IT LITERACY SHORT NOTES

lqpuk çkS|ksfxdh ¼buQk

¼buQkssesZ'ku VsDuksy‚th½Kku
‚th
,EIyksf¸cfyVh fLdYl vkbZ Vh vkbZ NCVT
ikBîØe ds vuqlkj

ba vVy f=[kk
M.Tech (E&C) B.E.(E&C) SKIT JAIPUR
PGDBM (ICFAI) DIPLOMA (CS&E) BTTI PILANI
Principal,Tagore Pvt.ITI,Suratgarh(Rajasthan)
 2

2.1 Introduction to Computer

dEI;wVj dk ifjp;

daI;wVj ,d bysDVª‚fud e'khu gS tks fdlh O;fä }kjk çnr funsZ'kksa ds vuqlkj fofHkUu çdkj ds dk;Z
dj ldrk gS, çnr funsZ'kksa dks vius ikl lqjf{kr Hkh j[k ldrk gS ftls ge daI;wVj dh Hkk"kk esa LVksj
djuk dgrs gS rFkk bUgh funsZ'kksa ds vuqlkj ifj.kke tfur Hkh dj ldrk gS ftls ge LØhu ij ns[k
ldrs gS vFkok dkxt ij Hkh Nki ldrs gSA daI;wVj esa miyC/k lqpuk fy[ks gq, v{kj VsDLV
TEXT]rLohj best Image ewoh ¼fQYe½ fofM;ks video laxhr v‚fM;ks audio lHkh pht lfEefyr
:i ls MsVk DATA dgykrh gS A

nqljs 'kCnksa esa ,d ,slh bysDVª‚fud e'khu gS ]ftles fuEufyf[kr {kerk;s gksrh gS :-
• ;wtj }kjk çnÙk MkVk buiqV dks Lohdkj djuk
• buiqV dks LVksj ;kfu lqjf{kr djds funsZ'kksa dk fØ;kUo;u djuk
• xf.krh; ,oe rkfdZd x.kuk dk fØ;kUo;u
• ;wtj dh vko';drkuqlkj vkmViqV ;k ifj.kke nsuk

2.2 dEI;wVj ds vuqç;ksx¼Applications of computer½

vk/kqfud ;qx esa 'kk;n gh dksbZ ,slk {ks= gks] tgk¡ dEI;wVj dk ç;ksx u gksrk gks,dqN eq[; {ks=ksa esa]
dEI;wVj ds vuqç;ksx fuEufyf[kr gSa –
Digitization of Services : lsokvksa dk fMftVyhdj.k : vkt ds ;qx esa lHkh çdkj dh lsok,¡
rFkk lqfo/kk,¡ fMftVy gks pqdh gS vFkkZrZ dkxth dk;Zokgh ls futkr fey pqdh gS lHkh dk;Z v‚uykbu
daI;wVj }kjk gh laHko gq, gS A

Education ¼f'k{kk½& bUVjusV ds e/;e ls ge fdlh Hkh fo"k; dh tkudkjh dqN gh {k.kksa esa çkIr dj
ldrs gSa eYVhehfM;k ds fodkl vkSj bUVjusV dh lqyHkrk us dEI;wVj dks fo|kfFkZ;ksa ds fy, vR;ar
mi;ksxh cuk fn;k gS A

Bank ¼cSad½& cSafdax {ks= esa rks dEI;wVj ds mi;ksx us Økafr gh yk nh gS| vkt cSadksa ds vf/kdka'k
dk;Z tSls – v‚uykbu cSafdax] ,Vh,e ls iSls fudyuk ] psd dk Hkqxrku djuk ] :i;k fxuuk vkfn
dk;Z dEI;wVj ds }kjk nh fd;k tkrk gS A

Communication ¼lapkj½& dEI;wVj ds ç;ksx us lapkj ds {ks= esa bUVjusV ds ç;ksx dks vEHko
cuk;k gS | vk/kqfud lapkj O;oLFkk dh rks dEI;wVj ds vkHkko esa dYiuk Hkh vlaHko gS | VsyhQksu vkSj
bUVjusV us lapkjØkafr dks tUe fn;kA

Medicine ¼fpfdRlk½& fpfdRlk ds {ks= esa dEI;wVj dk vuqç;ksx fofHkUu 'kkjhfjd jksxksa dk irk
yxkus ds fy, fd;k tkrk gSA jksxksa dk fo'ys"k.k vkSj funku Hkh dEI;wVj ds }kjk laHko gS | vk/kqfud
;qx esa ,Dl js] flVh LdSu] vYVªklkmM bR;kfn fofHkUu {ks= esa dEI;wVj dk C;kid mi;ksxgks jgk gSA

Recreation ¼euksjatu½& euksjatu ds {ks= esa dEI;wVj dk çk;% flusek] Vsyhfotu] ohfM;ks xse] vkfn
ds :i esa fd;k tkrk gS A eYVhfefM;k ds ç;ksx us rks dEI;wVj dks cgq;keh cuk fn;k gS A
 3

Airline and Railway Reservation ¼ok;q;ku vkSj jsyos vkj{k.k½& ,d LFkku ls nqljs gS rFkk
dEI;wVj }kjk gh ge ?kj cSBs fu/kkZfjr le; esa tkudkjh Hkh çkIr dj ysrs gSa A

Governance ¼ç'kklu½& gj ,d laLFkku esa viuk ,d vkarfjd ç'kklu gksrk gS , vkSj ç'kklfud
dk;Z dEI;wVj ls gh fd;s tkrs gSa A

Security ¼lqj{kk½& vkt fcuk dEI;wVj ds gekjh lqj{kk O;oLFkkfcydqy detksj gks tk,xh A
,;jØk¶V VªSd djus esa] gokbZ geys , lhlhVhoh dSejs esa dEI;wVj dk mi;ksx gksrk gS A
Commerce ¼okf.kT;½& nqdku] cSad] chek] ØsfMV daiuh] vkfn esa dEI;wVj dk vf/kdre mi;ksx
gksrk gSA dEI;wVj ds fcuk dke djuk forh; nqfu;k ds fy, vlaHko gks x;k gS A

