fufyhqï moaO;s

fuu mdvu yeoEÍfuka Tng"

² fufyhqï moaO;shl wjYH;dj
² fufyhqï moaO;shl l%shdldß;ajh
² fufyhqï moaO;sj, w;=reuqyqK;a
² fufyhqï moaO;shl ld¾hNdrh
² fufyhqï moaO;s j¾.
² fufyhqï moaO;sj, jdis
² fufyhqï moaO;shl Wmfhda.S;d jevigyka
² Odjl" f*da,av¾ iy f.dkq
ms<sn`o j ukd wjfndaOhla ,nd .ekSug yels jkq we;'

5'1 fufyhqï moaO;s y`ÿkajd §u

mß.Klhla oDVdx. (Hardware)" iaÓrdx. (Firmware) iy uDÿldx.
(Software) hk wx.j,ska iukaú; fõ'
oDVdx. (Hardware) hkq ksYaÑ; yevhla iys;" wmg iam¾Y l< yels"
mß.Klhl fN!;sl fldgia fõ' ta wkqj h;=re mqjrej" uQislh" ixo¾Ylh" oDV
;eáh" kdolh iy uqøK hka;%h hkq oDVdx. i|yd WodyrK lsysmhls'
iaÓrdx. (Firmware) hkq mGk ud;% u;lfhys ^ROM& ia:dms;" mß.Klfha
uQ,sl l%shd;aul ^BOOT& ùug wod< Wmfoia fõ' mßYS,lhd ;srh u; olsk m%:u
Ñ;%l fyda joka m%;sodkh lrkq ,nkafka o iaÓrdx. úisks'

fkdñf,a fnod yeÍu msKsihs 137

mß.Klfha wdrïNl l%shdldß;ajh isÿ jk whqre
²² mßYS,l úiska mß.Klhg úÿ,s n,h iemhSu;a iu. u uOH ieliqï tallh
^CPU& u.ska uQ,sl wdodk m%;sodk moaO;sh ^Basic Input Output System-BIOS&
m%fõYkh flf¾'
²² m<uq j Power-On Self Test ^POST& jevigyk Odjkh fõ' fuys wdrïNl
mshjr jYfhka CMOS ^Complementary Metal Oxide Semiconductor& u;lh
wkqj ish¨ u oDVdx. mÍlaId lr n,d tajd kshñ; mßÈ l%shd;aul jk njg
;yjqre lr .kshs'
²² bka miq mß.Kl ksIamdok iud.u u.ska imhd we;s Wmfoia wvx.= bootstrap
loader kï jQ iaÓrdx.hg wkqj POST jevigyfkka y÷kd .;a boot sequence
ys m<uq wdphk Wml%ufhys ^boot drive& Master Boot Record ^MBR& lshjhs'
²² wjidkfha boot drive ys we;=<;a fufyhqï moaO;sh iiïNdù m%fõY u;lhg
^RAM& m%fõYkh lr .kshs'
²² bka miq mß.Klfha md,kh iïmQ¾Kfhka u fufyhqï moaO;sh u.ska ,nd
f.k mßYS,lhdg w;=reuqyqK;la ^User Interface& ,nd fohs'
fuu iïmQ¾K l%shdj,sh booting f,i y`ÿkajkq ,nk w;r tys w¾:h
fufyhqï moaO;shla mß.Klfha iiïNdù m%fõY u;lhg ^m%Odk u;lhg& m%fõY
lr .ekSuhs'
uDÿldx. (Software) hkq mß.Klh ;=<ska hï lsis ld¾hhla bgq lr .ekSug
fokq ,nk Wmfoia iuQyhls' uDÿldx. j¾. lsysmhla we;' tajd fufia fjka lr
oelaúh yels h'
uDÿldx. (Software)

moaO;s uDÿldx. fhÿï uDÿldx.

(System Software) (Application Software)
a) fufyhqï moaO;s
(Operating System)
b) Wmfhda.s;d
uDÿldx.
Wod -
(Utility Software)
-joka ieliSu (Word Processing)
c) NdId mßj¾;l me;=reïm;a (Spread Sheets)
(Language Translators) o;a; iuqodh (Database)
mß.Kl lS%vd (Computer Games)
tfiïí,rh (Assembler) fjí w;ßlaiq (Web Browsers)
iïmdol (Compiler)
w¾:úkHdil (Interprter)

rEmh -5.1 - uDÿldx. j¾.

138 fkdñf,a fnod yeÍu msKsihs

 5'1'1 moaO;s uDÿldx. (System Software)

1& moaO;s uDÿldx. (System Software&-- - moaO;s uDÿldx. m%Odk jYfhka j¾.
;=klg fnÈh yels h' tkï"
a)' fufyhqï moaO;s ^Operating System& -- mß.Klfha ia:dms; wfkl=;a
uDÿldx. iy oDVdx. l<ukdlrKh lrñka mßYS,lhdg mß.Klh
Ndú; lsÍug wjldYh ,nd fokafka fufyhqï moaO;sh u.sks' moaO;s
uDÿldx. yd fhojqï f,i mj;sk uDÿldx. oDVdx. iu. ia;r jYfhka
iïnkaO jk wdldrh my; rEmh 5'2 fmkakqï flf¾'

rEmh -5.2 -- oDVdx." moaO;s uDÿldx." fhÿï uDÿldx.

b)' Wmfhda.s;d uDÿldx. ^Utility Software& -mß.Klfha ia:dms; wfkl=;a

uDÿldx. úYaf,aIKh lsÍu iy mß.Klh kv;a;= lsÍu jeks l%shdjka
i|yd Woõ lsÍug ks¾udKh lr we;' Wmfhda.s;d uDÿldx." fhÿï
uDÿldx. j,ska fjkia jkafka" ixlS¾K;ajfhka iy l%shdldß;ajfhka
h' Wmfhda.S;d uDÿldx. mß.Klfha iïm;a l,ukdlrKh lsÍug
iyh fõ' kuq;a fhÿï uDÿldx. Bg iïmQ¾Kfhka fjkia jQ úúO
ld¾hhka isÿ lrhs' úúO jQ ld¾hh i|yd úúO Wmfhda.s;d uDÿldx.
ks¾udKh lr we;' bka iuyrla kï"
1& m%;s jhsri uDÿldx. (Anti virus Software) - ffjria wdidok j,ska
mß.Klh wdrlaId lr .ekSu'
2& ;eá wdlD;slrKh (Disk formatting) - f.dkq yd f*da,avr
;ekam;a lsÍug iqÿiq wdldrhg ;eáh ieliSu'

fkdñf,a fnod yeÍu msKsihs 139

 c)' NdId mßj¾;l ^Language Translators)
mß.Kl jevigykla ^uDÿldx.& iE§ we;af;a Wmfoia iuQyhla tl;=
ùfuks' fuu Wmfoia ,sh ù we;af;a ñksia NdIdj,g ióm Wiia
uÜgfï NdIdj,sks' (High Level Language) fïjd mß.Klhg y÷kd
.; yels mß.Kl NdId j,g (Machine Language) tkï zz1ZZ iy zz0ZZ
j,g mßj¾;kh lrkq ,nkafka NdId mßj¾;l u.sks' tfiïí,rh
(Assembler), iïmdol ^Compiler)" w¾:úkHdil ^Interpreter& hkdÈh
fï i|yd WodyrK fõ'

5'1'2 fhÿï uDÿldx. (Application Software)

fhÿï uDÿldx. (Application Software& -- fufyhqï moaO;shla ^Operating

System& u; muKla l%shd;aul jk fhÿï uDÿldx. mßYS,lhdf.a mß.Kl
wdY%s; l%shdldrlï ^,sms f,aLk ieliSu" .‚; l¾u" o;a; /ia lsÍu iy tajd
yeisrùu" mß.Kl l%Svd wdÈh& i|yd fhdod .kq ,nhs'

