fuu mdvu yeoEÍfuka Tng"

Ø mß.Klfha m%Odk ld¾hdj,sh

Ø mß.Klfhys m%Odk fldgia
Ø mß.Kl ks¾ñ;h iy flfjks
Ø o;a; ikaksfõokh
Ø mß.Kl cd,
Ø wka;¾cd,h
ms<sn| j ukd wjfndaOhla ,nd .ekSug yels jkq we;'

2'1 mß.Klh y÷kd .ksuq

miq.sh mdvfï § mß.Kl úúO lafIa;%j, Ndú; lrk wdldrh ms<sn| j Tn

±kqj;a lrkq ,eì‚' fuu mßÉfþofha § mß.Kl hka;%h iy ta yd iïnkaO oDVdx.
ms<sn| j fidhd n,kq ,efí'

mß.Klhla hkq l=ula o@

o;a; iy Wmfoia wdÞk l< yels jQ o ;ekam;a l< yels jQ o l,ska ;ekam;a
lr ;snQ o;a; kej; Ndú;hg .; yels jQ o ilia l< yels jQ o ilia lrk ,o o;a;
fyda f;dr;=re ;sr u; m;s; l< yels fyda uqøKh l< yels jQ o bf,lafg%dksl
WmlrKhla f,i mß.Klh y÷kajd Èh yels h'

mß.Klhla hkq" o;a;" f;dr;=re njg m;a lrk bf,lafg%dksl WmlrKhla

nj Tng fuu ye¢kaùu wkqj f;areï .; yels h'

23
 mß.Klh l%uf,aL (Computer Program)
mß.Klhla l%shd;aul lsÍu i|yd oDvdx. muKla m%udKj;a fkdjk w;r tA
i|yd mß.Kl l%uf,aL ia:dmkh l< hq;= fõ' mß.Kl l%uf,aLhla hkq tys jQ
iqúfYaI ld¾hhla bIaG lr .ekSu i|yd iïmdÈ; Wmfoia iuqÞhls'

mß.Klfha iqúfYaIS;d
o;a; f;dr;=re njg mßj¾;kh lsÍu i|yd ñksid úiska úúOdldrfha hka;%
iQ;% ks¾udKh lrk ,È' tA w;ßka mß.Klhg ysñjkafka iqúfYaIS ia:dkhls' tu
iqúfYaI;ajh ysñ ùug fya;= rdYshla n,md we;s w;r bka m%Odk fya;= lsysmhla
my;ska olajd we;'

fõ.h ^Speed&
mß.Klh hkq b;d u fõ.fhka l%shd lrk hka;%hls' úYd, ld,hla .; jk
ld¾h fyda .Kkh lsÍï" mß.Klh wdY%fhka b;d flá ld,hl § wjika lr .;
yels h'

ksrjoH;dj ^Accuracy&
mß.Klh b;d by< ksjerÈ;djlska hq;= j l%shd;aul jk WmlrKhls'
mß.Kl l%shdldß;ajfha hï jer§ula isÿjqjfyd;a th isÿjkafka tA i|yd ,nd § we;s
Wmfoiaj, iy imhk ,o o;a;j, fodaI fya;=fjks' mß.Klhg wjYH lrk
jevigyka ilia lsÍfï § fok ,o Wmfoia ud,dfõ ksjerÈ nj ms<sn| j.lSu
Wmfoia ilia lrkakkaf.a uQ,sl j.lSuls'

ld¾hlaIu;dj ^Efficiency&
mß.Klh hka;%hla neúka WÑ; mßirhl msysgqjd we;s mß.Klhla lsisÿ
úfõlhlska f;dr j fkdlvjd tl u fõ.fhka ke;fyd;a tl u ld¾hlaIu;dfjka
hq;= j wjYH ;rï ld,hla l%shd;aul j ;eìh yels h' ^ñksidg ±fkk tAldldÍ nj"
fjfyi" wjOdkh .s,syS hdu jeks .eg¨ mß.Klhg we;s fkdùu fuhg m%Odk; u
fya;=jhs&

nyqld¾h nj ^Versatility&
fndfyda ld¾hj, fh§ug we;s yelshdj mß.Klh i;= jQ úfYAI ,laIKhls'
tkï tla wdldrhl ld¾hhla wjika jQ ú.i Bg yd;amiska u fjkia jQ ld¾hhl
uq, § ;snQ ld¾hlaIu;dfjka u fh§ug mß.Klhg yels h'

;ekam;a lSÍfï iy kej; ,nd.ekSfï yelshdj ^Storing and Retrieving&

mß.Kl Ndú;fha § o;a; iy f;dr;=re wjYH ;rï ld,hla tys ;ekam;a
lr ;nd wjYH lrk wjia:dfõ § laI‚l j kej; ,nd .ekSug yels ùu mß.Klh
i;= úfYaI;ajhls'
24
nqoaêu;a fkdùu ^No IQ&
fï jk f;la nqoaêu;a mß.Kl ks¾udKh lr fkdue;s w;r ish¨ mß.Kl
ñksid úiska ,nd fokq ,nk úOdkhka l%shd;aul lsÍu isÿ lrhs' ñksid ;u nqoaêh
fufyhjd lrk ;SrK .ekSfï yelshdjka ;ju;a mß.Kl i;= j ke;'

yeÕSï ±kSï fkdue;s nj ^No Feelings&

mß.Klh hkq wm Ndú; lrk ;j;a tla hka;%hla mu‚' ñksiqkag fuka
;kslu" md¿j" ldkaish" fjfyi jeks yeÕSï" ±kSï mß.Klhg we;s fkd fõ' tu
ksid wmg ßis mßÈ wmf.a jev lghq;= i|yd mß.Kl Ndú; l< yels h'

2'2 mß.Klfha m%Odk fldgia yd Bg wÞ< ld¾hhka

mß.Klfha m%Odk ld¾hhka ^Basic Functions of a Computer&

mß.Klhla u.ska bgq lrkq ,nk m%Odk ld¾hhka myla y÷kd .; yels h'
tAjd kï"

1' wdÞkh fyj;a o;a; yd Wmfoia we;=¿ lsÍu (Input)

2' ieliSu (Process)
3' m%;sÞkh fyj;a o;a; fyda f;dr;=re msg;g ,nd §u (Output)
4' wdphkh fyj;a o;a; fyda f;dr;=re ;ekam;a lsÍu (Store)
5' Wmdx. yd l%shdj,s md,kh (Control)

wdÞkh fyj;a o;a; yd Wmfoia we;=¿ lsÍu

mß.Klhg wjYH lrk o;a; iy Wmfoia tA fj; ,nd §u ^we;=¿ lsÍu&
wdÞkh f,i ye¢kafõ'

ieliSu
we;=¿ lrk ,o o;a; wjYH wdldrfhka ilia lsÍu tkï f;dr;=re njg m;a
lsÍu i|yd .kq ,nk l%shd ud¾. fuu.ska úia;r flf¾'

m%;sÞkh fyj;a o;a; iy f;dr;=re msg;g ,nd §u

ilia lrk ,o o;a; yd f;dr;=re msg;g ,nd §u m%;sÞkh hgf;a isÿ flf¾'

25
wdphkh fyj;a o;a; iy f;dr;=re ;ekam;a lsÍu
o;a; iy f;dr;=re kej; .; yels whqßka ;ekam;a lsÍu wdphkh hg;g
.efka'

md,kh
mß.Kl moaO;shl jQ ld¾hh iy tys Wmdx. ksis f,i md,kh lsÍu isÿ l<
hq;= h' md,kh hgf;a mß.Kl moaO;shl isÿ lrkq ,nk md,k lghq;= woyia
flf¾'

2'3 mß.Kl ks¾ñ;h ^Computer Architecture&

mß.Klfha uQ,sl ks¾ñ;h rEmh 2'0 mßÈ fõ'

rEmh 2'0 - mß.Klhl uQ,sl ks¾ñ;h

26
 mß.Klhl m%Odk fldgia ^Main components of a computer&

mß.Klh m%Odk fldgia 4la tl;= ùfuka ilia ù we;' tAjd kï"

1' wdodk Wmdx. - ^Input Devices&

2' m%;sodk Wmdx. - ^Output Devices&
3' uOH ieliqï tAllh - ^Central Processing Unit&
4' wdphk Wmdx. - ^Storage Devices&

wdÞk Wmdx.

mß.Klhg wjYH lrk o;a; iy Wmfoia we;=¿ lsÍu i|yd Ndú; lrkq
,nk Wmdx. wdÞk Wmdx. f,iska ye¢kafõ' o;a; wdÞkh i|yd fndfyda Wmdx.
Ndú; lrkq ,efí' jvd;a m%p,s; Wmdx. lsysmhla rEmh 2'1 ys olajd we;'

h;=re mqjrej uQil

s h uhslf
% *dakh
^Keyboard& ^Mouse& fjí leurdj
^Microphone&
iqmsßlailh ^Web Camera&
^Scanner&

;Sre fla; lshjkh fufyhqï háh äðg,a leurdj wdf,dal mEk

^Barcode Reader& ^Joystick& ^Digital Camera& ^Light Pen&
rEmh 2'1 - o;a; wdÞkh i|yd Ndú; lrkq ,nk Wmdx. lsysmhla

m%;sÞk Wmdx.
mß.Klh u.ska ilia lrk ,o o;a; iy f;dr;=re msg;g ,nd .ekSu i|yd
Ndú; lrk Wmdx. m%;sÞk tAll hg;g .efka' fï i|yd o fndfyda Wmdx. Ndú;
l< yels w;r jvd;a m%p,s; Wmdx. lsysmhla rEmh 2'2 ys olajd we;'