Industry ¼m|ksx½& cgqr lkjs vkS/kksfxd laLFkku; tSls – LVhy] dSfedy] rsy daiuh vkfn dEI;wVj
ij fuHkZj gSa A la;a= çfØ;kvksa ds okLrfod fu;a=.k ds fy, Hkh dEI;wVj dk mi;ksx djrs A

2.3 BLOCK DIAGRAM OF COMPUTER

daI;wVj dk Cykd Mk;xzke

2.4 Types of Computing Devices PERIPHREALS

daI;wfVax fMokbl ds çdkj :
1. Input Devices : buiqV fMokbl :
The physical part of Computer System which allows data to be entered in
the system
;s daI;wVj ds fQftdy fMokbl gksrs gS tks MkVk ;k lqpuk dks daI;wVj ds vUnj çfo"V djokus dk
dk;Z djrs gS
2. Output Devices vkÅViqV fMokbl
 4

The physical part of Computer System which allows data to show the result
;s oks fMokbl gS tks daI;wVj ls çkIr gq, ifj.kke dks ;wtj ds lkeus çdV djrh gS A
3. Input & Output Devices
Combination of both
nksuksa ds la;kstu

Input Devices
• Mouse
• Keyboard
• Digital Camera
• Video Capture Hardware
• Barcode reader
• Gamepad
• Joystick
• Microphone
• MIDI keyboard {used in music devices}
• Scanner
• Webcam
• Electronic Pen
• Electronic Whiteboard
• OMR {optical mark recognition}
• OCR {Optical character recognition}
• MICR {Magnetic Ink character reader}
• Punch card reader
Output Devices
• Monitor
• (LED, LCD, CRT etc)
• Printers (all types)
• Projector
• Speaker(s)
• Head Phone

Head Phone
& Projector
 5

Input & Output Devices

Touchpads (available smartphones) çnf'kZr Hkh djrh gS o Vp djus
available in all smartphones
ls buiqV Hkh ysrh gS
Modems ¼Works
Works on Downlink & Uplink Uplink½ bUVjusV ds mi;ksx fy, yxk;k
tkrk gSa ftlls MsVk tkrk vkSj vkrk gS A

Headsets ¼have
have microphone for input & headphone for output½
output

Head Phone TouchPads Modem

LdSuj ,d çdkj dh ;qfä gS tks fdlh Hkh best ¼QksVks½ dks fMftVy çk:i esa ifjofrZr
djrh gS A
2.5 MEMORY SIZE
daI;wVj esa eseksjh lkbt dk vFkZ mles LVksj djs tkus dh {kerk gksrh gS daI;wVj esa MsVk 0 1 ds :i esa
gksrk gS ftls fcV vFkok ckbujh la[;k dgk tkrk gS 8 fcV dk lewg ckbV dgyrk gS A
1 BYTE = 8 BITS ( 8 0s &1s)
1 KILO BYTE (1 KB) = 1024 BYTES
1 MEGA BYTE (1 MB) = 1024 KBs
1 GIGA BYTE (1 GB) = 1024 MBs
1 TERA BYTE (1 TB) = 1024 GBs
1 PETA BYTE ( 1 PB) = 1024 TBs
1 EXA BYTE (1 EB) = 1024 PBs
1 ZETTA BYTE (1 ZB) = 1024 EBs
2.6 MEMORY DEVICES ((laxzg.k ;qfä;k¡)
 6

PRIMARY VS SECONDARY MEMORY

çkbejh o lsdsaMjh eseksjh esa varj
PRIMARYMEMORY SECONDARYMEMORY
çkbejh eseksjh lsdsaMjh eseksjh

• çkbejh eseksjh daI;wVj ls lh/kh • ,d fMLd vFkok Mªkbo ds :i esa

tqMh gksrh gS ftls gVk;k ugha tk gksrh gS ftls daI;wVj ls eq[; MsVk
ldrk lkekU;r ;g ,d fpi ds :i dks LVksj djus ds fy, vyx ls
esa daI;wVj ds eq[; lfdZV esa gh yxh yxk;k tkrk gS
gksrh gS • lsdsaMjh eseksjh esa gh ;wtj viuk
• çkbejh eseksjh daI;wVj ds lkjk MsVk LVksj djrk gS tSls QksVks
fØ;kUou esa lg;ksx djrh gS blesa fofM;ks VsDLV Qkby laxhr bR;kfn
daI;wVj ij dk;Z djus ds ckn ;wtj • tcfd lsdsaMjh eseksjh dk lkbt
viuk MsVk LVksj ugha dj ldrk 80GB ls ysdj 2 ;k 3 TB rd
• çkbejh eseksjh dk eku NksVk gksrk Hkh gksrk gS
gS tSls 256 KB,512 KB,1 • HARD DISK DRIVE HDD
GB,2GB vktdy vR;f/kd 4 ;k • COMPACT DISK CD
6 GB rd vkus yx x;k gS • DIGITAL VIDEO DISK or
• EXAMPLE : RAM ROM DIGITAL VERSETILE
DISK DVD
• FLOPPY DISK
• PEN DRIVE
• SD MICRO SD CARDS
• BLUE RAY DISK
 7