²² Wod-(- joka ieliSu ^Word Processing& me;=reïm;a (Spread Sheets&

o;a; iuqodh (Database& mß.Kl l%Svd ^Computer games)" fjí
w;ßlaiq ^Web Browsers)

5'1'3 fufyhqï moaO;shl wjYH;dj

mßYS,lhd iy mß.Kl oDVdx. w;r iïnkaO;dj we;s lrkq ,nk

uDÿldx.h fufyhqï moaO;shhs' fufyhqï moaO;s uDÿldx. u.ska úúO fhÿï
uDÿldx. mß.Klhg ia:dmkh lsÍu iy l%shd;aul lsÍu i|yd wjYH jk úOdk
imhk w;r th wdodk Wmdx. ^input devices)" m%;sodk Wmdx. ^output devices) iy
mß.Kl u;l ^computer memory& l<ukdlrKh lrkakd fuka u mß.Klfha
ia:dms; wfkl=;a uDÿldx. yiqrjkakd o fjhs' tfiakï iuia; mß.Kl moaO;sh
u yeisrùu fufyhqï moaO;sh u.ska isÿ lrk nj fuu.ska meyeÈ,s fjhs'

140 fkdñf,a fnod yeÍu msKsihs

 mßYS,lhd (Human User)

fhÿï uDÿldx.
(Application Software)

fufyhqï moaO;sh (Operating Systems)

wfkl=;a moaO;s uDÿldx.

(Other Systems Software)

oDVdx. (Hardware)

rEmh -- 5.3- mßYS,lhd yd mß.Klh w;r iïnkaO;dj

5'1'4 úúO fufyhqï moaO;s

1. Windows fufyhqï moaO;s

Microsoft iud.u úiska ksmojkq ,en we;s fuu Windows fufyhqï moaO;s"
m%ldYk ysñlï iys;" uqo,a f.jd ,nd .; hq;= moaO;s uDÿldx.hls' f,dj mqrd b;d
ckm%sh ù we;s Windows fufyhqï moaO;sh úúO ixialrKj,ska ,nd .; yels h'
WodyrK
Windows XP, Windows Vista, Windows 7, Windows 8
óg wu;r j cx.u ÿrl:k" geí,Ü mß.Kl jeks WmlrKj,
ls%hdldß;ajh isÿ lsÍug MS Windows Mobile f,i fufyhqï moaO;shla y`ÿkajd §
we;' tfia u fiajd Þhl (server) mß.Klj, ls%hdldß;ajh i|yd (server) fufyhqï
moaO;sh f,i MS Windows Server kñka fufyhqï moaO;shla ksmojd we;'

2. Mac fufyhqï moaO;sh

Apple iud.u úiska ksmojd we;s Mac OS kï jQ fufyhqï moaO;sh Apple
Macintosh mß.Klj, Ndú;d flf¾'

fkdñf,a fnod yeÍu msKsihs 141

 fuu fufyhqï moaO;sh m%ldYk ysñlï iys; uqo,a f.jd ,nd .; hq;=
moaO;s uDÿldx.hls' fuu fufyhqï moaO;sh Apple iud.u úiska ksmojk ,o
mß.Klj, muKla ia:dmkh l< yels h'
3. Ubuntu fufyhqï moaO;sh
Linux fufyhqï moaO;sh mdol lr .ksñka Ubuntu fufyhqï moaO;sh
ksmojd we;' fuu fufyhqï moaO;sh iïmQ¾Kfhka u fkdñf,a ,nd .; yels h'
újD; fufyhqï moaO;shla ^Free and Open Source) f,i ye`Èkafjk fuh http://
www.ubuntu.com/download fjí wvúh u.ska fkdñf,a nd.; l< yels h'

4. Android fufyhqï moaO;sh

Google iud.u úiska Android fufyhqï moaO;sh ksmojkq ,en we;' cx.u
Wmdx. i|yd úfYaIfhka fhdod .kq ,nk fufyhqï moaO;shla f,i Android
y÷kajd Èh yels h' fuh o iïmQ¾Kfhka u fkdñf,a ,nd fok fufyhqï moaO;shls'

5. Hanthana Linux fufyhqï moaO;sh

Linnux fufyhqï moaO;sh mdol lrf.k ksmo jQ fyda www.hanthana.org

u.ska fkdñ,fha nd .; yels uDÿldx.hls'

5'1'5 fufyhqï moaO;s j¾.SlrKh

fufyhqï moaO;shl m%Odk;u ld¾hNdrh jkqfha mß.Kl hka;%h

ls%hd;aul l< fudfydf;a isg u ls%hd úrys; lrk wjia:dj olajd u mß.Kl
hka;%fha oDVdx. Wmßu jYfhka fhdod .ksñka mßYS,lhdg wjYH fhojqï uDÿldx.
ls%hd;aul lsÍug wjYH mßirh f.dvk.d §uhs' fufyhqï moaO;sj, ls%hdldß;ajh
wkqj tajd my; whqßka j¾.SlrKh lr we;'

1' tAl mßYS,l (Single user)

2' nyq mßYS,l (Multi user)
3' nyq ld¾h (Multi tasking)
4' ;;H ld, (Real time)

1' tAl mßYS,l (Single user) fufyhqï moaO;s

tla jrlg tla mßYS,lfhl= iïnkaOfhka fiajd imhk fufyhqï
moaO;shla tAl mßYS,l fufyhqï moaO;shla fõ'
WodyrK - MS DOS fufyhqï moaO;sh

142 fkdñf,a fnod yeÍu msKsihs

2' nyq mßYS,l (Multi user) fufyhqï moaO;s
fndfyda mßYS,lhkag tl jr mß.Kl hka;%hla fj; m%fõY ù lghq;=
lsÍug myiqlï i,ik fufyhqï moaO;shla nyq mßYS,l fufyhqï moaO;sh f,i
yeÈkafõ' uyd mß.Kl (Mainframe) jeks tl jr mßYS,lhska úYd, msßilg
lghq;= l< yels mß.Kl hka;%j,g nyq mßYS,l fufyhqï moaO;s ia:dmkh lrkq
,efí'
WodyrK - Linux, Windows server

3' nyqld¾h (Multi tasking) fufyhqï moaO;s

tl jr ld¾h lsysmhla isÿ l< yels fufyhqï moaO;s nyqld¾h fufyhqï
moaO;s f,i ye`Èkafõ' fujeks fufyhqï moaO;s ;=<ska ;ks mßYS,lfhl=g nyqld¾h-
hka isÿ lr .ekSug yelshdj we;'
-WodyrK - Windows 7, Windows 8, Ubuntu , Mac OS
4' ;;H ld, (Real time) fufyhqï moaO;sh
wdodk ,nd ÿka ú.i u lsisÿ m%udohlska f;dr j m%;spdr olajk fufyhqï
moaO;shls' iajhxl%Sh j md,kh jk hka;%j, fndfyda úg fuu ;;H ld, fufyhqï
moaO;s ls%hd;aul fõ' úoHd;aul WmlrK fyda Bg iudk l=vd WmlrKj,
l%shdldß;ajh md,kh i|yd fhdÞ .kS' fuu fufyhqï moaO;s hï iqúfYaIS l%shdjla
i|yd úfYaIkh ù we;'
WodyrK - .Kl hka;%" ATM hka;%

