.
 Click on lock modules.

Note: The system generated function modules are appeared.

Example:
ENQUEUE – EZCUST_DBTAB  Request lock
DEQUEUE – EZCUST_DBTAB  Release lock.

Maintain locked objects:

 The transaction code SM12 is used to list out the locked objects and to delete locked
objects.

Steps to list out the locked objects and unlock them:

 Execute the transaction code SM12.

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 Click on list button to see the locked objects.

 Select the required locked object to be unlocked.
 Click on delete icon.
 Click on yes button.

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