ROM jhM vksuyh eseksjh RAM jSaMe ,Dlsl eseksjh

READ ONLY MEMORY RANDOM ACCESS MEMORY
jhM vksuyh eseksjh dk vFkZ gS dh bls jSaMe vDlsl eseksjh dk vFkZ gS dh ;s dsoy
dsoy jhM¼i<+k½ fd;k tk ldrk gS ;kuh ,d VsEiksjsjh vDlsl¼mi;ksx½ ds fy, cukbZ
tks MsVk blesa LVksj gS mls dsoy ns[kk tk x;h gS
ldrk gS mlesa dksbZ ifjorZu ugha fd;k RAM lkekU;r [kkyh gksrh gS ysfdu tSls
tk ldrk u gh mls feVks;k tk ldrk gS gh daI;wVj ij dk;Z 'kq: djrs gS vFkok
jhM vksuyh eseksjh esa daI;wVj ds fuekZ.k fdlh ,Iyhds'ku dk mi;ksx djrs gS rks
ds le; dqN ,sls çksxzke ¼funsZ'kksa ds legw mlls lEcaf/kr MsVk RAM esa yksM gks tkrk
½ Mky fn, tkrs gS tks daI;wVj dks 'kq: gS tc rd dk;Z dks lso ugha djrs MsVk
djus vFkok mls fØ;k'khy cuk;s j[kus ds RAM esa jgrk gS
fy, gj le; mi;ksx gksrs jgrs gS
ROM u‚u VOLETILE eseksjh gS RAM oksysVkby eseksjh gS blesa MsVk
;kuh daI;wVj can djus vFkok ikoj can VsEijjh :i esa gksrk gS rFkk fctyh pyh
gks tkus ij Hkh MsVk blesa lqjf{kr jgrk gS tkus ij feV tkrk gS

TYPES OF RAM & ROM

RAM ROM ds çdkj
RAM jhM vksuyh eseksjh ROM jSaMe ,Dlsl eseksjh
RANDOM ACCESS MEMORY READ ONLY MEMORY
1. Dynamic RAM 1. PROM (Programmable Read Only
2. Synchronous RAM Memory)
3. Static RAM 2. EPROM (Erasable Programmable
Read Only Memory)
3. EEPROM (Electrical Erasable
Programmable Read Only Memory)

2.7 STARTING & SHUTTING DOWN OF COMPUTER

daI;wVj dks 'kq: djuk rFkk can djuk
1. lqfuf'pr djsa dh daI;wVj ds lHkh Hkkx vkil esa Bhd <ax ls tqM+s gS lHkh buiqV
vkmViqV fMokbll dks CPU ls tksM+ fn;k x;k gS rFkk CPU e‚fuVj bR;kfn dks
i‚oj dscy ls tksM+ fn;k x;k gS A
2. MAIN lIykbZ ON djsa rFkk daI;wVj dk ON fLop nck,¡ A
3. LØhu ij dqN fy[kk gqvk çnf'kZr gksxk ;k dksbZ uke fy[kk gqvk vk,xkA
 8

4. blds i'pkr v‚ijsfVax flLVe ¼lkekU;r foaMks½ eseksjh ls mi;ksx gsrq rS;kj gksxk
bl çfØ;k dks daI;wVj dh Hkk"kk esa cwfVax dgrs gSA
5. blds i'pkr ;fn ikloMZ ;fn dksbZ gS rks dhcksMZ dh lgk;rk ls çfo"V djuk
gksxk rFkk v‚ijsfVax flLVe dk eq[; LØhu ftls MsLdV‚i dgk tkrk gS inZf'kZr
gksxkA
6. dk;Z iwjk dj ysus ds i'pkr bls lso djsa rFkk daI;wVj can djus ds fy, 'kV
Mkmu dk cVu ekml ls fDyd djsa blds ckn v‚ijsfVax flLVe Loa; dks can
djuk 'kq: djsxk o~ Lor LØhu ij ls lc dqN gV tk;sxk LØhu can gks tk,xh
rFkk CPU Hkh can gks tk;sxkA
7. blds i'pkr gh esu i‚oj lIykbZ dks v‚Q djsa ] ;fn fcuk 'kV Mkmu fd;s esu
i‚oj lIykbZ can dh tkrh gS rks lHkh MsVk lso ugha gksrk rFkk ckj ckj iquqjkozrh
djus ls daI;wVj [kjkc Hkh gks ldrk gsA
2.8 gkMZos;j o l‚¶Vos;j
gkMZ dk vFkZ gS Nwus ;ksX; ftls Nqvk tk l lds
ds vFkkZrZ fQfldy fMokbl ¼midj.k ½ ;kuh
gkMZos;j ¼l[r ;qfä;k¡ ½ og gS tSls e‚fuVj dhcksMZ ekml Lihdj LAN dscy fLop
e‚Mse jkÅVj M‚uxy CCTV dSejk eksckby Qksu ¼ftruk Hkh Nwus ;ksX; pht gS ½ LekVZ
Vhoh dk fQfldy fgLlk A
daI;wVj rFkk IT dh Hkk"kk esa çR;sd gkM
gkMZZos;j dks dk;Z djus ds fy, ,d l‚¶Vos;j dh
t#jr gS
Þfcuk l‚¶Vos;j dksbZ Hkh gkMZos;j dk;Z ugha dj ldrk oks ,d cstku 'kjhj dh rjg gSÞ

2.9 v‚ijsfVax flLVe ¼OPERATING

OPERATING SYSTEM SYSTEM½
daI;wVj dh ,d dksbZ fo'ks"k Hkk"kk gksrh gS ftlesa dqN funsZ'kksa dk lewg ,d O;ofLFkr
rjhds ls fy[k dj fdlh eseksjh ds vanj LVksj fd;k tkrk gS ckn esa ;g daI;wVj ;k
fdlh Hkh gkMZos;j dks fØ;k 'khy cukrk gS ] bl l‚¶Vos;j ds ek/;e ls gh ge daI;wVj
;k fdlh vU;; gkMZos;j dks mi;ksx djrs gS lcls igys çdkj dk l‚¶Vos;j Þv‚ijsfVax
flLVeß dgykrk gS tks dh fdlh daI;wVj dh tku gS blds fcuk daI;wVj dsoy ek=
,d fMCck gh gS Þ
fcuk v‚ijsfVax flLVe ds u rks daI;wVj esa dk;Z fd;k tk ldrk gS u gh dksbZ Uk;k
U
l‚¶Vos;j daI;wVj esas Mkyk tk ldrk gSA
 9