5'1'6 fufyhqï moaO;shl fiajd

mß.Kl fufyhqï moaO;shl ld¾h Ndrh

fufyhqï moaO;sh uDÿldx.hlaa jk w;r tu.ska oDVdx. yd fjk;a uDÿldx.
l,ukdlrKh lrhs' tu.ska wfkl=;a uDÿldx. i|yd fiajdjka ,nd fokq ,nhs'
mß.Kl fufyhqï moaO;shla úiska bgq lrkq ,nk m%Odk ld¾h folla y÷kd
.ekSug yels h' tajd kï (
i) mß.Kl moaO;shl jQ oDVdx. md,kh lsÍu
ii) ñ;%YS,S mßYS,l w;=reuqyqK;la ,nd §u
i) mß.Kl moaO;shl jq oDVdx. md,kh lsÍu
fufyhqï moaO;s u.sska my; oelafjk l<ukdlrK ld¾h yryd mß.Kl
moaO;sfha jQ oDVdx. md,kh lsÍu isÿ lrhs'
1' l%shdj,s l<ukdlrKh Process Management
2' u;l l<ukdlrKh Memory Management
3' Wmdx. l<ukdlrKh Device Management
4' f.dkq l<ukdlrKh File Management
5' wdrlaIK l<ukdlrKh Security Management
6' mß.Kl cd, l<ukdlrKh Network Management

fkdñf,a fnod yeÍu msKsihs 143

 mß.Klfha § fuu ld¾h l%shd;aul jk wdldrh iy tajd w;r jQ
iïnkaOh my; rEm igyfkka oel .; yels h'

rEmh 5.4 - fufyhqï moaO;sfha l<ukdlrK ld¾h

wms oeka fuu l<ukdlrK ld¾h my ms<sn| j úia;r úuid n,uq'

1' l%shdj,s l<ukdlrKh Process Management

mß.Klhla Ndú; lrñka wm úiska úúO jQ ld¾h bgq lr .kq ,nk nj
Tn okafkys h' WodyrKhla jYfhka ,smshla uqøK hka;%fhka uqøKh lr .ekSu
ms<sn| j is;a fhduq lrkak' ,smshla uqøKh lsÍu tla ld¾hhla f,iska wmg
fmkqK o" mß.Klfha § fuu ld¾hh isÿ lrkqfha l=vd l=vd ld¾h rdYshlg fnod
.ksñka h' fufyhqï moaO;sj, § fuu l=vd ld¾hhla l%shdj,shla f,iska y÷kajuq'

rEmh 5.5 - P1 - P7 olajd jQ ld¾h (process) l%shdj,s l,ukdlrKh

144 fkdñf,a fnod yeÍu msKsihs

 mß.Klfha l%shd;aul fjñka mj;sk mß.Kl jevigykla fyda
jevigykl fldgila fyda l%shdj,shla f,iska ir, j y÷kajd Èh yels h'
mß.Klfha § iEu ld¾hhla u l%shdj,s tlla fyda lsysmhla fyda yryd bgq flf¾'
l%shdj,s i|yd wjYH lrk wdldrfhka uOH ieliqï tallfha ld,h fjka
lr .ekSu" u;lh fjka lr .ekSu iy wod< l%shdj,s i|yd wdodk- m%;sodk tall
fjka lr .ekSu jeks iïm;a l<ukdlrK ld¾h fufyhqï moaO;sfha l%shdj,s
l<ukdlrKfha § isÿ flf¾'
tfia u l%shdj,s ish,a, kshñ; wdldrfhka fm< .eiSug lghq;= lsÍu;a
^tkï ls%hdj,s wjYH mßÈ tlla miq mi tlla isák f,iska ilia lsÍu;a& l%shdj,s
l<ukdlrKh hgf;a § fufyhqï moaO;sh úiska bgq lrkq ,efí' WodyrKhla
f,iska ,smshla uqøKh lrk w;r;=r § hï fohla h;=re mqjrefjka ghsma lsÍu
ms<sn| j i,ld n,kak' fuys § uq,ska u mß.Klh úiska isÿ l< hq;af;a l=ula
oehs ;SrKh l< hq;= h' fuu ld¾h fol u tl jr isÿ jk f,iska wmg fmkqK
o mß.Klfha § fuu ld¾h fol isÿ lrkqfha l%shdj,s folla f,isks' tfia u wm
úiska uqøKh lrkq ,nk ,smsfhys hula ghsma lrkafka kï ;;a;ajh fln÷ o@
wm uqøKh i|yd wod< wK lsÍu ,nd §fuka miq j ,smshg tla lrkq ,nk foaj,a
uqøK hka;%fhka uqøKh jkjd o@ tfia jkafka keye fkao@ tkï mß.Klh úiska
wod< ld¾h tkï l%shdj,s ksYaÑ; ms<sfj<lg wkqj l<ukdlrKh lrkq Tng oel
.ekSug mq¿jk'
2' u;l l<ukdlrKh Memory Management
mß.Klh l%shd;aul ùfï § u;lh ^úfYaIfhka u wms fuys § l;d
lrkafka m%d:ñl u;lh tkï iiïNdù m%fõY u;lh .ekhs& úYd, ld¾hhla
bgq lrkq olskag mq¿jk' wdodkh lrkq ,nk ish¨ o;a; uOH ieliqï tallh
fj; .uka lrk f;la r|jd ;nd .kafka o ilia lrkq ,enQ o;a; tkï f;dr;=re
m%;sodk tall fj; fhduq lrk f;la r|jd ;nd .kafka o u;lh ;=<hs' fï
ksid u;lh úêu;a j l<ukdlrKh lsÍu mß.Klfha ukd l%shdldÍ;ajh i|yd
w;HjYH h' l%shdj,s i|yd u;lh fjkqfjka we;s úh yels .egqï j<ld,ñka
l%shdj,s i|yd wjYH lrk u;lh fjka lr §u;a tu l%shdj,s wjidkfha § u;lh
ksoyia lsÍug wjYH lghq;= isÿ lsÍu;a u;l l<ukdlrKfha § isÿ fõ'

rEmh 5.6 - u;l l<ukdlrKh

fkdñf,a fnod yeÍu msKsihs 145

 u;l l<ukdlrKh i|yd fufyhqï moaO;s u.ska úúO jq Wml%u fhdod
.kakd w;r fufyhqï moaO;s u.sska mß.Klfha jQ m%d:ñl u;lh (Primary Memory
-iiïNdù m%fõY$msúiqï u;lh (Random Access Memory -RAM) fuka u oaú;Shsl
u;lh (Secondary Memory) hk u;l wdldr fol u l<ukdlrK lsÍug lghq;=
lrk neõ wm u;l ;nd .; hq;= h'
,smshla uqøKh lsÍu i|yd wK lsÍfuka miq j thg hula tla lsÍu ms<sn|j
i,ld n,kak' fuys § ,smsh uqøKh isÿ jk w;r;=r § wm úiska ,smshg tla lrkq
,nk foaj,a uqøK hka;%fhka uqøKh jkjdo@ tfia jkafka ke;' uqøKh i|yd
wjYH lrk wK lsÍu ,nd ÿka úg uqøKh úh hq;= oE mß.Klfhys iiïNdù
u;lhg fhduq lrk w;r uqøKh lrkafka tfia iiïNdù m%fõY u;lhg tla
lrk ,o foaj,a muKls' bka miq j wm úiska ,smshg tla lrkq ,nk foaj,a uqøK
hka;%fhka uqøKh jkafka ke;'

l%shdldrlu

Tnf.a mß.Klfha iiïNdù m%fõY$msúiqï u;lfha (Random

Access Memory -RAM tflys& m%udKh o¾Ykh lrk ^fidhd
.kakd& wdldrh olajkak' Tnf.a mß.Klfha iiïNdù m%fõY$msúiqï
u;lfha (Random Access Memory -RAM tflys& m%udKh o igyka
lrkak'