27
 mß.Kl ;srh iaml
S rh
^Monitor& ^Speaker& uqøK hka;%h
^Printer&
rEmh 2'2 - o;a; fyda f;dr;=re m%;sÞkh i|yd Ndú; lrkq ,nk Wmdx. lsysmhls'

uOH ieliqï tAllh

uOH ieliqï tAllh mß.Klfha fud<h f,iska o y÷kajkq ,nhs' uOH

ieliqï tAllh iE§ we;af;a"
1' md,k tAllh (Control Unit - CU)
2' wxl .‚;uh yd ;d¾lsl tAllh ^Arithmetic and Logic Unit - ALU)
3' u;l frðia;r ^Memory Registers&
hk fldgia ;=k tl;= ùfuks'

md,k tAllh ^ Control Unit&&

mß.Klfha ish¨ u md,k lghq;= isÿ lrkq ,nkafka fuu tAllh u.sks'
wjYH lrk wjia:dj, § wjYH wdldrfhka jQ wK lsÍï ,nd foñka mß.Klfha
ish¨ Wmdx. yd l%shdj,s md,kh lsÍu fuu tAllh u.ska isÿ flf¾'

wxl .‚;uh yd ;d¾lsl tAllh ^ALU&

ish¨ wdldrfha jQ wxl .‚;uh ld¾hhka iy ;d¾lsl lghq;= isÿ lrkq

,nkafka fuu tAllh u.ska h'

u;l frðia;r ^Memory Registers&

u;l frðia;r ieliqï tAllh ;=< wka;¾.; fldg we;s w;r wxl .‚;uh
yd ;d¾lsl tAllh ;=< l%shd;aul fjñka mj;sk ls%hdj,s i|yd wjYH jQ o;a; iy
Wmfoia r|jd ;nd .ekSu isÿ lrhs'
28
 mß.Klfhys fõ.h ^Speed of the Computer&
uOH ieliqï tAllh ms<sn| j i|yka lsÍfï § tys fõ.h ^Speed& jeo.;a
idOlhls' iuyr wjia:dj, § mß.Klfhys fõ.h >áld fõ.h ^clock speed&
jYfhka o y÷kajkq ,efí' uOH ieliqï tAllfha fõ.h uekSu i|yd y¾Üia
^Hertz - Hz& hk tAllh Ndú; lrkq ,nk w;r" kùk mß.Klj, fõ.h uekSu
i|yd fu.dy¾Üia ^megahertz - MHz& fyda .s.dy¾Üia ^gigahertz - GHz& hk tAll
Ndú; lrkq ,efí' mß.Kl tlsfkl ixikaokh lsÍfï § tys fõ.h tla m%n,
idOlhla f,i i,lkq ,nhs'

1000 Hz = 1 kHz
1000 kHz = 1 MHz
1000 MHz = 1 GHz
uOH ieliqï tAllfhys Odß;dj ^Capacity& uekSu i|yd jrl § .Kkh lsÍu
i|yd fyda ;ekam;a lsÍu i|yd fyda Ndú; lrkq ,nk Wmßu ìgq ^Bits& .Kk
fldmuK ±hs i,ld n,kq ,efí' fuh mß.Klfha mohl m%udKh ^Word Size&
f,iska y÷kajkq ,nhs'
uOH ieliqï tAll ksmoùfï mqfrda.dó wdh;k f,i Intel iy AMD
^Advanced Micro Devices& hk wdh;k WÞyrK f,i y÷kajd Èh yels h'

wdphk Wmdx.

ndysr .nvdj ^Backing Storage / Secondary Storage& ke;fyd;a wu;r u;lh

^Auxiliary Memory& f,iska o y÷kajkq ,nk wdphk Wmdx." o;a;" f;dr;=re iy
jevigyka ;ekam;a lr ;nd .ekSu i|yd Ndú; lrkq ,nhs' fï i|yd oDV ;eá
^Hard Disks& ix.; ;eá ^Compact Disks& ixLHdxl nyqúO ;eá ^Digital Versatile Disks&
hkdÈh nyq, j Ndú; lrkq ,efí'

1' by;ska olajk ,o wdÞk Wmdx.j,g wu;r j mß.Kl

moaO;sj, Ndú; jk wdÞk Wmdx.j, ,ehsia;=jla rEm
mejreï 2'1 igyka iys; j ilia lrkak'

2' by;ska olajk ,o m%;sÞk Wmdx.j,g wu;r j mß.Kl moaO;sj,

Ndú; jk m%;sÞk Wmdx.j, ,ehsia;=jla rEm igyka iys; j ilia
lrkak'

29
 3' my; i|yka j.=j wdo¾Yhg f.k fjf<|fmd< ;=< wf,ú lrkq ,nk
mß.Klj, uOH ieliqï tAll ms<sn| j úia;r tla/ia lrkak'

Ndú; lrk >áld fõ.h mohl m%udKh ñ,

laIqø ilikh ^Clock Speed& ^Word Size& ^Price&
^Microprocessor&

2' ndysr Wmdx. iú lsÍu iy f;dgq $ flfjks

mß.Kl uõmqjrej ^Computer motherboard&&

uOH ieliqï tAllh"

u;l tAll jeks foa fuka u
mß.Klfha yelshdjka jeä
ÈhqKq lr .ekSu i|yd iú
lrkq ,nk wu;r mßm:hka"
iuyr ndys r fuj,ï
iy Wmdx. iú lsÍu i|yd
wjYH lrk myiq l ï
imhkq ,nkafka mß.Kl
ujqmqjrejhs' ujqmqjrej u;
wu;r mßm:hka iú lsÍu
i|yd jQ bv i,ik tAllhka
m%idrK újrhka ^Expansion
slots& f,iska y÷kajkq ,efí'

rEmh 2'3 - kùk mß.Kl uõ mqjrejla

mß.Klhg ndysr Wmdx.hka ^External devices& iú lsÍug wjYH lrk

flfjks$f;dgq ^Ports& fndfyduhla u mdfya msysgd we;af;a ujq mqjrej u;hs' fuu
mß.Kl ujq mqjrej Tng msg;ska ±l .; fkdyels jk w;r" mß.Klfha msgqmi o
iuyr mß.Klhkays bÈßmi o flfjks fyda f;dgq ±l.; yels h' Tn mß.Klh
ksÍlaIKh l< fyd;a fuu flfjks$f;dgq ^Ports& ish,a, u meyeÈ,s j ±l .ekSug
yels jkq we;' ^rEmh 2'4 n,kak&
30
 rEmh 2'4 - mß.Klfha msgqmi fmkqu ^Back view of a computer&

úÿ,s /yeka iú jk ia:dkh

mß.Klhg wjYH úÿ,sh iemhSu i|yd jk úÿ,s /yeka

^Power wires/cords& iú lrkq ,nkqfha fuu ia:dkhg h'
^rEmh - 2'5& rEmh 2'5
úÿ,s /yeka iújk
ia:dkh

PS/2 wdldrfha flfjks ^PS/2 Ports&&

PS/2 wdldrfha mß.Kl h;=re mqjrej

^PS/2 Keyboard& iy PS/2 wdldrfha uQislhka
^PS/2 mouse& iú lsÍu i|yd fuu flfjks Ndú;
lrkq ,efí' ^rEmh 2'6 n,kak& iEu wjia:djl
§ u fuu flfjks fol tl <Õ msysgd we;s w;r
h;=re mqjrej yd uQislh ksje/È flfjksfha
iú lsÍug j. n,d .; hq;= h' fï i|yd tu rEmh 2'6 - mß.Klfha h;=re
flfjks$f;dgq i|yd fhdÞ we;s j¾K Wmldr mq
j rej iy uQislh iújk flfjks
lr .; yels h' h;=re mqjrej i|yd jQ flfjksh
i|yd oï meyeh ^Magenta colour& Ndú; jk w;r uQislh i|yd jQ flfjksh fld<
meyefhka ^Green Colour& olajd we;' tfia u fndfyda ujqmqjrej, fuu flfjks
wi,ska u tAjd y÷kd .ekSfï ixfla; o olajd we;'
31
 fY%A‚.; flfjks ^Serial Ports&&

fY%A‚.; Wmdx. ^Serial devices& mß.Klhg iïnkaO

lsÍu i|yd fuu flfjks Ndú; flf¾' ^rEmh 2'7 n,kak&'
úfYaIfhka u ndysßka iú lrk fudvï WmlrKh ^MODEM&
iú lsÍu i|yd fuu flfjks Ndú; fõ' tfia u fY%a‚.;
wdldrfha uQils h ^Serial mouse& iïnkaO lsÍug o fuu flfjksh
Ndú; fõ' fuu fY%a‚.; flfjks fohdldrhlska ±l .;
rEmh 2'7
yels h' tla j¾.hl iïnkaê; ;=vq kjhla ^9 Pins& we;s w;r fY%a‚.; flfjksh
wfkla j¾.fhys iïnkaê; ;=vq úismyla ^25 Pins& ±l .;
yels h'

iudka;r.; flfjksh ^Parallel Port&

uqøK hka;%h ^Printer&" iqmsßlailh ^Scanner& jeks
iudka;r.; wdldrfhka iïnkaO jk WmlrK
^Parallel devices& mß.Klh iu. iïnkaO lsÍu
rEmh 2'8 iudka;r.; flfjksh
i|yd fuu iudka;r.; flfjksh Ndú; lrkq
,efí' ^rEmh 2'8 n,kak& idudkHfhka fuh uqøK hka;%h iú lrk flfjksh
f,iska o y÷kajk w;r th iïnkaê; újr 25lska ^25 holes& iukaú; fõ'

cd,lrK flfjks ^Network Ports&&

mß.Kl cd,hla f.dvke.Su i|yd mß.Kl lsysmhla

tlsfklg iïnkaO lsÍug wjYH fõ' tfia mß.Kl lsysmhla
tlsfkl iïnkaO lsÍug wjYH lrk /yeka ^cd,lrK
/yeka& iïnkaO lsÍu i|yd fuu flfjksh Ndú; flf¾'
^rEmh 2'9 n,kak& rEmh 2'9
cd,lrK flfjksh

mß.Kl ;sr flfjksh ^Monitor Port&

mß.Kl u.ska ilia lrkq ,nk f;dr;=re msg;g

,nd fok m%Odk; u Wmdx.h jk mß.Kl ;srh iïnkaO
lsÍug fuu flfjksh Ndú; fõ' ^rEmh 2'10 n,kak& fuys
újr 15la ^15 holes& fma<s 3 l wdldrhg msysgk mßÈ ilia
rEmh 2'10
ù we;' mß.Kl ;sr flfjksh

32
 úYaj fY%a‚.; nia flfjks (USB - Universal Serial Bus Ports)

kùk mß.Klhkays Ndú; jk ckm%h s u flfjksh jkafka

'USB' flfjkshhs' wo mß.Kl iuÕ Ndú; lrkq ,nk fndfyda
Wmdx. mß.Klh yd iïnkaO lsÍug Ndú; lrkq ,nkafka
fï wdldrfha flfjks h' ^rEmh 2'11 n,kak& fuu flfjks Ndú;
lrñka h;=re mqjrej (Keyboard)" uQislh ^Mouse&" uqøK hka;%h
(Printer) " ixLHdxl leurd (Digital Cameras) fyda fudvï
(MODEM) jeks fndfyda wdÞk iy m%;sÞk tAll b;d u myiqfjka rEmh 2'11
mß.Klh iuÕ iïnkaO l< yels h' úYaj fY%a‚.;
nia flfjks

wfkl=;a flfjksj, fkdue;s úfYAI ,laIK lsysmhla úYaj fY%a‚.; nia flfjksh
i;= h' tAjd kï"

— fndfyda 'USB' wdldrfha Wmdx. 'USB' flfjks u.ska mß.Klhg iú l<

ú.iska u tu Wmdx. l%shd;aul l< yels h' Wmdx.h ls%hd;aul lsÍu i|yd
wjYH Odjl$t<jqï jevigyka ia:dmkh lsÍfï wjYH;djla mek fkd k.S'
fuu l%shdj,sh 'Plug and Play' f,iska y÷kajkq ,efí'