v‚ijsfVax flLVe ds çdkj

• DOS ¼fMLd v‚ijsfVax flLVe ½
• ekbØksl‚¶V foaMkst MICROSOFT WINDOWS
• RED HAT LINUX
• UNIX
COMMAND BASED VS GUI
dekaM csLM v‚ijsfVax flLVe esa lHkh dk;Z dsoy fy[k dj funsZ'k ¼dekaM nsdj ½ fd;s tkrs gS
mnkgj.k DOS ] MS&DOS] UNIX
tcfd GUI v‚ijsfVax flLVe esa xzkfQdy ;wtj baVjQsl ds ek/;e ls funsZ'k fn, tkrs gS rFkk lHkh
dk;Z fd;s tkrs gS ftles vkØfr;k¡ ICON vkbdu dgykrh gS rFkk bu ij ekml dh lgk;rk ls
fDyd ¼pquko djuk ½ fd;k tkrk gS
WINDOWS 1995 ls vkt rd
• WINDOWS 95
• WINDOWS 98
• WINDOWS XP
iqjkus foaMks esa u;h phts
• WINDOWS 2000 Mky dj viMsV dj u;k
• WINDOWS NT (NETWORKING) foaMks cuk;k tkrk gS ftls
• WINDOWS VISTA u;k otZu version
• WINDOWS 7 dgrs gSA
• WINDOWS 8
• WINDOWS 10
• WINDOWS 16
cM+h Qkby dks NksVh Qkby esa cnyuk daçsl djuk dgykrk gS blds fy, WIN ZIP
vFkok WIN RAR tSlh ,Iyhds'ku dk bLrseky gksrk gS AdksbZ Hkh Qkby fMyhV djus
ds i'pkr ,d fo'ks"k QksYMj esa pyh tkrh gS ftls jhlk;dy fcu dgk tkrk gS AfoaMks esa
MsLdV‚i og gS tks daI;wVj 'kq: gksus ij lcls igyh LØhu AfoaMks esa ekStwn vkØfr;k¡
vkbd‚u dgykrh gS ftu ij fDyd djds mUgsa vksiu fd;k tkrk gS
dqN important 'k‚VZdVl
CTRL + C = COPY
CTRL + V = PASTE
CTRL + X = CUT
CTRL + Z = UNDO
CTRL + A = SELECT ALL

Qkby ,DlVsa'ku Qkby ds uke ds var esa - yxkdj dqN 'kCn fy[ks tkrs gS ftls ;k Lor
;s yx tkrs gS ftls Qkby ,DlVsa'ku dgk tkrk gS ] ;g ,DlVsa'ku ;g fu/kkZfjr djrs gS
dh Qkby fdl çdkj dh gS tSls :
 10

.jpeg = image
.png = graphics
.mp3 = audio
.mov = vedio movie
.mp4 = video
.avi = video

vU; v‚ijsfVax flLVe ¼eksckby Qksu bR;kfn ds fy, ½

• ANDOROID (GOOGLE OS)
• IOS (I PHONE OPERATING SYSTEM)
• WINDOWS (LUMIA)
ANDRIOD एंडरोइड IOS
Cupcake 1.5 IOS 1
Donut 1.6 IOS 2
Eclair 2.0 – 2.1 IOS 3
Froyo 2.2 – 2.2.3 IOS 4
Gingerbread 2.3 – 2.3.7 IOS 5
Honeycomb 3.0 – 3.2.6 IOS 6
Ice Cream Sandwich 4.0 – 4.0.4 IOS 7
Jelly Bean 4.1 – 4.3.1 IOS 8
KitKat 4.4 – 4.4.4 IOS 9
Lollipop 5.0 – 5.1.1 IOS 10
Marshmallo 6.0 – 6.0.1 IOS 11
Nougat 7.0 – 7.1.2
Oreo 8 I

2.10
 11

1. MICROSOFT WORD
2. MICROSOFT EXCEL
3. MICROSOFT POWER POINT
4. MICROSOFT ACCESS
5. MICROSOFT ONE NOTE
6. MICROSOFT OUTLOOK
7. MICROSOFT PUBLISHER
EkkbØksl‚¶V v‚fQl ¼vaxzsth: Microsoft Office½ ekbØksl‚¶V dk ,d yksdfç; v‚fQl
lqbV gS A ekbØksl‚¶V v‚fQl ,d ,slk iSdst gS ftlds }kjk v‚fQl dk lHkh dk;Z fd;s
tk ldrs gSA ge tkurs gS v‚fQl esa dbZ dke gksrs gS tSls i= dk çk:i rS;kj
djuk] x.kuk] lqfpf=r dk;Z] çLrqrhdj.k] MkVkcsl çca/ku ,oa bZ&esy vkfnA bu lHkh dk;Z
dks daI;wVj ds ek/;e ls djus ds fy, l‚¶Vos;j dk iSdst ekbØksl‚¶V us rS;kj fd;k gSA

ekbØksl‚¶V oMZ ¼vaxzsth: Microsoft Word½ ekbØksl‚¶V v‚fQl esa 'kkfey ,d

yksdfç; 'kCn lalk/kd ¼oMZ çkslslj½ gSA ;g gesa Vkbfiax] ,fMfVax] QkseSZfVax ,oa fçafVax dh
lqfo/kk çnku djrk gSA dk;kZy; ds nLrkostksa dks ekbØksl‚¶V oMZ ds ek/;e ls lgst dj
j[k ldrs gSaA

font Q‚.V oMZ esa v{kjksa ds cukoV dks dgk tkrk gS oMZ esa fofHkUu çdkj ds Q‚.V
miyC/k gksrs gS ] u, Q‚.V Hkh Mkys tk ldrs gS Q‚.V lkbt ;kuh vkdkj cM+k NksVk
djus dh Hkh lqfo/kk gksrh gS v{kjksa dks xgjk dkyk djus dks cksYM djuk dgrs gS rFkk Vs<+k
djus dks bVSfyd djuk dgrs gS rFkk uhps js[kkafdr djuk vaMjykbu djuk dgykrk gS
ftuds 'k‚VZdV fuEu gS
CTRL + B = BOLD
CTRL + I = ITALIC
CTRL + U = UNDERLINE