3' Wmdx. l<ukdlrKh Device Management

mß.Kl moaO;shl fndfyda m¾hka; Wmdx. (peripheral devices) Ndú;
lrk nj Tn okafkys h' fuu ish¨ Wmdx. md,kh lsÍfï j.lSu orkafka o
fufyhqï moaO;shhs' Wmdx. md,kh i|yd oDVdx. fldgia jk Wmdx. md,l
(device controllers) o uDÿldx. fldgia md,kh i|yd Odjl$t,jqï jevigyka
(device drivers) o fhdod .efka'

rEmh 5.7 - Wmdx. l<ukdlrKh

146 fkdñf,a fnod yeÍu msKsihs

 WodyrKhla f,iska Tn úiska ñ, § .kq ,nk uqøK hka;%hla Tnf.a
mß.Klfhys ksjerÈ j l%shd;aul ùug kï ta i|yd kshñ; Odjl$t,jqï
jevigyk (device driver) fufyhqï moaO;sfhys kshñ; wdldrfhka ia:dmkh l<
hq;= h' tfia fkdjqK úg § uqøs; msgm;a ,nd .ekSug yels jqj o uqøK hka;%fha jQ
kùk myiqlïj,ska Tng ksis m%fhdackhla ^Wod - iajhxl%Sh j lvodisfha fomi u
uqøKh lsÍu jeks myiqlï& ,nd .ekSug fkdyels jkq we;'
j¾;udkfha § fndfyda Wmdx. iú l< ú.i l%shd;aul jk wdldrfhka
(plug and play) ilia lr we;s w;r Bg wod< Odjl$t,jqï jevigyka (device
driver) fufyhqï moaO;sh úiska iajhxl%Sh j ia:dmkh lr .kq olakg yels h' fï
ksid j¾;udkfha § fndfyda wjia:dj, § wmg fuu Odjl$t,jqï jevigyka
(device driver) ia:dmkh lsßu ms<sn| j lror ùug wjYH fkdjkq we;'
l%shdldrlu
Tn mß.Klhg kj uqøK hka;%hla (printer& iúl< úg fufyhqï
moaO;sh u.ska tys Odjl$t,jqï jevigyk (device driver& iajhxl%Sh j
ia:dmkh lr .kS' tfia fkdue;s wjia:dj, wm úiska th ia:dmkh
lr .; hq;= h' kj uqøK hka;%h i|yd wod< Odjl$t,jqï jevigyk
Tn Ndú; lrk fufyhqï moaO;sh ;=< ia:dmkh (install) lrk wdldrh
igyka lrkak'
4' f.dkq l<ukdlrKh File Management
mß.Klfha o;a; ;ekam;a lsÍug f.dkq Ndú; lrk nj;a tajd úêu;a
j l<ukdlrKh lsÍug f*da,avr fhdod .kakd nj;a Tn fï jk úg okafkys
h' f.dkq l<ukdlrKh i|yd lghq;= lsÍu;a fufyhqï moaO;sfha ld¾hhls'

rEmh 5.8 - f.dkq l<ukdlrKh

fufyhqï moaO;s u.sska f.dkq l<ukdlrKh i|yd my; i|yka fiajd isÿ
lrkq oelsh yels h'

fkdñf,a fnod yeÍu msKsihs 147

 • kj f.dkq ilia lsÍu iy tajd ksis f,i ia:dk.; lsÍu
• wkjYH f.dkq uld oeóu
• wjYH mßÈ f*da,avr ilia lsÍu iy wkjYH tajd uld oeóu
• f.dkqj, yd f*da,avrj, kï fjkia lsÍu
• f.dkq yd f*da,avr msysá ia:dk fjkia lsÍu
• wjYH jQ wjia:dj, § wjYH lrk f.dkq Wmia: lsÍu

rEmh 5.9 - f.dkq l<ukdlrKh

f.dkq l<ukdlrKfha § fufyhqï moaO;sh u.sska f.dkq Wm ,laIK"
f.dkq fufyhqï" f.dkq m%fõY$msúiqï wjir iy f.dkq moaO;s hk lreKq ms<sn|j
o ie,sls,su;a jkq oelsh yels h'
l%shdldrlu

1' f.dkq$f*da,avr i;= j fndfyda Wm,laIK mj;S' Tnf.a fufyhqï

moaO;sfha f.dkqjla$f*da,avrhla f;dard f.k tys Wm,laIK fidhd
n,k wdldrh igyka lr olakg ,efnk Wm,laIK o igyka lrkak'

2' my; oelafjk f.dkq wdldr Ndú; lrk fufyhqï moaO;s fudkjdoehs fidhd
n,d igyka lrkak'
• FAT16
• FAT32
• NTFS
• ext4
• ReiserFS

3' fufyhqï moaO;s ;,fha § f.dkqj,g m%fõY ùu ^msúiSu& i|yd fhdod .kakd my;
wdldr fol fláfhka úia;r lrkak' meyeÈ,s lsÍï i|yd Tng my; rEm igyk
Ndú; l< yels h'
• wkql%ñl m%fõYh$msúiqu Sequential Access
• iiïNdù m%fõYh$msúiqu Random Access

148 fkdñf,a fnod yeÍu msKsihs

 rEmh 5.10 - wkql%ñl yd iiïNdù m%fõYh
5' wdrlaIK l<ukdlrK Security Management
mß.Klhla fj; úúOdldrfha ;¾ck we;s jkq oelsh yels h' WodyrKhla
f,iska mß.Kl ffjri jeks wksIag uDÿldx.j,ska mß.Klfha uDÿ l%shdldß;ajh
flfrys úúO jQ n,mEï we;s lrkq fmkajd Èh yels h' tfia u mß.Klh fj;g
wkjirfhka we;=¿ jkakka úiska mß.Klfha jQ o;a;" f;dr;=re jeks foa uld
oeóu" úkdY lr oeóu jeks ld¾hhka o mß.Kl moaO;shlg uqyqK §ug isÿ jk
;j;a ;¾ckhls'
fujeks ;¾ckj,ska mß.Kl moaO;shla wdrlaId lsÍfï j.lSu orkqfha
o fufyhqï moaO;shhs' fï i|yd mß.Kl fufyhqï moaO;s úiska úúOdldrfha
Wml%u Ndú; flf¾'
l%shdldrlu
1' fufyhqï moaO;s u.ska wkjir m%fõYh j<lajd .ekSu fyda md,kh
lsÍu i|yd fhdod .kakd Wml%u fudkjd oehs ,ehsia;=.; lr tajd
fláfhka úia;r lrkak'
2' fufyhqï moaO;shlg ;ks j ndysßka meñfKk mß.Kl ffjri jeks
wksIag uDÿldx.j,ska we;s lrk Wmøj ish,a, u md,kh lsßug
fkdyels h' fï i|yd ndysr ^f;jk md¾Yajfha& uDÿldx.j, iyh ,nd
.kakjd oelsh yels h' fufyhqï moaO;shlg ;ks j md,kh lsÍug
wmyiq ndysr ;¾ck yd tajd md,kh i|yd Ndú; lrk uDÿldx.
fudkjd oehs ,ehsia;=.; lrkak'