— 'USB' wdldrfha fndfyda Wmdx.hka i|yd wjYH lrk úÿ,sh ,nd .ekSu fuu
flfjks iïnkaOh yryd u isÿ lsÍu fuys we;s úfYaI;ajhls'

— mß.Klfhys úÿ,sh úikaê lsÍulska f;dr j 'USB' wdldrfha iïnkaO;dj we;s

Wmdx. iú lsÍfï iy úikaê lsÍfï yelshdj fuys § ie,ls,a,g .; hq;= úfYaI
myiqluls' fuu l%shdj,sh 'Hot Pluggable' ke;fyd;a 'Hot swappable' f,iska
y÷kajkq ,efí'

— tla 'USB' flfjkshla u.ska úúOdldrfha jQ Wmdx.hka 127la iïnkaO lsÍfï

yelshdj fuys we;s ;j;a úfYaI;ajhls'

— 'USB' 2'0 wdldrfha jQ flfjksj, § ;;amrhg fu.dìÜia 480l ^480 Mbps&

fõ.hlska o;a; ikaksfõokh lsÍfï yelshdjla o we;'

33
 Yío Wmdx. flfjks ^Sound Ports&&

mß.Klhg wjYH lrk wdldrfhka Yío úldYk hka;%

^Speakers&" uhsl%f*dak ^Microphones& iy ndysr Yío Wmojk
Wmdx. iú lsÍu i|yd fuu flfjks Ndú; flf¾' ^rEmh
2'12 n,kak& iuyr mß.Klj, fuu Yío Wmdx. iújk
flfjks olakg fkd,efnk w;r" tjeks wjia:dj, § Yío
rEmh 2'12
Wmdx. iïnkaO lsÍu i|yd jk mßm: ^Multimedia kit/circuit& Yío Wmdx. flfjks
fjk u u ñ, § f.k mß.Klhg iú lr .ekSug isÿfõ'

fudvï flfjksh (MODEM Port)

mß.Klh wka ; ¾cd,h yd iïnka O ls Í u

i|yd fuka u mß.Klh Ndú; lrñka *elaia ^Fax&
heùu i|yd fudvï Wmdx.h Ndú; flf¾' ^rEmh 2'13
n,ka k & mß.Klh ;= < iú lrk fudvï hka ; %
wNHka;r fudvuh ^Internal MODEM& f,iska y÷kajkq rEmh 2'13
fudvï flfjksh
,nk w;r mß.Klhg msg;ska iú lrkq ,nk fudvï
hka ; % ndys r fudvuh ^External MODEM& f,is k a
y÷kajkq ,efí'

fndfyda wjia:djkays § fudvï Wmdx.fha ÿrl:k jhrhka iú lsÍu i|yd

jQ flfjks folla ±l .; yels h' 'Line in' hkqfjka i|yka jkafka ÿrl:k jhrh
mß.Klh yd iïnkaO lrk ia:dkh jk w;r 'Phone' hkqfjka i|yka jkafka
ndysßka iú lrkq ,nk ÿrl:khla i|yd jQ iïnkaO;djhs' mß.Klh wka;¾cd,h
yd iïnkaO fkdjk wjia:dj, § iy mß.Klh yryd *elaia fkdhjk wjia:dj,
§ fuu.ska idudkH wdldrfhka u ÿrl:k weu;=ï ,nd .ekSfï yelshdj we;'

1' mß.Klhl msgqmi fmkqu ^flfjks meyeÈ,s j Èiajk

fia& Ñ;%hg k.d" tys we;s ish¨ f;dgq$flfjks kï
lrkak'
mejreï 2'2
2' mß.Klh Ndú; lrñka *elaia m‚úvhla heùug l%shd lrkak' tA i|yd
l%shd;aul úh hq;= wdldrh rEm igykla weiqre lr f.k mka;sh bÈßfha
bÈßm;a lrkak'

34
 2'5 wdphkh fyj;a o;a; ;ekam;a lsÍu fyda .nvd lsÍu ^Storage&
wdphkh m%Odk fldgia follg fnÞ fjka l< yels h' ^rEmh 2'14&
1' m%d:ñl wdphkh ^Primary storage&
2' oaú;Shsl wdphkh ^Secondary storage&
wdphkh
(Storage)

m%d:ñl wdphkh oaú;Shl

s wdphkh
^m%d:ñl u;lh $ m%Odk u;lh& ^iydhl u;lh&
Primary Storage Secondary Storage
(Primary Memory / Main Memory) (Auxiliary Memory)
WÞ (- iiïNdù msúiqï u;lh (RAM) WÞ (- oDV ;eáh (Hard Disk)
rEmh 2'14

m%d:ñl wdphk Wmdx." w¾O ikakdhl ^Semiconductors& Ndú; lrñka

ksIAmdokh lrkq ,nk w;r oaú;Shsl wdphk Wmdx. ksIamdokh i|yd pqïNl
;dlaIK ^Magnetic technology& fyda m%ldY ;dlaIKh ^Optical technology& Ndú; lrkq
olakg ,efí'

m%d:ñl wdphkfha uQ,sl ld¾hh jkqfha uOH ieliqï tAllhg wjYH lrkq
,nk o;a; ;djld,sl j ;ekam;a lr ;nd .ekSu hs' oaú;Shsl wdphkfha uQ,sl
ld¾hh jkqfha ;jÿrg;a Ndú;hg wjYH jk o;a;" Wmfoia yd f;dr;=re ;ekam;a
lr ;nd .ekSuhs'

mß.Kl u;lh ^Computer memory&&

mß.Kl u;lh uQ,sl wdldr 3lg fnÞ fjka l< yels h'

u;lh
Memory

iiïNdú msúiqï u;lh mGk ud;% u;lh jdrl u;lh

(Random Access ^lshùug muKla yels ^lEIa u;lh&
Memory) u;lh& (Cache Memory)
(Read Only Memory)

rEmh 2'15

35
 mß.Kl u;lfha we;s .;s ,laIK ie,ls,a,g f.k rEmh 2'16 ys wdldrhg
wdldr follg fjka l< yels h'

u;lh
(Memory)

kIH u;lh kIH fkdjk u;lh

(Volatile Memory) (Non-volatile Memory)
rEmh 2'16

kIH u;lh ^Volatile memory&

kIH u;lfha úfYAI ,laIKh jkafka tys ;ekam;a lr we;s o;a; iy

f;dr;=re mß.Klfha úÿ,sh úikaê ùu;a iu. u uelS hduhs' by;ska olajk ,o
iiïNdù msúiqï u;lh wh;a jkafka o fuu kIH u;l j¾.hghs' tkï iiïNdù
msúiqï u;lfha ;ekam;a lr we;s ish¨ o;a; iy f;dr;=re mß.Klfha úÿ,sh
úikaê ùu;a iu. u uelS hdu isÿ fõ'

kIH fkdjk u;lh ^Non-volatile memory&

fuys we;s o;a; iy f;dr;=re ia:djr j mj;sk w;r úÿ,sh úikaê ùfuka
tAjdg lsisÿ n,mEula we;s fkd fõ' wm by;ska olajk ,o mGk ud;% u;lh
^lshùug muKla we;s u;lh& wh;a jkafka o fuu kIH fkdjk u;l j¾.hg h'

iiïNdù msúiqï u;lh ^Random Access Memory&

RAM ^/ï& hk flá kñka y÷kajk iiïNdù msúiqï u;lfha uQ,sl u

ld¾hh uOH ieliqï tAllhg wjYH lrk o;a; ;djld,sl j r|jd ;nd .ekSuhs'
kIH u;l ldKavhg wh;a jk iiïNdù msúiqï u;lfha we;s ish¨ foa mß.Klfha
úÿ,sh úikaê ùu;a iu. u uelS hhs' fuu fya;=j ksid jeo.;a hhs yefÕk ish¨
o;a; fyda f;dr;=re oaú;Shsl u;l tAllhl ;ekam;a lsÍu wksjd¾hfhka u l<
hq;= h'

mß.Klhl ld¾hlaIu;dj ^Efficiency of a computer& i|yd fuu iiïNdù

msúiqï u;lfha Odß;dj b;d u jeo.;a fõ' wjYH lrk mßÈ u;l tAll tla lrñka
iiïNdù msúiqï u;lfha m%udKh ^Odß;dj& jeä lsÍu o l< yels h'

36
iiïNdù msúiqï u;lfha m%Odk wdldr folla we;' tkï"
— iaÓ;sl iiïNdù msúiqï u;lh (SRAM - Static Random Access Memory) iy

— .;sl iiïNdù msúiqï u;lh (DRAM - Dynamic Random Access Memory)

hkqfjks'

mGk ud;% u;lh ^lshùug muKla we;s u;lh& ^Read Only Memory&
''ROM'' ^frdï& hk flá kñka y÷kajk kIH fkdjk u;l ldKAvhg wh;a
jk fuu mGk ud;% u;lfha we;s o;a; fyda f;dr;=re mß.Klfha úÿ,s n,h úikaê
ùfuka úkdY fkd fõ'
mß.Kl ksIamdok wdh;kh úiska mß.Klfha uQ,sl ls%hdldrlï i|yd
wjYH lrk ish¨ úia;r fuu mGk ud;% u;l u; ;ekam;a lr we;s w;r kùk
mß.Klj, § wjYH kï fuu u;lh hdj;ald, ^update/upgrade& lsÍfï yelshdj o
we;'
mGk ud;% u;lfha wdldr lsysmhla ±l .; yel'
— l%uf,aLkh l< yels mGk ud;% u;lh
(Programmable Read Only Memory - PROM)
— uld ouñka kej; kej; l%uf,aLkh l< yels mGk ud;% u;lh
(Erasable Programmable Read Only Memory - EPROM)
— úoHq;h Ndú;fhka uld ouñka kej; kej; l%uf,aLkh l< yels mGk ud;%
u;lh (Electrically Erasable Programmable Read Only Memory - EEPROM)
jdrl u;lh ^Cache memory&&
uOH ieliqï tAllhg wjYH o;a; .uka lrkafka iiïNdù msúiqï u;lh
yrydhs' kuq;a uOH ieliqï tAllhg wjYH lrk ;rï fõ.fhka o;a; ,nd §fï
yelshdjla iiïNdù msúiqï u;lhg ke;' Bg fya;=j iiïNdù msúiqï u;lfha
fõ.h uOH ieliqï tAllfha fõ.hg jvd wvq ùuhs' fuu wvqmdvqj u. yeÍu i|yd
jdrl u;lh Ndú; lrkq ,efí'
jdrl u;lfha m%Odk wdldr ;=kls'
1' m%d:ñl jdrl u;lh (Primary cache memory/Level 1 [L1])
2' oaú;Shsl jdrl u;lh (Secondary cache memory/Level 2 [L2])
3' ;D;Shsl jdrl u;lh (Level 3 [L3])
37
 m%d:ñl jdrl u;lh (Primary cache memory/Level 1 [L1])

m%d:ñl jdrl u;lh wÞ< uOH ieliqï tAllh ;=< u ks¾udKh lr we;s
w;r tys Odß;dj b;du;a l=vd w.hla .kS' uOH ieliqï tAllhg o;a; yd Wmfoia
wjYH jQ úfgl tAjd mj;S ±hs uq,ska u fidhd n,kq ,nkafka fuu m%d:ñl jdrl
u;lh ;=<hs' ^m%d:ñl u;lfha fidhd.; fkdyels jqj fyd;a" tu o;a; oaú;Shsl
jdrl u;lfhys we;a±hs fidhd n,k w;r tys § tu o;a; fidhd .;fyd;a tAjd
m%d:ñl jdrl u;lhg f.k tkq ,nhs'&

oaú;Shsl jdrl u;lh (Secondary cache memory/Level 2 [L2])

uOH ieliqï tAllhg b;d wdikakfhka uõ mqjrej u; iú lr we;s

oaú;Shsl jdrl u;lh idfmalaI j m%d:ñl jdrl u;lhg jvd Odß;dfjka jeä h'
tA w;r u oaú;Shsl jdrl u;lh l%shd lrk fõ.h m%d:ñl jdrl u;lhg jvd wvq
h' wjYH lreKq ,nk o;a; oaú;Shsl jdrl u;lfhys fkd;snqk fyd;a th ;D;Shsl
jdrl u;lfhys we;a±hs fidhd n,hs'