Vscy cukus dh fy, esuw ckj ls Vscy bUlVZ ¼;kuh tksM+h tk ldrh gS ½ ftles Vscy dks
draw, ;kuh js[kk,a [khap dj cuk;k Hkh tk ldrk gS A

fçaV çhO;w (Print Preview) ,d dkxt ij fçaV djus ls igys fn[kkrk gS dh dSlk
fçaV fudy dj ckgj vk,xk A

ekftZu ist ij fçaV gksus okyh txg ds lkbMks esa NksM+h x;h txgksa dks dgk tkrk gS ist
ds pkjks vkSj top bottom left o jkbZV esa ekftZu NksM+s tkrs gS ftUgsa oMZ esa ist
lsfVax esa tk dj de ;k T;knk fd;k tk ldrk gS
 12

ekbØksl‚¶V ,Dlsy ¼vaxzsth: Microsoft Excel½ ¼iwjk uke: ekbØksl‚¶V v‚fQl ,Dly]
,d LçsM'khV&vuqç;ksx gS A ;g vuqç;ksx ekbZØksl‚¶V v‚fQl dk ,d Hkkx gSA
ekbZØksl‚¶V ,Dlsy dh eq[; fo'ks"krkvksa esa bldh x.kuk lqfo/kk;sa] js[kkadu midj.k] fioV
rkfydk gSaA
,Dlsy esa fdlh Hkh QkewZyk ds fy, 'kq: esa ¾ dk fpUg yxk;k tkrk gS A
,Dlsy esa lsy ds daVsaV ¼;kuh fy[ks gq, pht ½ dks lsy ij Mcy fDyd dj vFkok
QkSeqZyk ckj ij fDyd dj vFkok F2 ds nck dj Hkh change fd;k tk ldrk gS A
oMZ esa fçaV djrs le; yEckbZ esa fçaV djus dks iksVªsV rFkk pkSM+kbZ esa fçaV djus dks
ySaMLdsi dgk tkrk gS A
 13

,Dlsy esa ,d [kkus dks lsy dgrs gS [kM+h ykbu dks dksye rFkk yEch ykbu dks jks
dgrs gS A
,Dlsy dh ,d Qkby dks odZcqd dgrs gS ftlds vUnj vusdksa odZ'khV cuk;ha tk ldrh
gS ftlds vanj jks dksye gksrs gS A
ekbØksl‚¶V v‚fQl esa miyC/k Qkby ,DlVsa'ku fuEu gS
.doc = document word file
.docx = 2007 o mLkLks vkxs ds document word file
.xls= excel work book (excel file)
.ppt = Power Point File

ekbØksl‚¶V i‚oj i‚baV dk ç;ksx dk;ZØe dh çLrqfr ds fy, fd;k tkrk gS ] tSls
vkidks HSI ySc esa tc çkstsDVj ij i<k;k x;k rks i‚oj i‚baV dk mi;ksx fd;k x;k ]
,d ,d –'; dks LykbM dgrs gS
2.11 COMPUTER NETWORKING & INTERNET
daI;wVj usVofdaZx o~ bUVjusV
daI;wVj usVofdaZx ds csfld rF; : dEiwVj dh Hkhrjh fo'ks"krkvksa o {kerkvksa ls ijs ,d {kerk
;g Hkh gS dh dksbZ ,d daI;wVj fdlh vU; daI;wVj ls tksM+k tk ldrk gS ] ftlds ckn os nksuksa
daI;wVj vkil esa MsVk dk vknku çnku dj ldrs gS vFkok ,d daI;wVj ij miyC/k fdlh
lalk/ku ¼tSls fçaVj½ dk mi;ksx nqljs daI;wVj ij Hkh fd;k tk ldrk gS A;g tqMko dsoy nks
daI;wVj rd gh lhfer ugha gS cfYd blls lSadM+ks gtkjks daI;wVj vkil esa tksM+s tk ldrs gS
Ablh çdkj tqM+s gq, daI;wVj ds lewg dks daI;wVj usVodZ dgrs gS AdaI;wVjl dks vkil esa
tksM+us ds fy, fdlh ,d fo'ks"k ek/;e dk mi;ksx fd;k tkrk gS lkekU;r rkj ¼ok;j½
dbZ ckj fcuk rkj ;kuh ¼ok;j ysl½ :i ls Hkh tksM+k tkrk gS A
LAN ¼yksdy ,fj;k usVodZ½ LOCAL AREA NETWORK
fdlh ,d dejs esa j[ksa daI;wVj vFkok fdlh ,d Hkou esa j[ksa daI;wVj yksdy ,fj;k ¼vius
gh {ks=½ esa j[ksa daI;wVj dgykrs gS ;fn os vkil esa tqM+s gS ¼;kuh usVofdaZx dh x;h gS ½
rks bl çdkj cus daI;wVj usVodZ dks LAN ;kuh yksdy ,fj;k usVodZ dgk tk;sxk A
fdlh vkbZVhvkbZ vFkok d‚yst dh ySc esa daI;wVjl vkil esa tqM+s gksrs gS fdlh b fe=
dsaæ vFkok daI;wVj ls.Vj ij nks ;k nks ls T;knk daI;wVj vkil esa tqM+s gksrs gSA LAN
dusD'ku ds fy, vf/kdre nwjh 1 fdeh rd ekuh x;h gS
WAN ¼okbM ,fj;k usVodZ ½
;fn ,d Hkou ls vU;= dgha vkSj vU; txg ds daI;wVj ;fn vkil esa tqM+s gS rks bls
okbM ,fj;k¼cM+s {ks=½usVodZ dgrsa gS A
 14