6' mß.Kl cd,lrK l<ukdlrKh Network Management

fndfyda fufyhqï moaO;s úúO jQ cd,lrK kshudj,s i|yd iyh fohs'
cd,h ;=, mj;sk mß.Kl" uqøK hka;%" iqmÍlaIk hka;% wdÈ oDVdx. iy f.dkq
jYfhka mj;sk uDÿldx. wdÈ iïm;a /yeka iys; j fyda /yeka rys; j yjqf,a
Ndú; lsÍug myiqlï i,ihs'
cd,h ;=< ÿria: j mß.Kl fj; m%fõY ùu i|yd o fufyhqï moaO;sh
Wmldr fõ' fï i|yd ir, ikaksfõokfha isg nyq udOH wdldrfha ikaksfõok
myiqlï mß.Kl cd,hla ;=,ska ,nd fohs' wo jk úg cd, ;=<ska ÿria: j isg
ikaksfõok n,h Wmßu f,i m%fhdackhg .kq ,efí' fuu ixl,amh j,dl=¨
mß.Kkh (cloud computing) ;=<ska úoHdudk fõ'

fkdñf,a fnod yeÍu msKsihs 149

 rEmh 5.11 - mß.Kl cd, l<ukdlrKh

ñ;%YS,S mßYS,l w;=reuqyqK;la ,nd §u

mß.Klh iu. jev lghq;= lsÍug w;=reuqyqK;la wjYH flf¾' fufyhqï
moaO;s u.ska wjYH lrkq ,nk l%shd myiqfjka yd ir, j bgq lr .eksug wjYH
lrk wK lsÍï ^úOdk& iy Wmfoia ,nd §u i|yd ñ;%YS,S w;=reuqyqK;la wm
fj; ,nd fohs' fuu w;=reuqyqK; Ndú; lrñka wjYH lrk ish¨ l%shd ixlS¾K
l%shdoduhlg fkdf.dia myiqfjka u bgq lr .ekSug yels h'
w;=reuqyqK;a ms<sn| j l;d lsÍfï § wmg m%Odk jYfhka wdldr foll
w;=re uqyqK;a oel .ekSug yels fõ'
1' úOdk fma,s w;=reuqyqK;a (CLI -Command Line Interfaces)
2' Ñ;%l mßYS,l w;=reuqyqK;a (GUI -Graphical User Interfaces)
by; lreKq fol ms<sn| j úia;rd;aul j úuid n,uq'
1' úOdk fma,s w;=reuqyqK;a (CLI -Command Line Interfaces) iys; fufyhqï
moaO;s
wdrïNl wjêfha § ks¾udKh lrkq ,enq ish¨ mß.Kl fufyhqï moaO;sj,
olakg ,enqfKa úOdk fma,s w;=reuqyqK;a jk w;r fuys wod< wK lsÍï iy
Wmfoia we;=<;a lsÍu i|yd fm%arlhla (prompt) olakg ,eìKs' wjYH lrk ish¨
wK lsÍï iy Wmfoia fuu fm%arlh u; h;=re,shkh l< hq;= úh' tfia u wod<
wK lsÍfï ldrl Í;sh (syntax) ksjerÈ j wkq.ukh l< hq;= h'

úOdkh

m%;sodkh

Command
Prompt Cursor

rEmh - 5.12 - úOdk fma<s w;=re uqyqK;

150 fkdñf,a fnod yeÍu msKsihs

 l%shdldrlu

1' Tn Ndú; lrk fufyhqï moaO;sfha úOdk fma,s w;=reuqyqK; ,nd

.kakd wdldrh igyka lrkak'
2' Tn Ndú; lrk fufyhqï moaO;sfha úOdk fma,s w;=reuqyqKf;ys
Ndú; l< yels wK lsÍï lsysmhla igyka lr tajdhska bgq lrkq ,nk
fiajd igyka lrkak'

2' Ñ;%l mßYS,l w;=reuqyqK;a (GUI -Graphical User Interfaces) iys;

fufyhqï moaO;s
j¾;udkfha Ndú; lrk ish¨ mß.Kl fufyhqï moaO;sj, w;=reuqyqK;
ilia fjkafka Ñ;%l mdol lr .ksñks' mßYS,lhskag myiqfjka uQislh u.sska fyda
w;eÕs,s Ndú; lrñka wjYH lrk l%shd bgq lr .ekSug fïjdfha § yelshdj mj;S'
fuu.sska b;d u myiqfjka fufyhqï moaO;sh Ndú; lrñka wjYH lrk lghq;=
bgq lr .; yels h'
Ñ;%l mßYS,l w;=reuqyqK;a iys; fufyhqï moaO;s [Operating Systems with
Graphical User Interfaces (GUI)] ks¾udKh lsÍfï § m%Odk ixrpl (componets)
y;rla Ndú; lrñka ñ;%YS,S mßirhla ilia lr § we;' tu ixrpl (componets)
i;r WIMP f,i fláfhka ye¢kafõ' WIMP hkqfjka woyia lrkafka"
1' ljq¿ Windows
2' ksrEml$whslk Icons
3' fukq Menus
4' olajkh Pointer hkakhs'

whslk

ljq¿ fukq olajkh

rEmh 5.13 - Ñ;%l mßYS,l w;=re uqyqK;

fkdñf,a fnod yeÍu msKsihs 151

 l%shdldrlu

1' Tn Ndú; lrk fufyhqï moaO;sfha f;dard .;a ^fjkia wdldrfha& ljq¿
foll olakg we;s wxf.damdx. kï lrkak'
2' Tnf.a fufyhqï moaO;sfha jev;,fhys olakg ,efnk whslk ish,a,
kï lrkak'
3' Tn Ndú; lrk fufyhqï moaO;sfha ir, jevigyka foll olakg ,efnk
fukq foll olakg ,efnk wjia:d ^úl,am& Ndú; lrk wdldrh úia;r
lrkak'
4' Tn Ndú; lrk fufyhqï moaO;sfha ^uQisl& olajkfha úúO yev;, olakg
mq¿jka' ^uQisl& olajkfha iajrEm lsysmhla olajkak' ^uQisl& olajkfha yev;,h
wjYH wdldrfhka fjkia lr .kafka flfia oehs olajkak'
5' fufyhqï moaO;shla iu. lghq;= lsÍfï § uQislh iuÕ ikaikaokh lsÍfï oS
w;eÕs,s ^iam¾Y ixfõoS Wml%u& Ndú; lsÍfï jdis iy wjdis igyka lrkak'

fufyhqï moaO;sj, mj;sk Wmfhda.s;d jevigyka

fufyhqï moaO;shla u.ska mß.Klfha l%shdldÍ;ajh mj;ajdf.k hdu
i|yd fndfyda ld¾h isÿ lrk nj Tn oeka okafkys h' mß.Klfha iqug
l%shdldÍ;ajh mj;ajdf.k hdu i|yd fuka u iuyr wjia:dj, § we;s jk Wmøj
j,ska mß.Klh wdrlaId lr.ekSug;a fufyhqï moaO;sh ;=< fndfyda Wmfhda.s;d
jevigyka we;=<;a lr ;sfnkq olakg yels h' w;S;fha § fndfyda Wmfhda.s;d
jevigyka fjk u ñ,§ f.k mß.Klfha ia:dmkh l< hq;= jqj;a wo jk úg
fndfyda Wmfhda.s;d jevigyka fufyhqï moaO;sh ;=<g wka;¾.; lr ;sfnkq
olakg ,efí'

fufyhqï moaO;sh ;=< fndfyda Wmfhda.s;d jevigyka oelsh yels h'

• Wmia: uDÿldx. - f.dkq msgm;a lsÍug yd oDv;eáj, Wmia: ,nd .ekSug
• ;eá iqmÍlaIkh- - ;eáj, fodaI iys; m%foaY mÍlaId lsÍfï uDÿldx.
• ;eá m%;sNd.SlrKh - ;eáfha ksoyiaj mj;sk l=vd m%foaY tlalr úYd, ksoyia
m%foaYhla iE§fuka ;eáh ixúOdkh lsÍu'
• f.dkq$o;a; ixfldapkh - jeä wdphk Odß;djla iys; f.dkq ixfldapkh lr
wvq Odß;djhla iys; f.dkq njg mßj¾;kh lsÍu
• ld¾hh l<ukdlre (Task Manager) u.ska mß.Klh ;=, l%shd;aul jk
l%uf,aLk iy l%shdj,Ska ms<sn| f;dr;=re iemhSu" mß.Klfha idudkH
;;ajhka fmkakqï lsÍu'
• moaO;s fodaI ksYaph lsÍfï fuj,ï- mß.Klhl fyda mß.Kl cd,hl we;s
uDÿldx. yd oDvdx. j, fodaI y÷kd.ekSu'