;D;Shsl jdrl u;lh (Level 3 [L3])

;D;Shsl jdrl u;lh ±l.; yelafla kùk mß.Klhkaf.a jk w;r th

ujqmqjrej u; iúlr ;sfí' fuys Odß;dj oaú;Shsl jdrl u;lhg jvd jeä jk
kuq;a ls%hdlrk fõ.h Bg jvd wvqhs' wjYH lrk o;a; fuys fkd;snqkfyd;a tu
o;a; RAM ys we;a±hs mÍlaId lrhs'

oaú;Shsl wdphkh ^iydhl u;lh& (Secondary Storage [Auxiliary Memory])

wjYH lrk wdldrfhka o;a; ia:djr j iy wdrlaIdldÍ j ;ekam;a lsÍu

i|yd oaú;Shl
s wdphk Wmdx. Ndú; lrhs' o;a; ;ekam;a lsÍu i|yd fndfyda oaú;Shl
s
wdphk Wmdx. Ndú; flfrk w;r uQ,sl Wmdx. lsysmhla my;ska úia;r lr we;'

kuH ;eá (Floppy Disks)

pqïNl ;dlaIKh ^Magnetic technology& Ndú; lrñka o;a; lshùu iy

,sùu isÿ lrkq ,nk kuH ;eá ^Floppy Disks& wo jk úg Ndú;fhka bj;a
fjñka mj;S' b;du;a wvq fõ.hlska o;a; lshùu yd ,sùu lrkq ,nk kuH ;eáj,
Odß;dj wfkl=;a o;a; wdphk Wmdx.hka iu. iei`§fï § b;d u l=vd h' kuH ;eá
w`.,a 8" w`.,a 5'25 iy w`.,a 3'5 f,i È. m%udK lsysmhlska ksIamdokh lrkq ,enQ
w;r wo olakg ,efnkafka w`.,a 3'5 ^3 1$2ZZ& m%udKfha kuH ;eá muKls'
38
 kuH ;eáj, we;s hym;a ,laIKhla jkafka tajd myiqfjka tyd fuyd
f.k hdug yels ùu hs' kuq;a kuH ;eáj, Odß;dj b;du;a l=vd ksid tajdhska
wo Ndú; jk úYd, m%udKfha f.dkq tyd fuyd f.k hdu myiqfjka l< fkd yels h'

'Zip Disk' iy 'Jazz Disk'

'Zip Disk' iy 'Jazz Disk' fndfyda fihska kuH ;eá yd iudk jk w;r tys
;ekam;a l< yels o;a; m%udKh kuH ;eá fuka lsysm .=Khls' 'Zip Disk' j, Odß;dj
fu.dnhsg 100fha ^100MB& isg fu.dnhsg 750 ^750MB& olajd m%udKhkaf.ka hqla;
fõ' tkï kuH ;eá 500lg wêl m%udKhl o;a; tla 'Zip Disk' hl ;ekam;a l<
yels w;r 'Jazz Disk' .s.dnhsg 1l ^1GB& Odß;dfjka yd .s.dnhsg 2l ^2GB& Odß;dfjka
hqla; fõ'

oDV ;eá ^Hard disks&

mß.Klfha o;a; ;ekam;a lsÍu i|yd jeäfhka u Ndú; lrk Wmdx.h

jkafka oDV ;eáh hs' mß.Klfhys wNHka;rfha ixjD; tallhla f,i iú lr we;s
oDV ;eáfha ndysr yd wNHka;r iajrEmh 2'17 iy 2'18 rEmj,ska ±l.; yels h'

rEmh 2'17 rEmh 2'18

oDV ;eáh ndysßka Èiajk wdldrh oDV ;eáfha wNHka;rh Èiajk wdldrh

oDV ;eáj, Odß;dj úúO w.hhka .kakd w;r wjYH;dj u; wjYH m%udKfha
Odß;djkaf.ka jQ oDV ;eá fjf<| fmdf<ka ñ, § .; yels h' ±kg mj;sk idudkH
oDv ;eáhl Odß;dj 50 GB muK fõ'

fuu oDV ;eáj, o;a; ;ekam;a lsÍu lrkq ,nkafka pqïnl ;eá ^Platters&
u; h' oDV ;eáh ;=< fujeks wdldrfha pqïnl ;eá lsysmhla mej;sh yels h' tajd
39
ish,a, u tla oKavla u; ^Spindle& iú lr we;' fuu ish¨ ;eá tljr tl u
fõ.hlska lrlefjk w;r ta yeu ;eáhla i`oyd u fjk fjk u lshùu yd ,sùu
lrkq ,nk YS¾Ihla ^read/write head& ne.ska iú lr ;sfí'

oDV ;eáj, fõ.h" tys m%fõY ld,h ^Access time& weiqre lrñka ukskq
,nhs' fuu m%fõY ld,h b;d u l=vd w.hla .kakd w;r fuu ld,h uekSu
ñ,s;;amr ^milliseconds/ ;;amrfhka oyfika fldgia& j,ska lrkq ,nhs'

ix.;$ixhqla; ;eá ^Compact Disc& iy ixLHdxl nyqúO ;eá (Digital Versatile Disc)

mß.Klj, o;a; ;ekam;a lsÍu;a tyd fuyd f.k hdu;a i`oyd wo nyq, j
Ndú; lrkq ,nkafka fuu ix.;$ixhqla; ;eá iy ixLHdxl nyqúO ;eáhs' flfia
jqj o fuu ix.;$ixhqla; ;eá iy ixLHdxl nyqúO ;eá ks¾udKh jQfha ix.S; iy
Ñ;%mg lafIa;%h i`oyd jqj o miq j mß.Klj, o;a; ;ekam;a lsÍu i`oyd o Ndú;
lsÍug mgka .kakd ,È' ndysßka wmg ix.;$ixhqla; ;eá yd ixLHdxl nyqúO ;eá
fjka lr y`ÿkd .ekSug fkdyels h' idudkHfhka ix.;$ixhqla; ;eáhl Odß;dj
fu.dnhsg 650 isg 900 ^650MB- 900MB& olajd jk w;r ixLHdxl nyqúO ;eáhl
Odß;dj .s.dnhsg 4'7 ^4'7GB& isg .s.dnhsg 17la ^17GB& olajd fõ'

wdodk yd m%;sodk Wmdx. ^Input and Output Devices&

mß.Kl moaO;shl b;d u jeo.;aa ld¾hhka folla jk wdodkh iy m%;os dkh
i`oyd fndfyda Wmdx. Ndú; lrhs' nyq, j Ndú; jk Wmdx. lsysmhla ms<sn`o
iúia;rd;aul lreKq my;ska olajd we;'

wdÞk Wmdx.

h;=re mqjrej ^Keyboard&

fuh mß.Klhg o;a; iy Wmfoia we;=¿ lsÍug fhdÞ .kakd uQ,l s Wmdx.hls'
fuh h;=re ,shkfha we;s h;=re mqjrefõ ÈhqKq wjia:djla f,i ie,lsh yels h' fuys
we;s h;=re bf,lafg%dksl iaúphka f,i l%shd lrhs'

uQislh ^Mouse&
mß.Klhg Wmfoia ,nd §u i`oyd Ndú; lrk m%Odk wdodk Wmdx.hla
f,i ye`Èkaúh yels uQislh uQ,sl wdldr follska ±l .; yels h' tajd kï hdka;%sl

40
wdldrh ^Mechanical& yd hdka;%sl fkdjk wdldrh ^Non mechanical& fõ' hdka;%sl
fkdjk wdldrfha fndfyda uQisl wo m%ldY ;dlaIKh ^Optical technology& Ndú;
lrñka ks¾udKh lr we;s w;r tjeks uQislhka idudkH jHjydrfha § f,ai¾
^Laser& uQisl f,iska y÷kajkq ,nhs'

ixLHdxl leurdj ^Digital camera&&

mß.Klhg myiqfjka iú lr l%shd;aul l< yels ixLHdxl leurdj o wo
mß.Klhg o;a; úfYAIfhka u PdhdrEm (Pictures/images& we;=¿ lsÍug Ndú; lrkq
,efí' idudkH ksYap, leurdj, fuka o< fiahdmg ^Film negatives& Ndú; lsÍu
ixLHdxl leurdjkays fkd;sîu;a PdhdrEmh ixLHdxl wdldrfhka igyka lsÍu;a
fuys we;s úfYAI ,laIKhls' ixLHdxl leurdlrKfha § ksYAp, PdhdrEm ^Still
Photograph& fuka u p,k rEm o ^Video& má.; l< yels h'

fjí leurdj ^Web camera&

úfYAIfhka u wka;¾cd,h yryd lrkq ,nk ixjdo uKavm ^Chat sessions&
i`oyd wjYH jQ Wmdx.hls' fuu Wmdx.h wo nyq, jYfhka Ndú; fõ'

wdf,dal mEk ^Light Pen&

wdf,dal ixfõ§ mß.Kl wdodk tallhla jk wdf,dal mEk mß.Kl wdY%s;
ks¾udKlrKfha § ^CAD - Computer Aided Drafting& iy mß.Kl wdY%s; ksIAmdok
^CAM - Computer Aided Manufacturing& l%shdj,sfha § nyq, j Ndú; fõ'

iqmsßlailh ^Scanner&

PdhdrEm fyda Ñ;% (Pictures/Images) mß.Kl .; lsÍfï § fyda mdG ^Text&

mß.Kl .; lsÍu i|yd iqmsßlailh Ndú; lrhs' mdG we;=¿ lsÍu i`oyd m%ldY
wkq,laIK ixcdkk ^OCR-Optical Character Recognition& myiqlu Ndú; lrkq ,efí'

m%;sÞk Wmdx.