mnkgj.k :- WAN dk lcls cM+k mnkgj.k bUVjusV gS ftlls dbZ ckj cM+h baMLVªht ds
vyx vyx LFkkuksa ds daI;wVj vkil esa tqM+s jgrs gS tSls lwjrx<+ esa fLFkr Jh lhesaV
IykaV ds daI;wVj dksydkrk fLFkr Jh lhesaV eq[; n¶rj ds ikl rd tqM+s gS feYVªh LVs'ku
lwjrx<+ esa fofHkUu txgksa ij j[ksa daI;wVj vkil esa tqM+s gksrs gS A

bUVjusV
tc daI;wVj usVodZ dks tksM+us dh lhek bruh vf/kd gks tkrh gS dh os ns'k fons'k rd
dh lhek;sa yka?k tkrh gS rks bl çdkj tqM+s daI;wVjl dks bUVjusV ;kuh baVjus'kuy
usVodZ dgrs gS ;kuh vUrjk"Vªh; usVodZ dgykrk gS bUVjusV fo'o dk lcls cM+k usVodZ
gS blds ek/;e ls dksbZ Hkh lqpuk fo'o~ ds fdlh ,d dkSus ls nqljs dkSus esa lsdaMks esa Hksth
tk ldrh gS A

b esy ¼bysDVª‚fud esy½ i=kpkj djus dk lcls vk/kqfud rduhd gS çR;sd O;fä vFkok
QeZ viuh ,d bZesy ,Mªsl bUVjusV ij rS;kj dj ldrs gS ftlds ckn os dksbZ Hkh
fMftVy Qkby ,d nqljs dks Hkst ldrs gS bUVjusV ls ge dksbZ Hkh t#jh tkudkjh ] iSls
Hkstuk o eaxkuk ] fofM;ks fdrkc laxhr bR;kfn daI;wVj esa ns[kuk ]jsy cqfdax vkfn vusdksa
dk;Z dj ldrs gS A
daI;wVj usVofdaZx rFkk bUVjusV ds ckjs esa dqN vkSj egRoiw.kZ rF;:
uksM :- daI;wVj usVofdaZx esa tqM+s çR;sd daI;wVj dks uksM dgrs gS A
loZj :- loZj daI;wVj usVodZ esa ,d eq[; daI;wVj gksrk gS tks iqjs usVodZ dks pykus dk
nkf;Ro fuHkkrk gS blesa NOS usVodZ v‚ijsfVax flLVe gksrk gS A
DykbaV :- loZj ds vkyok vU; lHkh daI;wVjl DykbaV dgykrs Gsa

e‚Mse (MODEM) : bUVjusV ds lkFk tqM+us ds fy, çR;sd daI;wVj esa e‚Mse dh
vko';drk gksrh gS e‚Mse ds fcuk bUVjusV ls ugha tqM+ ldrs]pw¡fd daI;wVj esa bUVjusV
VsyhQksu ykbu ls vFkok eksckby Vkoj ls feyrk gS e‚Mse bl VsyhQksu ykbu dks
daI;wVj ls tksM+us dk dk;Z djrk gS
cksZM cSaM Qksu ykbu }kjk bUVjusV bLrseky dks dgk tkrk gS
fdlh LAN esa ;fn dksbZ ,d daI;wVj bUVjusV ls tqMk gS rks og vU; daI;wVjl dks
INTERNET ls tksM+ ldrk gS ftls bUVjusV 'ks;fjax dgrs gSA fdlh usVodZ esa tqM+k
daI;wVj ;fn ,d ls T;knk O;fä bLrseky djrs gS vFkok mldk iwjk MsVk vU; daI;wVj
ij 'ks;j gks jgk gS rks mls PC ugha dgsaxs vFkkZr og ilZuy ¼O;fäxr½ daI;wVj ugha gksxk
fdlh fo'ks"k O;fä dk daI;wVj gh ilZuy daI;wVj dgykrk gS ;kuh PC dgykrk gSA
 15

www¼oyZ~M okbM osc½ oyZ~M okbM osc ,d buQkesZ'ku Lisl ;kuh ,d ,slh fMftVy
eseksjh gS tgk¡ ls lHkh bUVjusV dh lqpuk çkIr dh tk ldrh gS ] bUVjusV ij dksbZ Hkh
O;fä viuh lqpuk tkfgj djus ds fy, ,d osc lkbZV cukrs gS osc lkbZV daI;wVj LØhu
ij çnf'kZr gksus ;ksX; ,d lewg gS ftles vyx vyx Ja[kfyr lqpuk tSls VsDLV fp=
xzkQ fofM;ks audio vkfn gksrh gS vyx vyx lwpukvksa ;k foHkkxksa ds fy, vyx vyx
ist cuk;s tkrs gS ftls osc ist dgrs gS fdlh Hkh osc lkbZV dks bUVjusV }kjk vius
LØhu ij ns[kus dks osc lkbZV dks [kksyuk ¼vksiu djuk ½ vFkok lQZ djuk dgk tkrk gS
blds fy, vkidk daI;wVj bUVjusV ls tqM+k gqvk gksuk vko;'kd gS A

iwjh nqfu;k esa miyC/k lHkh osc lkbZV blh fMftVy Lisl vFkkZrZ oyZ~M okbM osc ij
miyC/k gksrs gS ftudk ,d Lis'ky irk gksrk gS ftls osc ,Mªsl vFkok URL ;wfuolZy
fjlkslZ yksdsVj dgrs gS bl osc ,Mªsl dh 'kq#vkr esa ges'kk www fy[kk tkrk gSA

www.google.com
www.tagoreprivateiti.com
www.nimilearningonline.in
http://www.dget.nic.in/content
www.dte.rajasthan.gov.in
https://www.google.co.in