152 fkdñf,a fnod yeÍu msKsihs

• m%;sjhsri uDÿldx. -oafõY iy.; uDÿldx. y÷kd.ekSu" bj;alsÍu u.ska
mß.Kl wdrlaId lsÍu'
• o;a; fyda f.dkq msgm;a lsÍu$lemSu yd we,ùu i|yd fláld,Skj ;eïm;a lr
;nd .ekSu Clipboard u.sska isÿfõ'
• o;a; iuuqyq¾;lrK uDÿldx. u.sska m%Nj wdphkfha isg b,lal.; wdpkh
w;r ix.;;djh mj;ajd .ekSu'
• ;eá fn§u i|yd jQ uDÿldx. u.ska ;ks Odjlhla ;d¾lsl Odjl lsysmhlg
fjka lsÍug myiqlï i,ihs'
• mß.Kl l%shd;aulj Ndú; fkdjk wjia:dj, § ;sr wdrlaIKh i|yd
Screensavers Ndú;h'
• mß.Klj, ia:dmkh lrk ,o uDÿldx.j, úia;rd;aul f;dr;=re iy
iïnkaO lrk ,o oDvdx. ms<sn| úia;r iemhSu system profilers u.sska isÿlrhs'
• mß.Kl cd,j, iïnkaO;djh úYaf,aIKh lsÍu" o;a; yqjudrej mÍlaId lsÍu
i|yd cd, Wmfhda.S;d uDÿldx. fhdod .ekSu'

fuys § wm úiska my; i|yka Wmfhda.s;d jevigyka lsysmh ms<sn| j

muKla i,ld nef,kq we;'

• mx.= fn§u Disk Partitioning

• wdlD;slrKh Disk Formatting
• m%;sNd.SlrKh Defragmentation

mx.= fn§u Partitioning

mx.=jla hkq l=ula o@
idudkHfhka fndfyda wjia:dj, § mß.Klhl fN!;sl jYfhka
mj;skafka tla oDV ;eáhls' tfy;a th ;d¾lsl j fldgia lsysmhlg fnod fjka
lr .ekSu isÿflf¾' fufia oDV ;eáhla wjYH mßÈ fldgiaj,g fnod fjka lsßu
oDV ;eáh mx.= lsÍu (partitioning) f,iska ye|skafõ'
oDV ;eáhla mx.=j,g fjka lsÍu mß.Klhla úkHdi.; (configure) lrk
m<uq wjia:dfõ § isÿ l< hq;= ld¾hhls' tfia u hï fya;=jla ksid wu;r oDV
;eáhla mß.Klhg tla lrkafka kï fyda ;sfnk oDV ;eáh bj;a lr kj oDV
;eáhla tla lrkafka kï fyda tu wjia:dj, § o wmg tu oDV ;eáh mx.=j,g
fnod fjka lsÍug isÿfõ'
tfia u fï jk úg isÿ lr we;s mx.= fn§u fjkia lsÍug wjYH jkafka
kï ta wjia:dfõ § o mx.= fn§fï l%shdj,sh fj; fhduq jkq we;' flfia jqj o
mx.= fnod we;s oDV ;eáhla kej; jrla mx.= fn§ulg ,la l< úg § wod< oDV
;eáfha jQ ish¨ o;a; úkdY jkq we;' fï ksid tjka wjia:dj, § wjYH lrkq
,nk o;a;j, Wmia: msgm;la (backup copy) ,nd .ekSug lghq;= lsÍug u;l
;nd .; hq;= h'

fkdñf,a fnod yeÍu msKsihs 153

 my; rEm igyfkka Tng oDV ;eáhla mx.= fn§ug fmr yd miq mj;sk
wdldrh oel .; yels h'

rEmh 5.14 - oDV ;eáhla mx.= fn§ug fmr yd miq

mx.= fn§u wjYH jkafka wehs@

oDV ;eáhla fldgiaj,g tfia;a fkdue;s kï mx.=j,g fnod fjka lr
.ekSug úúO jQ fya;= mj;S' bka m%Odk fya;= lsysmhla my; mßÈ h'

• mß.Klfha ;ekam;a lrkq ,nk foaj,a fjka fjka j ;ekam;a lr .ekSug

^Wod - uDÿldx. tla mx.=jl o fjka fjka jQ o;a; fjka fjka jQ mx.=j, o
;ekam;a lsÍug&
• mß.Klfha fufyhqï moaO;s tllg jvd ia:dmkh lsÍug ^Wod - tl u
mß.Klfha Windows iy Ubuntu fufyhqï moaO;s folu ia:dmkh lsÍug
wjYH ùu'&
• fufyhqï moaO;sfha jQ wjYH;d iïmQ¾K lsÍug ^Wod - iuyr wjia:dj, §
fufyhqï moaO;sfha ld¾h i|yd oDV ;eáfha wu;r mx.=jla fjka lr ;eîug
wksjd¾hfhka u isÿùu fmkajd Èh yels h'&

oDV ;eáhla mx.=j,g fn¥ úg wmg ta tla tla mx.=j fjka fjka jq Odjl
f,iska oel .ekSug ,efnkq we;' Windows mßirfha§ fuu Odjl kï lsÍu C
wlaIrfhka wdrïN lrñka bÈßhg lr f.k hkq we;' tkï m<uq mx.=j m<uq
Odjlh f,iska i,lk w;r th C Odjlh f,iska kï lrkq we;' fojk mx.= D
Odjlh wdÈ jYfhka bÈßhg lrf.k hkq we;'

igyk ( Windows mßirfha § mß.Klhg iú lr we;s ixLHdxl nyqúO ;eá

Odjl" iefK,s u;l tall wdÈh mß.Klh y÷kd .kafka Odjl f,iska jk w;r
tajd kï lsÍu i|yd C wlaIrfhka miq j ^odV ;eá mx.= i|yd wdfoaY lsÍfuka
wk;=rej& ;sfnk bx.%Sis wlaIrhla wdfoaY lrkq we;'

154 fkdñf,a fnod yeÍu msKsihs

 Linux mßirfha § oDV ;eáfha mx.=" ixLHdxl nyqúO ;eá" iefK,s u;l
tall wd§ ish,a, f*da,avr (Linux ys oS fïjd y÷kajkafka äfrlagß f,isks& f,iska
wdfoaY lr .ekSu isÿ lrhs' fï ksid Linux mßirfha § C, D wd§ f,iska kï lrkq
,nk Odjl oel .ekSug fkdyels h'

wdlD;slrKh Disk Formatting

oDV ;eáhla mx.= fn§ug ,la l< o tys tla jr u o;a; ;ekam;a l<
fkdyels h' tu mx.= ish,a, wm úiska fjka fjka j wdlD;slrKh (format) l<
hq;= h'
yeviùu u.sska oDV ;eáhla fyda kuH ;eáhla fyda iefK,s u;l
tallhla fyda wod< fufyhqï moaO;sfha Ndú; lrkq ,nk f.dkq wdlD;shla Ndú;
lrñka o;a; ;ekam;a lsÍug yels wdldrhg m;a lsÍu isÿ lrhs'
j¾;udkfha fjf<|fmdf<ys jQ fndfyda iefK,s u;l tall fmr yevijd
we;s w;r (pre-formatted) fl,ska u Ndú;hg .ekSug yelshdj mj;S'
wjYH;dj mßÈ Ndú; lrk ,o oDV ;eáhla fyda kuH ;eáhla fyda iefK,s
u;l tallhla fyda kej; kej;;a wdlD;slrKh isÿ l< yels h' kuq;a fuys §
isys ;nd .; hq;= lreK jkafka wdlD;slrKh ùfï § ;eáfha jQ ish¨ o;a; úkdY
ù hk njhs' tkï wod< ;eáfha hï jeo.;a f.dkq we;akï wdlD;slrKh ùug
fmr tajdfha Wmia: msgm;a (backup copies) ,nd .ekSug wm lghq;= l< hq;= h'
mx.= fn§u yd wdlD;slrKh wjik wmg oDV ;eá o;a; ;ekam;a lsÍu
i|yd Ndú; lsÍug wjia:dj ie,fikq we;'
flfia jqj o wm úiska mß.Klhlg m%:u jrg fufyhqï moaO;shla
ia:dmkh lsÍfï § mx.= fn§u yd yeviùu isÿ lsÍu isÿ l< hq;= w;r bka miq
j mx.= fn§u iy oDV ;eáh wdlD;slrKh b;d u l,d;=rlska isÿ lrkq ,nk
l%shdjls'
my; rEm igyfkka mx.= fnok ,o oDV ;eáhla wdlD;slrKh jQ miq
mj;sk wdldrh oel .; yels h'