mß.Kl ;srh (Monitor)

mß.Kl ;srfha úfNAokh ^Resolution& yd thska o¾Ykh l< yels j¾K .Kk
(Number of colours) mß.Kl ;srhl .=Kd;aul nj uek ne,Su i`oyd Ndú; lrk
o¾Ylhka h' ^mß.Kl ;srhl úfNAokh hkafkka tys jrl § fjkafjka j fhduq
l< yels rEm wx. ^Picture elements& .Kk fldmuK ±hs woyia flf¾' fï iu. u

41
mß.Kl ;srfhka ksl=;a jk úlsrKYS,S;dj o ^Radiation& mß.Kl ;srfha ;;a;ajh
uekSu i`oyd ñkqï oKavla f,i Ndú; lrkq ,nhs'

mß.Kl ;sr uQ,sl wdldr follska wmg ±l .; yels h'

1' lef;dav lsrK k< ^Cathode Ray Tubes - CRT) Ndú; lrñka ks¾udKh
lrk ,o mß.Kl ;sr' ^rEmh 2'19&

2' øj iaMál ixo¾Ylh øj iaMál ^Liquid Crystal) ;dlaIKh Ndú; lrñka

ks¾udKh lrk ,o mß.Kl ;sr' ^rEmh 2'20& fïjd Liquid Crystal Displays
(LCD) f,iska y÷kajk w;r me;,s mß.Kl ;sr ^Flat panels& f,iska o
y`ÿkajkq ,nhs'

øj iaMál ;dlaIKh Ndú; lrñka ks¾udKh lrk ,o mß.Kl ;sr lef;dav

lsrK k< Ndú; lrñka ks¾udKh lrk ,o mß.Kl ;sr iu. ixikaokh lsÍfï
§ my; fjkialï ±l .; yels h' øj iaMál ixo¾Yl (LCD Monitor) j, my;
,laIK we;'

• wvq bv m%udKhla m%udKj;a ùu ^Less space&

• b;d wvq úÿ,s n,hla muKla Ndú; ùu ^Less power consumption&

• ;srfha fi,ùï wvq nj ^Lack of flicker&

• idfmalaIl j ñ, wêl nj ^Expensive&

• o¾Ykh ùï iSñ; mrdihl ùu ^Limited viewing angle&

my; rEmj,ska fuu wdldr fofla mß.Kl ;sr olajd we;s w;r" tajdfha
m%udKh iy iajNdjh ms<sn| woyila ,nd .ekSug yels jkq we;'

rEmh 2'19 rEmh 2'20

lef;dav lsrK k< mß.Kl ;srhla øj iaMál ixo¾Yl mß.Kl ;srhla

42
 uqøK hka;% ^Printers&

o;a; iy f;dr;=re m%;sodkh i`oyd wjYH WmlrK w;ßka uqøK hka;%hg

úfYaI ia:dkhla ysñfõ' uqøK hka;%fhka ,nd .kakd msgm;a oDV msgm;a ^Hard
copies& f,iska y`ÿkajkq ,nk w;r ixLHdxl wdldrfhka ,nd fok msgm;a y`ÿkajkq
,nkafka uDÿ msgm;a ^Soft copies& f,isks'

;dlaIKsl jYfhka uqøK hka;% m%Odk wdldr follg fjka l< yels h'

1' >Ügkh Ndú; lrñka uqøKh isÿ lrk uqøK hka;% ^Impact Printers& iy
2' >Ügkh fkdjk ^fjk;a wdldrfha& ;dlaI‚l l%u Ndú; lrñka uqøKh
isÿ lrk uqøK hka;% ^Non-impact Printers&

>Ügkh Ndú; lrñka uqøKh isÿ lrk uqøK hka;% ^Impact Printers&

fuys § uqøKh isÿlrkafka ;Ska; iys; ßnka ^Inked ribbon& mghlg hï

wdldrhl >Ügkh lsÍula ^Hammering& u.sk's fuu >Ügkh lsÍu ksid ßnka mgfhys
we;s ;Ska; lvodish u; je§fuka wjYH lrk wdldrfha wl=re" i,l=Kq yd rEm
we`§u isÿ fõ'

>Ügkh Ndú; lrñka isÿ lrk uqøK hka;% j¾. lsysmhla u ±lsh yelshs' tkï
- fâis frdao uqølh ^Daisy Wheel Printer&
- ;s;a kHdi uqølh ^Dot Matrix Printer&
- f¾Ld uqølh ^Line Printer& fõ'
fï jk úg fâis frdao uqøK hka;% Ndú;fhka bj;a ù we;s w;r fuu uqøK
hka;%j, Ndú; jQ fâis frdaohla ^Daisy wheel& rEmh 2'21 ys olajd we;'

rEmh 2'21
fâis frdao uqøK hka;%j,
Ndú; jQ fâis frdaoh

fndfyda wdh;kj, uqøK lghq;= i`oyd ;s;a kHdi uqøK hka;% ^Dot matrix
printer& Ndú; lrkq ,nhs' msgm;la i`oyd wju msßjehla jeh ùu;a" wjYH lrk
43
wdldrfhka ldnka lvodis Ndú; lrñka tljr msgm;a lsysmhla ,nd .ekSug yels
ùu;a fuu uqøK hka;%j, we;s jdis f,i y`ÿkajd Èh yels h' uqøKfha § jeä Yíohla
we;s lsÍu;a" uqøK fõ.h wvq w.hla .ekSu;a fïjdfha we;s wjdis h'

>Ügkh fkdjk ^fjk;a wdldrfha& ;dlaI‚l l%u Ndú; lrñka uqøKh

isÿ lrk uqøK hka;% ^Non impact Printers&&

fuys§ úúOdldrfha jQ ;dlaIKsl l%u Ndú; lrñka uqøKh isÿ lrkq ,nk
w;r" m%Odk j¾. lsysmhla my; ±lafõ'

• ;Ska; úÿï uqøK hka;% ^Ink Jet [or Bubble Jet] printers&
• f,ai¾ ;dlaIKh Ndú; lrk uqøK hka;% ^Laser printers&
• ;dm ixfõ§ uqøK hka;% ^Thermal printers&
• W!¾Ojmd;kh u.ska idhï w;=rk uqøK hka;% ^Dye Sublimation Printers&

fuu 'Non-impact' wdldrfha uqøK hka;%j, we;s úfYAI ,laIKh jkafka

Yíoh we;s lsÍu wju ùu iy .=Kd;aul núka jeä uqø;
s msgm;la ,nd .; yels ùuhs'

;Ska; úÿï uqøK hka;%

fuu uqøK hka;%j, øj wdldrfha ;Ska;

^Liquid ink& n`ÿkl ^Cartridge& nyd we;s w;r tys we;s
isÿrej,ska ^fuu isÿre y÷kajkafka 'Nozzel' f,ihs&
wjYH wdldrfhka lvodish u;g ;Ska; ú§u ^Spray&
lrkq ,nhs' l¨ iqÿ uqøs; msgm;a iy j¾K uqøK
msgm;a ,nd .ekSu i`oyd fuu j¾.fha uqøK hka;%
Ndú; lrkq ,nhs' j¾K uqøKh i`oyd Ndú; jk
j¾Khka fjk fjk u n`ÿkaj, wvx.= lr ;sîu rEmh 2'22
ksÍlaIKh l< yels h' fuys § j¾K uqøKh i`oyd ;Ska; úÿï uqøK hka;%j,
j¾K 4la Ndú; lrkq ,nhs' ;Sk; a úÿï uqøK hka;j % , Ndú; lrk ;Ska; n`ÿkla
Ndú; lrk fujeks ;Sk; a n÷kla ^Ink cartridge& rEmh
2'22 ys ±l .; yels h'
flfia jqj o j¾K uqøs; msgm;la i|yd jeä msßjehla jeh lsÍug isÿ fõ'

44
 f,ai¾ ;dlaIKh Ndú; lrk uqøK hka;%

f,ai¾ ;dlaIK uqøK hka;h % ka

Pdhd msgm;a hka;% yd iudk
wdldrfhka l%hs d;aul jk w;r
f,ai¾ uqøK hka;h % l me;slv
rEmh 2'23 ys olajd we;'

rEmh 2'23
f,ai¾ uqøK hka;%hl me;slvl o¾Ykhla

fjf<|fmdf<ys we;s my; i`oyka WmlrKj, ^wju jYfhka

úúO wdldrfha fjf<| kï ;=kla hgf;a wf,ú lrk& úkHdi
^Configurations& ms<sn`o úia;r jd¾;djla ilia lrkak'
mejreï 2'3

1' f,ai¾ uqøK hka;% 2' ;Ska; úÿï hka;% 3' ;s;a kHdi uqøK hka;%

4' uQisl 5' wxlsl leurd 6' mßf,dall

7' oDV ;eá 8' iiïNdù msúiqï u;l tall

9' lef;dav lsrK k< mß.Kl ;sr 10' øj iaMál mß.Kl ;sr

2'7 o;a; ikakf

s õokh ^Data Communication&

o;a; ikaksfõokh hkq l=ula o@

a Kh lsÍu o;a; ikakf

o;a; tla ia:dkhl isg ;j;a ia:dkhlg iïfm%I s õokh
f,i ye¢kafõ'
45
 o;a; ikaksfõokh i`oyd wjYH uQ,sl fldgia

o;a; ikaksfõokh i|yd m%Odk wx. ;=kla wjYH fõ' ^rEmh 2'24&
tAjd kï"
1' o;a; m%Njh$o;a; hjkakd ^Source/Sender&
2' o;a; iïfm%aIK udOHh ^Data Communication Medium&
3' o;a; .%dylhd$o;a; ,nd .kakd ^Receiver/Sink&

o;a; m%Njh udOHh o;a; .%dylhd

(Sender/Source) (Medium) (Receiver/Sink)

rEmh 2'24
o;a; ikaksfõokh i|yd wjYH uQ,sl fldgia

o;a; m%Njh
o;a; iïfm%aIKh i|yd wjYH lrk o;a; ksmojkakd fyda tAjd ìysjk
ia:dkh o;a; m%Njh f,i kï flf¾'
WÞyrK ( Tn ñ;=frl=g ÿrl:k weu;=ula ,nd fokafka hehs is;kak' túg o;a;
m%Njh jkafka Tn h'

o;a; iïfm%AIK udOH

o;a; m%Njfha isg .%dylhd fj; f.k hdu i|yd Ndú; lrkq ,nk iïfm%I
a K
udOHh fï hg;g .efka'
WÞyrK ( by; WÞyrKhg wkqj o;a; iïfm%aIK udOHh jkqfha ÿrl:k udOHh hs'

o;a; .%dylhd
wjidk jYfhka o;a; ,nkakd fyda ,nd .kakd ia:dkh o;a; .%dylhd
f,iska ye¢kafõ'
WÞyrK ( by; WÞyrKfha o;a; .%dylhd Tfí ñ;=rd h'

o;a; iïfm%aIK udOHhka

o;a; iïfm%AIKh ^tyd fuyd f.k hdu& i|yd fkdfhla wdldrfha udOHhka
Ndú; fõ' fuu udOHhka ish,a, wmg fmdÿfõ uQ,sl wdldr folla hgf;a j¾. l<
yels h'