WWW ds vkyok osc ,Mªsl esa Lor http ;k https Hkh yxk gqvk gksrk gS tks dh osc
ist dh ,d Hkk"kk dks daI;wVj ij ykus dh ,d çfØ;k gS
http : gkbij VsDLV VªkUlQj çksVksd‚y
https : gkbij VsDLV VªkUlQj çksVksd‚y flD;ksj ¼lqjf{kr½

osc czkmtj
fdlh Hkh osc lkbZV dks vksiu djus ds fy, tks ,Iyhds'ku daI;wVj esa gksuk t#jh gS mls
osac czkmtj dgrs gS bl osc czkmtj esa osc lkbZV dk ,Mªsl ¼irk½ Vkbi djus ds fy, ,d
,Mªsl ckj gksrk gS tgk¡ irk Vkbi djds osc lkbZV gks [kksyk ¼vksiu½ fd;k tk ldrk gSA
 16

osc czkmtj ds mnkgj.k

• foaMks v‚ijsfVax flLVe daI;wVj esa Mkyrs gh vius vki tks osc czkmtj baLVky gks
tkrk gS mls bUVjusV ,DLIyksj dgrs gS A
• blds vkyok xwxy Økse
• eksftyk Qk;jQ‚Dl
• vksisjk
• ,Iiy lQkjh vkfn

2.12 SEARCH ENGINE ¼lpZ batu½ :

lpZ batu ,d fo'ks"k çdkj dh osc lkbZV gS ftl ij fdlh Hkh çdkj dh vU; osc lkbZV vFkok lkexzh
dh [kkst dh tk ldrh gS lpZ batu ,d lqfo/kk gS tks fdlh osc lkbZV dk ;wvkj,y ¼osac ,Mªsl½ irk
u gksus ds ckotwn dsoy mlls lEcaf/kr dqN 'kCn fy fy[k
[k dj mlds ;wvkj,y dks crkrk gSA
tSls :- ;fn Vªsu fjtosZ'ku ds fy, dksbZ osclkbV dk ,Mªsl vkidks irk ugha gS rks vkidks fdlh lpZ
batu dks [kksy dj mlesa Vkbi djuk iM+sxk Vªsu fjtosZ'ku blds ckn v‚uykbu ;kuh bUVjusV ij Vªsu
fjtosZ'ku dh lqfo/kk nsus okyh fofHkUu osac lkbZV ds ;wvkj,y ;kuh osc ,M
,Mªªsl dh ,d fyLV vk tk,xh
lpZ batu vk/kqfud ;qx esa cksgkr gh mi;ksxh gks x;k gS ] yksx viuh bUVjusV ij gj t#jr ds fy,
lpZ batu dk bLrseky dj jgs gS lpZ batu esa vkt dy vyx vyx çdkj dh [kkst ds d fy, vyx
osc ist cuk fn, x, gSA
tSls best : dsoy dksbZ QksVks [kkskkstus ds fy,
U;wt : fdlh fo'ks"k ckr ij lekpkj D;k gS [kkstus ds fy,
fofM;ks : dksbZ fo'ks"k fofM;ks [kkstus ds fy, tSls fdlh fQYe tks dh fdlh osclkbV ij miyC/k gS
[kkstus ds fy,
cqDl : v‚uykbu ;kuh bUVjusV ij miyC/k fdlh iqLrd dh [kkst ds fy,
eSIl : ;kuh uD'kk [kkstus ds fy, ] vki tgk¡ gS vFkok dgha tkuk gS rks ogka dk uD'kk ;k tkus dk
jkLrk Hkh [kkst ldrs gS ftls usfoxs'ku dgk tkrk gSA

lpZ batu ds mnkgj.k

• Google
• YAHOO
• BING
 17

• MSN
• ASK
lks'ky ehfM;k osc lkbV~l ,d lkekftd tqMko ds fy, cuk;ha tkrh gS ftl ij çR;sd O;fä vius
ckjs esa ,d çksQkby cukrk gS ] rFkk lks'ky ehfM;k osc lkbZV esa vius fe=ksa fj'rsnkjksa lkekftd
O;fä;ksa vkfn yksxks ls tqM+us dh lqfo/kk gksrh gS gS FACEBOOK bldk lcls cM+k mngkj.k gS
ftles vktdy çR;sd O;fä tqMk gS
O;fä Loa; viuh ,d foLr`r lqpuk lks'ky ehfM;k osc lkbZV ij nsrk gS tSls uke irk Loa; dh rLohj
vkfn ftls ml O;fä dh çksQkby dgk tkrk gS ] ;g çksQkby ,uh O;fä;ksa dh çksQkby ls ijLij
okrkZyki rFkk le;dkfyd ?kVukvksa dh lqpuk ds fy, tqMrh gS

mnkgj.k
• FACEBOOK – foLr`r lwpukvksa QksVks fofM;ks vkfn ds fy,
• TWITTER – NksVh lqpuk ds fy, ¼fy[ks tkus okys 'kCnksa dh fyfeV gksrh gS½
• LINKED IN – vkf/kdkfjd çksQkby cukus ukSdjh [kkstus esa lgk;d
• YOUTUBE – fofM;ks 'ks;j ds fy,
• bULVkxzke – QksVks ç/kku
• GOOGLE PLUS
• MYSPACE
• TUMBLER vkfn vusdksa gS
lks'ky ehfM;k elsatj
lks'ky ehfM;k osclkbV ,d çdkj dh lans'kd lqpuk rFkk eksckby ,Iyhds'ku ¼eksckby v‚ijsfVax
flLVe ij pyus okyh l‚¶Vos;j½ Hkh nsrs gS ftls eSlsatj dgk tkrk gS ] ;g eSlsatj vk/kqfud SMS
lqfo/kk gS tks dh daI;wVj QkbYl o~ ehfM;k ¼QksVks ] fofM;ks ] M‚D;wesaV vkfn ½ Hkh vknku çnku djus
ds dke vkrk gSA