rEmh 5.15 - oDV ;eáhla mx.= fnoSug fmr yd mx.= fnoSug miq yd wdlD;slrKh jQ miq

fkdñf,a fnod yeÍu msKsihs 155

m%;sNd.SlrKh (Defragmentation)
m%;sNd.SlrKh ms<sn| j wmg l;d ny lsÍug isÿ jkafka Windows mßirh
;=< § h' f.dkqjla oDV ;eáhl fyda iefK,s u;l tallh ;ekam;a lsÍfï § iuyr
wjia:dj, § ^úfYaIfhka u f.dkqj m%udKfhka úYd,j;a u& th tl È.g ;ekam;a
ùu isÿ fkdùug bv lv mj;S' fufia f.dkqfõ fldgia ;eáfha úúO ia:dkj,
;ekam;a ùu LKavkh f,iska ye|skafõ'

rEmh 5.16 - ;eáhl f.dkq ;ekam;a j we;s wdldrh

úfYaIfhka u f.dkq ks;r ks;r ixialrKh lsÍu ksid f.dkqfõ m%udKh
úYd, ùu fya;=fjka wod< f.dkq i|yd tl È.g bv ,nd .ekSug wmyiq ùu
fya;=fjka f.dkqj fldgiaj,g fnod fjka lr ;eáfha fjka fjka ia:dkj,
;ekam;a lsÍug fufyhqï moaO;sh l%shd lrkq we;' f.dkq uld oeóu ksid ;eáj,
ysia jk bvlv kj f.dkq i|yd Ndú; lsÍug W;aidy oeÍu o LKavkh i|yd
fya;= fõ'
LKavkh fya;=fjka f.dkqjla lshùug W;aidy lsÍfï § tys fldgia tl
È.g ^tl <Õ& fkdmsysàu ksid lshùu i|yd jeä ld,hla .;ùu isÿ fõ' fuh
mß.Klfha ld¾hlaIu;dj my< oeóug fya;= jkq we;'
mß.Klfha ld¾hlaIu;dfõ my< hdula ksÍlaIKh lsÍug ,enqK fyd;a
th LKavkh ksid isÿúh yels w;r ^mß.Klfha ld¾hlau;dj my< oeóug fya;=
rdYshla mj;sk w;r fuh tla fya;=jla muKs& fï i|yd .; yels fyd| u mshjr
jkafka oDV ;eáh m%;sNd.SlrKh i|yd mshjr .ekSuhs'

rEmh 5.17 - ;eáhl f.dkq ;ekam;a j we;s wdldrh

flfia jqj o Linux mdol fufyhqï moaO;sj, § f.dkq ;ekam;a lsÍu
isÿ lrkqfha fjkia wdldrhlsks' fuys § f.dkq ;ekam;a lsÍfï§ f.dkq tl <Õ
;ekam;a fkdlr iEu f.dkqjla i|yd u wu;r jeä bvla fjka lr .ksñka B<Õ
f.dkqj Bg wE;ska ;ekam;a lsÍug lgqh;= lrhs' fï ksid uq,a f.dkqfõ m%udKh
úYd, jqj;a th tl È.g ;ekam;a lr .ekSug i|yd m%udKj;a bvla mj;S' fï
ksid Linux mdol fufyhqï moaO;sj, § LKavkh isÿùug we;af;a wvq bvls'
tfia u hï fya;=jla ksid f.dkqfõ Odß;dj j¾Okh ùu wod< f.dkqj i|yd
fjkalr we;s bvlvg jvd úYd, jkafka kï tu wjia:dfõ § wod< f.dkqj fjk;a
ia:dkhlg ú;eka lsÍug Linux mdol fufyhqï moaO;s ls%hd lrhs' fï ksid Linux
mdol fufyhqï moaO;sj, § m%;sNd.SlrKh i|yd wu;r Wmfhda.S jevigykl
wjYH;djla we;s fkdfõ'

156 fkdñf,a fnod yeÍu msKsihs

 5'2 f.dkq moaO;s y`ÿkajd §u
mß.Klh" úYd, o;a; m%udKhlaa ;ekam;a lsÍug iy tu ;ekam;a l<
o;a; b;d u flá ld,hla ;=< kej; ,nd .ekSug myiqlï i,ik hka;%hls'
fufia ;ekam;a lrkq ,nk o;a; wkkH;dj y÷kd .; yels jk mßÈ thg f.dkq
kduhla ,nd Èh hq;= h' tfukau mß.Klh ;=< l%shd;aul jk fufyhqï moaO;shg
iy fhojqï uDÿldx.j,g wod< úYd, f.dkq m%udKhla úúO f.dkq kdu hgf;a
wdphk udOHh ;=< mj;s' fuf,i mß.Klj, mj;sk iEu f.dkqjla u fldgia
follska iukaú; fõ' f.dkq kduh iy È.=j ^extension& f,i fldgia folla
mej;sh o fufyhqï moaO;sh u.ska f.dkqfõ È.=j mßYS,lhdg o¾Ykh fkdjk
whqßka mj;ajd f.k hhs'

5'2'1 f.dkqjl È.=j n,d .ekSu

Start Control Panel Folder Options View Hide Extensions for

known File types ^5'11 rEmh n,kak& yß ,l=K bj;a lrkak OK úOdk
fnd;a;u l%shd;aul lrkak'

rEmh 5'18 - f.dkqjl úia;r

fkdñf,a fnod yeÍu msKsihs 157

 bka miq ´kE u f*da,avrhla u; fojrla la,sla (double click) lrkak' túg
tu f*da,avr ;=< we;s f.dkqj, È.=j n,d .ekSug yels fõ'

f.dkq kduh iy È.--=j

f.dkq kduh È.-=j fjka lrk i,l=K ^'&

rEmh 5.19 - - f.dkqjl È.=j n,d .ekSu i|yd ieliSfï ljq¿j

igyk ( f.dkqjl È.=j wkqj fufyhqï moaO;sh f.dkqfõ j¾.h (File Type)
y÷kd .kshs'

úúO j¾.fha f.dkqfõ È.=jka (File extension) mj;sk w;r bka lsysmhla
my; ±lafõ'
f.dkqfõ È.=j f.dkq j¾.h
exe Executable
docx Word
xlsx Excel
pptx PowerPoint
accdb Access

fufyhqï moaO;shla u.sska f.dkqjla iïnkaOfhka mj;ajd f.k hkq ,nk

wu;r lreKq

f.dkqjla ;ekam;a lrk wjia:dfõ § wm úiska f.dkqjg kduhla iy

;ekam;a jk ia:dkhla imhkq ,nhs' óg wu;r j f.dkqjla iïnkaO o;a;
.Kkdjla mj;ajd .kq ,efí'
²² f.dkqfõ j¾.h (Type of file)
²² f.dkqfõ m%udKh (Size of the File)
²² f.dkqj ;ekam;a l< Èkh iy fj,dj (Saved Date and Time)