46
1' kshuq udOH ^Guided Media&& (- o;a; iïfm%aIKh i|yd hï wdldrhl fN!;sl
udOHhla ^Physical medium& Ndú; lrkafka kï tjeks udOHhka kshuq udOHhka
f,i y÷kajkq ,nhs'

2' kshuq fkdjk udOH ^ Unguided Media&& $ úlsrK udOH ^ Rediated Media&& (-
fN!;sl fkdjk wdldrfhka jQ udOHhka Ndú; lrñka o;a; iïfm%aIKh lsÍu
wo b;d u ckm%sh jQjls' fuf,i fN!;sl fkdjk wdldrfhka jQ udOH kshuq
fkdjk udOH ^Unguided Media& f,i y÷kajkq ,nhs' fuh iuyr wjia:dj, §
úlsrK udOH ^Radiated Media& f,i o y÷kajkq ,nhs'

kshuq udOH

fuys § o;a; iïfm%aIKh i|yd jhrhka iïnkaO lr .kakd w;r jvd;a

m%p,s; udOHhka lsysmhla my;ska olajd we;'

± idudkH wdldrfhka jQ jhr ^Twisted Wire Pair& ^iudjD;$weUreKq lïì hq.,&

tÈfkÞ lghq;= i|yd Ndú; lrk idudkH jhr o wmg o;a; iïfm%aIKh
i|yd fhdÞ .; yelshs' WÞ( idudkH ÿrl;k /yeka

rEmh 2'25 - idudkH jhr

^Twisted wire pair& ^iudjD;$weUreKq lïì hq.,&

± iudlaIl fhd;a ^Co-axial Cable&

;U lïìhla jgd f.d;k ,o ;U ±,lska iukaú; jQ iudlaIl fhd;a o
^Co-axial Cable& mß.Kl o;a; iïfm%aIKh i|yd fhdÞ .kq ,nhs'
WÞ ( rEmjdyskS hka;%j, wekafgkd jhrj, Ndú; fõ'

rEmh 2'26
iudlaIl fhd;a ^Co-axial Cable&

± m%ldY ;ka;= ^Fibre Optics&

m%ldY ;ka;= wo jk úg o;a; iïfm%aIKh i|yd Ndú; lrk b;d u ckm%sh
kshuq udOHhla f,i ye¢kaúh yels h' WÞ ( kùk ÿrl:k ud¾.j, Ndú; fõ'

rEmh 2'27
m%ldY ;ka;= ^Fibre Optics&

47
 kshuq fkdjk udOH ^Unguided Media&& $ ^úlsrK udOH ^Radiated Media&&

fuys § o;a; iïfm%aIKh i|yd fN!;sl jYfhka lsisjla fhdÞ fkd.kakd

w;r my; wdldrfhka jQ iïfma%IK udOHhka nyq, j Ndú; lrkq ,efí'

1' .=jka úÿ,s ;rx. ^Radio Waves&

idudkH Ôú;fha wmg yqre mqreÿ .=jka úÿ,s ;rx. o;a; iïfm%aIKh i|yd
fhdÞ .; yels fõ'

2' wfOdarla; lsrK ^Infrared&

b;d wvq ixLHd;j,ska hq;a wdf,dal ;rx. o o;a; iïfm%AIKh i|yd Ndú; l<
yels h' fndfyda úg /yeka rys; h;=re mqjre ^Keyboards&" uQislhka ^Mice& iy
rEmjdyskS ÿria: md,lj, o;a; iïfm%AIKh i|yd fuu wfOdarla; lsrK wo
nyq, j fhdÞ .efka'

3' laIqø ;rx. ^Microwaves&

jvd jeä ÿrl o;a; iïfm%aIKh i|yd laIqø ;rx. Ndú; lrk w;r fuys§ jeä
ixLHd;hlska hq;a flá ;rx. ^ix×& Ndú; lrkq ,nhs'

by; i|yka iïfm%aIK udOHj,g WÞyrK f,i Bluetooth, Wifi, Wi-Max

±laúh yel'

ls%hdldrlu
2'1
by; olajk ,o o;a; ikaksfõok l%uj, jdis $ wjdis idlÉPd lrkak'

48
 o;a; iïfm%aIK wdldr ^Data Transmission Types&

o;a; iïfm%aIKh m%Odk wdldr follg isÿ l< yels h' tkï"

1' fY%a‚.; o;a; iïfm%aIKh ^Serial Data Transmission&

2' iudka;r.; o;a; iïfm%aIKh ^Parallel Data Transmission& hkqfjks'

fY%a‚.; o;a; iïfm%aIKh ^Serial Data Transmission&

fuys § o;a; ìgq tlla msgqmi tlla ne.ska ^fY%a‚.; wdldrhg& iïfm%aIKh
lsÍu isÿ flf¾' mß.Kl cd,hla ;=< § fufia o;a; iïfm%aIKh lrkafka ìgq ^bits&
jYfhks' fuys § o;a; iïfm%AIKh i|yd tla jhrhla muKla fhdod .ekSu iEfya'

iudka;r.; o;a; iïfm%aIKh ^Parallel Data Transmission&

iudka;r.; o;a; iïfm%aIKfha § tl jr ìgq ^bits& lsysmhla iïfm%aIKh

lrkq ,nk w;r tA i|yd jhr lsysmhla Ndú; flf¾' fndfyda wjia:dj, § fï
i|yd wvq u jYfhka jhr 8la fhdÞ .ekSu idudkH l%uh fõ'

o;a; iïfm%AIK fõ.h ^Data Transmission Speed&

ìgq weiqre lrñka isÿ lrk o;a; iïfm%aIK fõ.h uekSu i|yd ;;amrhla
;=< § iïfma%IKh lrkq ,nk ìgq m%udKh ^bits per second-bps& ie,ls,a,g .kq
,nk w;r o;a ; iïfm% a I Kh uekS u i|yd kbps (kilobits per second),
Mbps (megabits per second) iy Gbps (gigabits per second) hk tAll Ndú; lrkq
,efí'

o;a; iïfm%AIK úê ^Data Transmission Modes&

o;a; iïfm%aIKh isÿ lrk m%Odk l%u ;=kla ±l .; yels h'

1' tAlm: ^Simplex& 2' w¾O oaúm: ^Half-Duplex&

3' mQ¾K oaúm: ^Full Duplex&

49
 tAlm: ^Simplex&

tAlm: o;a; iïfm%aIKfha § o;a; .uka lrkqfha tla ÈYdjlg mu‚'

^rEmh 2'28& wfkla ÈYdjg o;a; iïfm%aIKh isÿ ùu i|yd lsisÿ wjldYhla ke;'
rEmjdyskS ikaksfõokh iy .=jkaúÿ,s ikaksfõokh fï i|yd ±laúh yels fyd| u
WÞyrK folls'

o;a; m%Njh udOHh o;a; .%dylhd

(Sender/Source) (Medium) (Receiver/Sink)

rEmh 2'28
tAlm: o;a; iïfm%aIKh

fuys § o;a; iïfm%AIKh ieu úg u o;a; m%Njfha isg o;a; .%dylhd foig
muKla isÿfõ'

w¾O oaúm: ^Half-Duplex&

tla jrlg tla ÈYdjlg muKla o;a; iïfm%I

a Kh lsÍug yels o;a; iïfm%I
A K
úêl%uh w¾O oaúm: o;a; iïfm%AIKh ^Half-Duplex data transmission& hkqfjka
ye¢kafõ' ^rEmh 2'29& fuys § foÈYdjg u o;a; iïfm%AIKh l< yels kuq;a tla
ÈYdjlg o;a; iïfm%AIKh wjika jk f;la wfkla ÈYdjg o;a; iïfm%AIKh l<
fkd yels h' fï i|yd wmg ,nd Èh yels fyd| u WÞyrKh jkafka fjdals-fgdals
^Walkie-talkie& WmlrKhhs'

o;a; m%Njh fyda o;a; .%dylhd fyda

o;a; .%dylhd o;a; m%Njh
(Sender/Source or (Receiver/Sink or
Receiver/Sink) Sender/Source)
rEmh 2'29
w¾O oaúm: (Half-Duplex) o;a; iïfm%aIKh

mQ¾K oaúm: ^Full Duplex&

tl u wjia:dfõ § foÈYdjg u o;a; iïfm%IA Kh isÿ l< yels o;a; iïfm%I A K

úêl%uh mQ¾K oaúm: o;a; iïfm%AIKh ^Duplex data transmission& hkqfjka ye¢kafõ'
ÿrl:kh fï i|yd ,nd Èh yels fyd| u WÞyrKh fõ'

50
 o;a; m%Njh yd o;a; .%dylhd yd
o;a; .%dylhd o;a; m%Njh
(Sender/Source (Receiver/Sink
and and
Receiver/Sink) Sender/Source)
rEmh 2'30
mQ¾K oaúm: (Full Duplex) o;a; iïfm%aIKh

2'8 mß.Kl cd, iy mß.Kl cd,lrKh (Computer Networks)

mß.Kl cd,hla hkq l=ula o@

mß.Kl folla fyda lsysmhla tlsfklg iïnkaO lrñka ilia lrkq ,nk
mß.Kl moaO;shla mß.Kl cd,hla f,iska ye¢kafõ'

mß.Kl cd,hla f.dvke.Su ;=<ska mß.Klhkays we;s iïm;a fmdÿfõ

Ndú; l< yels fõ' fufia mß.Kl cd,hla f.dvke.Sfï § tys mß.Kl iy
wfkl=;a Wmdx. tlsfkl iïnkaO lsÍu i|yd úúOdldrfha ikaksfõok Wml%u yd
Wmdx. Ndú; lrkq ,efí'

mß.Kl cd,hkays jdis ^Advantages of Computer Networks&

— fõ.h (Speed)
mß.Kl cd,hl § mß.Kl yd wfkl=;a Wmdx. tlsfkl yd fyd¢ka iïnkaO
j we;s ksid b;d u myiqfjka iy fõ.fhka o;a; iy f;dr;=re tyd fuyd
lsÍfï yelshdjla ,efí'