mnkgj.k
• Whatsapp
• HIKE
• FACEBOOK MESSENGER
 18

• Google HANGOUT
• SNAPCHAT
• TELEGRAM
buQkesZ'ku flD;wfjVh ¼lqpuk lqj{kk ½
daI;wVj esa miyC/k lwpukvks ¼MsVk½ dks lqjf{kr djuk Hkh t#jh gS ] daI;wVj ls bUVjusV ij tqM+ tkus ds ckn
;g [krjk vkSj c<+ tkrk gS ] ;g lqpuk dsoy mUgsa gh çkIr gksuh pkfg, ftUgsa ;s Hksth x;h gS A
daI;wVj esa miyC/k lHkh çdkj dh lwpuk,a ¼buQkesZ'ku½ dks vusd çdkj ds [krjs gksrs gS ] fdlh Hkh vU;
vuf/k—r O;fä }kjk bldk mi;ksx ] la'kks/ku ] fjd‚fMaZx vFkok bls u"V Hkh fd;k tk ldrk gS daI;wVj dh
bu lwpukvksa dks [krjksa ls cpkus ds fy, fofHkUu çdkj ds rjhds viuk;s tkrs gS ftUgsa buQkesZ'ku flD;wfjVh
dgrs gS ikloMZ] ,aVhok;jl l‚¶Vos;j] Qk;jo‚y] ,fUØI'ku l‚¶Vos;j bues çeq[k gSA

ANTI-VIRUS ,aVh&ok;jl
ok;jl ,d çdkj dk daI;wVj çksxzke gS tks daI;wVj esa ?kql tkus ij blds MsVk dks gkfu igqapk ldrk gS vFkok
cny ldrk gS blls cpus ds fy, dqN ,aVh&ok;jl ¼;kuh ok;jl ls yM+us okys½ çksxzke cuk;s x, gSa dqN
çpfyr ,aVh ok;jl fuEu gS
• AVAST
• NORTON
• QUICK-HEAL
• PANDA
• AVIRA
• McAfee

buQkesZ'ku flD;wfjVh çkIr djus ds fy, D;k djs D;k u djsa

• ikloMZ dk bLrseky djs ] ikloMZ vklku ugha gksuk pkfg, tSls vkidk eksckby uacj ;k tUe
fnukd pw¡fd bldk vklkuh ls vuqeku yxk;k tk ldrk gS
• viuk ikloMZ ,Vh,e dkMZ uacj fiu uacj ges'kk xksiuh; j[ksa ] cSad vf/kdkjh vFkok fdlh Hkh
O;fä dks Hkh u crk,a
• ,aVh ok;jl Qk;joky vkfn dk mi;ksx djs
• l‚¶Vos;j o~ ,Iyhds'ku dk lcls ckn dk ;kuh viMsVsM o'kZu gh bLrseky djs
• fQaxj fçaV Qsl LdSu vkfn vk/kqfud rjhds gS
• ,fUØIVsM dE;qfuds'ku dk mi;ksx ftles MsVk dks :ikarfjr djds vU;= Hkstk tkrk gS

lkbcj Økbe
CYBER CRIME

dgrs gS tc fdlh pht dk foLrkj gks tkrk gS rks cqjkbZ;ksa dks iuius dh txg fey tkrh gS ] bUVjusV ds
vlhfer foLrkj ,oa mi;ksx dk dqN yksx xyr Qk;nk Hkh mBkrs gS ftUgsa daI;wVj –vkbZ Vh dh Hkk"kk esa lkbcj
Økbe ¼tqeZ½ dgk tkrk gS
;s dRy gR;k cykRdkj pksjh MSdrh tSls vke vijkf/k;ksa }kjk fd;s x, tqeZ ls Hkh T;knk [krjukd o
gkfudkjd gks ldrs gS bUVjusV ij fd;s tkus okys lkbcj vijk/k dqN bl çdkj ds gks ldrs gS
 19

fQf'kax :& fdlh vU; O;fä ds cSad [kkrs vFkok ØsfMV dkMZ ls vuf/k—r :i ls fcuk O;fä dks irk pys
iSlk fudkyuk
gSfdax :& fdlh vU; osc lkbZV dks vuf/k—r :i ls xzg.k djuk ] MsVk pqjkuk vFkok fdlh O;fä ds esy
vdkmaV vFkok lks'ky ehfM;k çksQkby dk fcuk vkKk mi;ksx djuk
xSacfyax :- tq, vFkok lês ds fy, osc lkbZV cukuk ] /kwrZØhMk djuk
lks'ky ehfM;k Økbe : lks'ky ehfM;k ij fdlh /keZ tkfr ij fVIi.kh djuk vFkok xkyh nsuk viekfur
djukA
vkbZVh – dkuwu
IT ACT
lwpuk çkS|ksfxdh vf/kfu;e] 2000 ¼ftls vkbZVh, &2000 ;k vkbZVh vf/kfu;e ds :i esa Hkh tkuk tkrk
gS½ Hkkjrh; laln dk ,d vf/kfu;e gS ¼2000 dk 21 u-½ 17 vDVwcj 2000 dks vf/klwfpr fd;k x;kA
;g Hkkjr dk igyk dkuwu gS tks lkbcj vijk/k vkSj bysDVª‚fud okf.kT; ¼b&d‚elZ½ A ;g 30 tuojh
1997 ds ladYi }kjk la;qä jk"Vª egklHkk }kjk vuq'kaflr bysDVª‚fud d‚elZ 1996
¼;w,ulhvkbZVhvkj,,y e‚My½ ij la;qä jk"Vª e‚My dkuwu ij vk/kkfjr gSA

***************

mijksä uksV~l whatsapp vFkok esy ij çkIr

djus ds fy, tagoreprivateiti@gmail-
com ij uksV~l fjDosLV uke ls esy Hkstsa