158 fkdñf,a fnod yeÍu msKsihs

 fuu o;a;" f.dkqj u; oaú la,sla lsÍu u.ska ,efnk Properties má;a; u;
la,sla lsÍfuka ,efnk ljq¿fjka n,d .; yels h'

f.dkqj ;ekam;a j we;s

ia:dkh
f.dkqfõ m%udKh
f.dkqj ;ekam;a ùug
wdphk Odß;dfjka
fjka lr f.k we;s bv
m%udKh
f.dkqj ;ekam;a l<
Èkh iy fõ,dj

rEmh 5.20 - - f.dkqjl úia;r n,d .ekSu

f.dkqjla ;ekam;a lsÍfï § ia:dkhla f;dard .ekSu

f.dkqjla ;ekam;a lsÍug leu;s wdphk Odß;djla f;dard .; hq;= h' th
Odjlhla f,i ye`Èkafõ' oDV ;eáh fn§fuka miq Odjl lsysmhla ±l .ekSug
yelsjk nj wms ±k .;suq'
Odjl (Drives)
mß.Kl hka;%hl o;a; ;ekam;a lsÍug oDV ;eáh m%Odk jYfhka Ndú;
flf¾' th fldgiaj,g fnod fkdue;s kï [C:] Odjlh f,i o" fldgiaj,g
fnod we;akï fldgia m%udKh wkqj wkqms<sfj<ska [C:], [D:], [E:] wdÈ jYfhka o
fmkakqï flf¾'

fkdñf,a fnod yeÍu msKsihs 159

 mß.Klh ;=< CD, DVD iy Blue Ray Disk jeks m%ldY udOH wdphk
Wml%uhla mj;S kï oDV ;eáfha fldgia m%udKhg idfmalaI j fujeks Odjlhla
i|yd wlaIrhla mjrkq ,nhs' WodyrKhla f,i oDV ;eáh fldgia y;rlg fnod
we;akï tu fldgia y;r [C:], [D:], [E:]iy [F:] f,i fmkakqï flf¾' túg CD,
DVD fyda Blue Ray Disk Odjlh [G:] wlaIrfhka fmkakqï flf¾'
fuf,i u mEka Odjlhla (Pen Drive) mß.Klhg iïnkaO l< úg thg
o wlaIrhla mjrkq ,nhs' WodyrKhla f,i th [K:] f,i olajuq'
mß.Klhl we;s Odjl .Kk n,d .ekSug Computer kï jQ whslkh
újD; lrkak' rEmh n,kak' fuys ndysßka iïnkaO flfrk CD, DVD, Blue Ray
Disk fyda mEka Odjl bj;a l< yels (Removable Storage) Odjl f,i fmkakqï
flf¾'

rEmh 5.21 - - Odjl n,d .ekSu

f.dkq ;ekam;a lsÍu i|yd Odjl fhdod .ekqK o idudkHfhka tajd Rcqj
u ;ekam;a fkdflf¾'
wm úiska isÿ lrkafka Odjlh ;=< f*da,avr ks¾udKh lr tajd ;=< f.dkq
;ekam;a lsÍuhs' f*da,avr o ks¾udKh lrk úg wkkH kduhla ,nd Èh hq;= h'

f*da,avrhla ks¾udKh lsÍu

1' f*da,avrh ieÈh hq;= Odjlh f;darkak'
2' fukq ;Srefõ File fukqfõ New hgf;a we;s Folder f;darkak' tfia ke;skï
fuj,ï ;Srefõ New Folder f;darkak'
3' iqÿiq fyda,avr kduhla ,nd fokak'

160 fkdñf,a fnod yeÍu msKsihs

f.dkq yd f*da,avr fufyhqï
Odjl ;=< mj;sk f.dkq yd f*da,avr i|yd úúO l%shdldrlï lsÍug isÿ fõ'
1' f.dkq yd f*da,avr msgm;a lsÍu yd we,ùu (Copy & Paste)
2' msgm;a l< hq;= f.dkqj$f*da,avrh f;dard .kak'
3' msgm;a lsÍug Copy úOdkh ,nd fokak' (Edit → Copy fyda Ctrl +C)
4' msgm;a l< hq;= Odjlh fyda f*da,avrh f;dard .kak'
5' Paste úOdkh ,nd fokak' (Edit → Paste fyda Ctrl + V)
f.dkq yd f*da,avr lemSu yd we,ùu (Cut & Paste)
1' lmd we,úh hq;= f.dkqj$f*da,avrh f;dard .kak'
2' lemSug Cut úOdkh ,nd fokak' (Edit → Cut fyda Ctrl+X)
3' lmd we,úh hq;= Odjlh fyda f*da,avrh f;dard .kak'
4' Paste úOdkh ,nd fokak' (Edit → Paste fyda Ctrl + V)
f.dkqj, yd f*da,avrj, ku fjkia lsÍu (Rename)
1' ku fjkia l< hq;= f.dkqj$f*da,avrh f;dard .kak'
2' File fukqfõ Rename úOdkh ,nd fokak'
3' ,nd Èh hq;= ku ghsma lr Enter h;=r l%shd;aul lrkak'
f.dkq yd f*da,avr uelSu (Delete)
1' uelsh hq;= f.dkqj$f*da,avrh f;dard .kak'
2. File fukqfõ Delete úOdkh ,nd fokak$ h;=re mqjrefõ Delete h;=r
l%shd;aul lrkak'
3' túg ,efnk ixjdo fldgqfjka Yes úOdkh l%shd;aul lrkak'

rEmh 5.22 - Delete ixjdo fldgqj

fkdñf,a fnod yeÍu msKsihs 161

túg ulk ,o f.dkqj$f*da,avrh Recycle Bin ys ;djld,sl j ;ekam;a fõ'

ulk ,o f.dkq yd f*da,avr kej; ia:dms; lsÍu (Restore)

1. Recycle Bin újD; lrkak'
2. Restore l< hq;= f.dkqj fyda f*da,avrh f;darkak'
3. File fukqfõ Restore úOdkh ,nd fokak'

idrdxYh
• mß.Klhl l%shdldÍ;ajhg fufyhqï moaO;shla wksjd¾h fõ'

• mß.Klhl ia:dmkh l< ish¨ fhÿï uDÿldx. l%shd;aul jkafka fufyhqï

moaO;sh u; h'

• mßYS,lhdg mß.Klh iu. iïnkaO ùug wjYH myiqlï fufyhqï

moaO;sfha w;=reuqyqK; u.ska ie,fihs'

• úOdk fma<s w;=reuqyqK;lg jvd Ñ;%l mßYS,l w;=reuqyqK;la mßYS,lhdg

jvd ióm fõ'

² tal mßYS,l" nyq mßYS,l" nyqld¾h iy ;;H ld, jYfhka fufyhqï

moaO;ss j¾. lsysmhls'

² tl jr tla mßYS,lfhl=g muKla jev lsÍug myiqlï i,ik fufyhqï

moaO;shla tal mßYS,l fufyhqï moaO;shla f,i ye¢kafõ'

² tl jr mßYS,lhka jeä msßilg jev lsÍug myiqlï i,ik fufyhqï

moaO;shla nyq mßYS,l fufyhqï moaO;shla f,i ye¢kafõ'

² tl jr ld¾hhka lsysmhla isÿ lsÍug yelshdj we;s fufyhqï moaO;shla

nyqld¾h fufyhqï moaO;shla f,i ye¢kafõ'

² fufyhqï moaO;shla ;=<ska mß.Klj, ish¨ iïm;a l<ukdlrKh flf¾'

² fufyhqï moaO;shla mß.Klfha ia:dmkh lsÍug m%:ufhka oDV ;eáh

fldgiaj,g fjka lsÍu;a wdlD;SlrKh lsÍu;a isÿ flf¾'

² f.dkqjla kduhlska iy È.=jlska iukaú; fõ'

² f.dkq ;ekam;a lsÍug f*da,av¾ Ndú; flf¾'

² f.dkq ;ekam;a lsÍug wjYH f*da,av¾ mßYS,l úiska Odjl ;=< ks¾udKh
lrkq ,efí'

162 fkdñf,a fnod yeÍu msKsihs