— úhou ^Cost&&

mß.Kl cd,hla f.dvke.Su ;=<k s a mß.Kl uDÿldx. iy Wmdx. i|yd jeh jk

wêl úhoï m%udKh myiqfjka u wvq lr .ekSug yels jkq we;' mß.Kl fjka
fjka j Ndú; lsÍfï § ieu mß.Klhla i|yd u fjk fjk u mß.Kl
uDÿldx. iy Wmdx. ñ, § .ekSug isÿ ùu fuu wêl msßjehg fya;=jls' mß.Kl
cd, ;=< § mß.Kl cd, i|yd ks¾udKh lrk ,o wÞ< uDÿldx.j, ixialrKhka
iy Wmdx. ñ, § .ekSfuka úhoï wvq lr .; yel' fuu uDÿldx. tla mß.Klhl
ia:dmkh l< miq th cd,fha wfkla mß.Klj,g o Ndú; l< yels w;r
ksoyia yd újD; fla; uDÿldx. (Free and Open Source software - FOSS& Ndú;
lrkafka kï tA i|yd lsisÿ uqo,la jeh l< hq;= jkafka o ke;'
51
— wdrlaIdj ^Security&&
mß.Kl cd, ;=< § o;a; iy f;dr;=re wdrlaId lr .ekSu i|yd úúOdldrfha
mshjr wkq.ukh lrkq ,nk w;r tu ksid mß.Kl cd,j, § jeä wdrlaIs;
njla mj;ajd f.k hd yels h'

— uOH.; uDÿldx. md,kh myiqùu ^Centralized Software Management&&

mß.Kl cd, ;=< § mß.Klj, ia:dmkh lr we;s uDÿldx. tla ia:dkhl isg
yeisrùfï yelshdj ;sfí' tkï uDÿldx. uOH.; j md,kh l< yels ùuhs'

— iïm;a fmdÿfõ Ndú; lsÍu ^Sharing of Resources&&

úfYAIfhka u ñ, wêl úfYaIs; Wmdx. mß.Kl cd, ;=< § fmdÿfõ Ndú;
lsÍug yels h' WÞyrKhla f,i mß.Kl cd,hl § mß.Kl rdYshla i|yd tla
uqøK hka;%hla fmdÿfõ Ndú; lsÍug we;s yelshdj fmkajd Èh yels h'

— úoHq;a ;emE, ^e-mail / electronic mail&&

mß.Kl w;r b;d u myiqfjka f;dr;=re yqjudre lsÍu i|yd úoHq;a ;emE,
Ndú; l< yels h'

mß.Kl cd,hkays wjdis ^Disadvantages of Computer networks&

— we;eï ^;re wdldrfha& mß.Kl cd,j, m%Odk mß.Klfha ì|jeàu iïmQ¾K

mß.Kl moaO;sfha u l%shdldß;ajh flfrys wys;lr f,i n,mE yels h'

— cd, moaO;sfha we;s jk fodaI ksid o;a; iy f;dr;=re yqjudrefõ § ndÞ we;s ùu'

— cd, moaO;sfha we;s jk fodaI ksid iïm;a Ndú;hg we;s bvlv wysñ ùu'
^moaO;sfha jq uqøK hka;%hla Ndú;hg .ekSug fkdyelsùu&

— ndysr mqoa.,hkag myiqfjka moaO;shg we;=¿ ù tys we;s o;a; iy f;dr;=re

fidrd .ekSug yels ùu' cd, moaO;sfha we;s fodaI ksid moaO;sfha ls%hdldß;ajh
my< jeàu'

— we;eï úgl wjYH lrk iïm;a fj;g Ndú; lrkakdg myiqfjka <Õd úh
fkdyels ùu' ^WÞ (- cd,.; uqøK hka;%hla Ndú; lrkakka lsysm fofkl=g
tljr wjYH ùu'&
52
— cd,h md,kh lsÍu myiq lghq;a;la fkdùu' fï i|yd úfYAIs; mß.Kl
uDÿldx. o úfYAI mqyqKqjla ,enQ ks,Odßka o wjYH flf¾'

cd, ia:, úoHdj ^Network Topology&&

mß.Kl cd,.; lsÍfï § tAjd fN!;sl jYfhka iïnkaO lr we;s wkaou

b;d u jeo.;a h' fN!;sl jYfhka mß.Kl tlsfkl yd iú lrkq ,nk wdldrh
cd, ia:, úoHdj ^Network Topology& f,iska y÷kajkq ,nhs'
mß.Kl cd, .; lsÍu fkdfhl=;a wdldrfhka l< yels w;r uQ,sl wdldr
lsysmhla my; olajd we;'

— ;re wdldrfhka mß.Kl cd, .; lsÍu ^Star Topology&

— uqÿ ^j<¨& wdldrfhka mß.Kl cd, .; lsÍu ^Ring/Loop Topology&

— nihl wdldrfhka mß.Kl cd, .; lsÍu ^Bus Topology&

— rela ^.il& wdldrfhka mß.Kl cd, .; lsÍu ^Tree Topology&

;re wdldrfhka mß.Kl cd, .; lsÍu ^Star Topology&

fuys § mß.Kl iïnkaO jkafka rEmh 2'31 ys ±lafjk whqßka ;rejl

yevhla .kakd f,isks'

kdNsh (Hub)

rEmh 2'31 - ;re wdldrfha mrs.Kl cd,hla ^Star Network&

53
 mß.Kl ish,a, tlsfkl yd iïnkaO lsÍu i|yd fuys uOHfha mß.Klhla
fyda tA i|yd jQ úfYaI WmlrKhla ^kdNshla - Hub fyda iaúphla - Switch& Ndú;
lrkq ,nhs'
;re wdldrfha mß.Kl cd,hla ia:dmkh lsÍu jvd;a myiq w;r fodaI
fiùu;a tAjd ksrdlrKh lsÍu;a idfmalaI j myiq h' mß.Kl tlsfkl yd iïnkaO
lsÍug jeä jhr m%udKhla wjYH ùu;a uOHfha msyá s mß.Klh fyda wÞ< WmlrKh
ls%hd úrys; ùu iïmQ¾K moaO;sh u l%shd úrys; ùug fya;= ùu fuu ;re wdldrfha
mß.Kl cd,j, m%Odk; u wjdish f,i fmkajd Èh yels h'

uqÿ ^j<¨& wdldrfhka mß.Kl cd, .; lsÍu ^Ring Topology&

rEmh 2'32 - uqÿ ^j<¨& wdldrfhka mß.Kl cd, .; lsÍu ^Ring Network&

uqoaol tfia;a fkdue;s kï j<,a,l wdldrfhka mß.Kl tlsfkl iïnkaO

lrñka fuu mß.Kl cd,h ilia lrkq ,nhs' ^rEmh 2'32& mß.Kl tlsfkl
iïnkaO lsÍug wvq jhr m%udKhla m%udKj;a ùu jdishla jqj o tla mß.Klhl
ls%hdldß;ajh weKysàu iïmQ¾K cd,h u wvmK lsÍug fya;= ùu fuu uqÿ ^j<¨&
wdldr mß.Kl cd,j, ±lsh yels m%Odk; u wjdish f,i fmkajd Èh yels h'

nihl wdldrfhka mß.Kl cd, .; lsÍu ^Bus Topology&

rEmh 2'33 - nihl wdldrfhka msysgqjkq ,nk mß.Kl cd,hla ^Bus Network&

54
 m%Odk jhrhla flakaø fldgf.k ish¨ u mß.Kl iy wfkl=;a Wmdx. tu
jhrhg iïnkaO lrñka fuu mß.Kl cd,h f.dv k.d we;' ^rEmh 2'33& wvq jhr
m%udKhla wjYH ùu;a b;d myiqfjka mß.Kl iy wfkl=;a Wmdx. iú l< yels
ùu;a fuys we;s jdis f,i ±laúh yels h' iïmQ¾K cd,h u m%Odk jhrh u; hemSu
fuys we;s m%Odk; u wjdishls' tfia u fuu m%Odk jhrh fl<jr folska u
mß.Kl fhdÞ jid ±óu o wmyiq ls%hdjls'

rela ^.il& wdldrfhka mß.Kl cd, .; lsÍu

.il w;= fnfok wdldrfhka

ilia ù we;s mß.Kl cd," rela wdldr
mß.Kl cd, f,iska ye¢kafõ' ^rEmh
2'34& fujeks cd,hl § tla tla w;a;
fjk fjk u md,kh lsÍug yels
ùu jdis h ls ' flfia jq j ;a cd,h
f.dvke.Su iy md,kh lsÍu u|la
ixlS¾K lghq;a;ls' tfuka u fuu
cd,fha w;= iïnkaO lsÍu i|yd nihl
wdldrfha cd, i|yd Ndú; jQ m%Odk
jhrhla iïnka O jk fyhs k a " tA
u; cd,fha l%shdldß;ajh r|d mej;Su
m%Odk wjdishla f,i ie,lsh yels h' rEmh 2'34
rela ^.il& wdldrfhka mß.Kl cd, .; lsÍu
^Tree Network&

m%Odk mß.Kl cd, wdldr ^Main types of computer networks&

mß.Kl cd, ms<sn| j i,ld ne,Sfï § cd,h wdjrKh lrk m%foaYh wkqj
m%Odk wdldr ;=kla y÷kd .ekSug yels h' tAjd kï"

1' ia:dkSh m%foaY cd, ^Local Area Networks - LAN&

2' mqrjr m%foaY cd, ^Metropolitan Area Networks - MAN&

3' mq¿,a m%foaY cd, ^Wide Area Networks -WAN& tu wdldr ;=k fõ'

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 ia:dkSh m%foaY cd, ^Local Area Networks - LAN&

l=vd m%foaYhl me;sr mj;akd mß.Kl cd,hla ia:dkSh m%foaY cd,hla f,iska
y÷kajkq ,nhs' fndfyda wjia:dj, § fujeks cd,hla f.dvke.s,a,lg iSud jkq
±lsh yels h' ke;fyd;a b;du;a wdikakfhka msysá ia:dk lsysmhla iïnkaO lrñka
cd,h f.dvkef.kq we;' WÞyrKhla f,i mdi,la fyda úYajúoHd,hla ;=< ilia
lrkq ,nk mß.Kl cd, ia:dkSh m%foaY cd, f,i ye¢kaúh yels h'

mqrjr m%foaY cd, ^Metropolitan Area Networks -MAN&

wm úiska by;ska idlÉPd lrk ,o ia:dkSh m%foaY cd,hlg jvd jeä

m%foaYhl me;sr mj;akd kuq;a mq¿,a m%foaY cd,hlg jvd wvq N+f.da,Sh mßirhl
me;sr mj;akd mß.Kl cd," mqrjr m%foaY cd, f,iska y÷kajkq ,efí' fï i|yd
WÞyrKhla f,i hï rdcH wdh;khla úiska mj;ajd f.k hkq ,nk mß.Kl
cd,hla fmkajd Èh yels h' fuys § m%dfoaYSh jYfhka msysgqjd we;s wÞ< wdh;k
tlsfkl yd iïnkaO lrñka l%shd;aul ùu fmkajd Èh yels h' WÞyrKhla f,i
m%dfoaYSh f,alï ld¾hd, iy wfkl=;a m%dfoaYsh ld¾hd, iïnkaO lrñka ilia
lrkq ,nk mß.Kl cd,hla mqrjr m%foaY cd,hla f,i ye¢kaúh yels h'

mq¿,a m%foaY cd, ^Wide Area Networks - WAN&

úYd, m%foaYhl me;sr mj;akd mß.Kl cd, mq¿,a m%foaY cd, f,iska y÷kajkq
,efí' fï i|yd Èh yels fyd| u WÞyrKh jkafka wka;¾cd,hhs ^Internet&' fujeks
mß.Kl cd,hl § N+f.da,Sh jYfhka lsisÿ iSudjla ±laúh fkd yels h'

mß.Kl cd,j, § Ndú; jk Wmdx. ^Network Devices&

mß.Kl cd,j, § fkdfhl=;a Wmdx. Ndú; jk nj olakg ,efí' mß.Kl

cd,lrKh i|yd w;HjYH jQ Wmdx. ms<sn| j úia;r fu;eka isg i,ld n,uq'

fudvï WmlrKh ^MODEM&

wka;¾cd,h ^Internet& yd iïnkaO ùu i|yd ÿrl:k iïnkaO;dj Ndú; l<

yelshs' ÿrl:k ud¾.h yryd mß.Klh wka;¾cd,h fj; iïnkaO lsÍu i|yd
wjYH lrk iïnkaO;dj f.dvke.Sug fudvï ^Modem& hkqfjka y÷kajkq ,nk
Wmdx.h Ndú; lsÍug isÿ fõ'

56
 'MODEM' hkak iE§ ;sfnkafka 'MODulation' yd 'DEModulation' hk jpk
foflys fldgia tl;=fjks' 'Modulation' hkak wkql+,kh f,iska ye¢kafjk w;r
fuu.ska ixLHdxl ix× (Digital Signals) m%;i
s u ix× (Analog signals) njg m;a lsÍu
isÿ lrkq ,nhs' 'Demodulation' hkak wkkql+,kh f,iska y÷kajk w;r fuu.ska
m%;siu ix× ixLHdxl ix×jka njg m;a lsÍu isÿ lrhs' idudkH ÿrl;k /yekaj,
m%;siu ix× Ndú; lrk w;r mß.Klj, Ndú; jkafka ixLHdxl ix× h'

ndysßka iú l< yels fudvï ^External MODEM& hka;% ^rEmh 2'35& fuka u
wNHka;rfha iú l< yels fudvï ^Internal Modem& hka;% o ^rEmh - 2'36& fjf<|fmdf<a
±l .; yels h'

rEmh 2'35 - ndysßka iú l< yels rEmh 2'36 - wNHka;rfha iú

fudvï hka;h
% la l< yels fudvï mßm:hla
^External MODEM& ^Internal MODEM&

cd,lrK kdNsh ^Network Hub&

mß.Kl cd,hl § mß.Kl lsysmhla tlsfkl yd iïnkaO lsÍu i|yd

cd,lrK kdNsh (Network Hub& Ndú; lrkq ,nhs' ^rEmh 2'37 iy rEmh 2'38&

rEmh 2'37 - cd,lrK kdNsh

rEmh 2'38 - cd,lrK kdNshla Ndú; lrñka
^Network Hub& f.dvk.d we;s mß.Kl cd,hla

57
 cd,lrK iaúph ^Network Switch&

mß.Kl cd,hl ^Computer network& we;s mß.Kl w;r o;a; iy f;dr;=re

úêu;a j yqjudre lsÍu i|yd cd,lrK iaúph ^Network Switch& Ndú; lrkq ,efí'
^rEmh 2'39 iy rEmh 2'40& cd,lrK kdNshla yd iaùphla w;r m%Odk fjki jkafka
kdNshl § o;a; cd,h mqrd u úiqrejd yßk w;r iaúphl § o;a; wÞ< Wmdx.h
fj; muKla fhduq lsÍuhs'

rEmh 2'39 rEmh 2'40

cd,lrK iaúphla cd,lrK iaúphla fhdÞ we;s mß.Kl cd,hla
^Network Switch& ^A computer network with the network Switch&

cd,lrK w;=re uqyqK;a ldâm; ^Network Interface Card - NIC&

mß.Kl cd, iu. Tnf.a mß.Klh iïnkaO lrñka iïnkaO;dj f.dvke.Su

i|yd wjYH lrk mßm: wvx.= ldâm; cd,lrK w;=re uqyqK;a ldâm; f,iska
y÷kajkq ,efí' ^rEmh 2'41 iy rEmh 2'42& iuyr mß.Kl ujqmqjre u; cd,lrKh
i|yd wjYH lrk mßm: wvx.= lr ;sfnkq ksÍlaIKh l< yels h'

rEmh 2'41
cd,lrK w;=re uqyqK;a ldâm;la rEmh 2'42
(A Network Interface Card) mß.Klhl uOH ieliqï tAllfha msgqmi
cd,lrK mßm:hl flfjksh fmfkk wdldrh
(A port of a built-in Network Interface Card)

58
 fiajdfhdacl mß.Klh ^Server Computer&

mß.Kl cd,hlg wjYH lrk fiajd imhk mß.Kl fiajdfhdacl mß.Kl

f,iska y÷kajkq ,efí' fiajdfhdacl mß.Kl idudkH mß.Klj,g jvd jeä
msßú;rhkaf.ka ^High configuration& iukaú;hs'

fiajd,dNS mß.Klh ^Client Computer&

mß.Kl cd,hl § fiajdjka ,nd .kakd mß.Kl fiajd,dNS mß.Kl

f,iska y÷kajkq ,nhs'

WÞyrKhla f,i wka;¾cd,h Ndú; lrk wjia:dj, § Tnf.a mß.Klh

fiajd,dNS mß.Klhla f,iska l%shd;aul jk w;r Tng fiajdj imhk mß.Klh
fiajdfhdacl mß.Klhla f,iska l%shd;aul jkq we;'

2'9 wka;¾cd,h ^Internet&

1960 oYlfha w. Nd.fha § weußldfõ wdrlaIl wud;HdxYh hgf;a ^Ministry

of Defence of United States& ;snQ Advanced Research Project Agency (ARPA) u.ska
wdrïN lrk ,o wdmdfkÜ ^ARPANET& mß.Kl cd, jHdmD;sh wka;¾cd,fha
wdrïNh iksgqyka lrhs' m%dfoaYSh jYfhka úisÍ mj;akd úYajúoHd," úoHd;aul
m¾fhaIK isÿ lrk wdh;k iy mß.Kl moaO;s ^Computer systems& tlsfkl
myiqfjka iïnkaO lsÍu fuu wdmdfkÜ cd,fha uQ,sl u wruqK úh'

b;d u l=vdjg wdrïN jQ fuu wdmdfkÜ ^ARPANET& cd,h ld,hla ;=<

j¾Okh ùfuka wo Ndú; lrk wka;¾cd, ;;a;ajhg m;a úh' wo wka;¾cd,h ;=<
mß.Kl úYd, m%udKhla tlsfkl yd iïnkaO ùfuka f,dalh úYaj .ïudkhla
^Global Village& njg m;a ù we;'

wo Ndú; lrk wka;¾cd,h i|yd whs;slrejl= fkdue;s w;r tA i|yd

md,lhl= o olakg ke;' kuq;a rdcH fkdjk cd;Hka;r iajdëk wdh;k ^Non-
governmental International Volunteer Organizations& tluq;=fjka msysgqjd f.k we;s
wka;¾cd, iudc ^Internet Societies - ISOC& úiska wka;¾cd,h i|yd wjYH lrk
iïu; ^Standards& iy wdpdr O¾u ilia lsÍu;a tAjd ms<m s e§u i|yd ñksik q a fm,Uùu;a
isÿ lrkq ,nk w;r wka;¾cd,h jvd;a wdpdrYS,S iy jeo.;a f;dr;=re wvx.=
ia:dkhla njg m;a lsÍu;a Tjqkaf.a m%Odk wruqKq fõ'

59
 wka;¾cd,h j¾;udkfha ilia ù we;s wkaou Tng rEmh 2'43 olajd we;'

rEmh 2'43 - wka;¾cd,fha j¾;udk ieleiau ^o< igykla mu‚&

wka;¾cd, fiajdj ,nd .ekSu i|yd wm úiska wka;¾cd, fiajd ^foaYSh

jYfhka fyda m%dfoaYSh jYfhka msysgqjd we;s& imhkafkl= (Internet Service
Provider - ISP) iu. iïnkaO úh hq;= jk w;r tu fiajd imhkakd cd;Hka;r
wka;¾cd, fiajdj yd iïnkaO fjñka wm fj; cd;Hka;r fiajd ,nd fohs'

wka;¾cd,h yd iïnkaO ùug wjYH oE

idudkHfhka wka;¾cd,h yd iïnkaO ùu i|yd my; i|yka oE wjYH fõ'

1' mß.Klhla ^A computer&

2' ikaksfõok uDÿldx.hla ^A communication software&
3' ÿrl:k iïnkaO;djla ^A telephone connection&
4' fudvï hka;%hla ^A MODEM&
5' wka;¾cd, fiajd imhk wdh;khla ^An Internet Service Provider [ISP])

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 2'10 wka;#cd,h ^Intranet&

wka;¾cd,fha Ndú; lrkq ,nk ;dlaI‚l Wml%u Ndú; lrñka hï

wdh;khla úiska tu wdh;kfha wNHka;r mqoa.,hkag muKla Ndú; l< yels iy
fndfyda wjia:dj, § wÞ< wdh;khg muKla u iSud jQ f,i ilia lrkq ,enQ
mß.Kl cd,hla wka;#cd,hla f,iska y÷kajkq ,efí'

1' Tn mdif,a mß.Kl úoHd.drhla ia:dmkh lr we;akï

tys mß.Kl cd, .; lr we;s wdldrh fidhd n,d tA
mejreï 2'4 ms<sn| j jd¾;djla ilia lrkak' Tn mdif,a mß.Kl
úoHd.drhla ia:dmkh lr fkdue;s kï tfia ia:dmkh
lsÍug jvd iqÿiq mß.Kl cd,hla ie,iqï lrkak'

2' wka;¾cd,h wo wiSñ; f,i f;dr;=rej,ska iukaú; jQjla ksid wjYH

lrk f;dr;=re muKla fjka lr ,nd .ekSu i|yd Ndú; lrk$l< yels
Wml%u ms<sn| j újD; ixjdohla mj;ajd jd¾;djla ilia lrkak'

61