Lecture 15

Synchronous Machine

Synchronous Generator Performance

Poutput  3Vt I1 cos

(electrical )
Pinput  Tappm
(mechanical )

Stator copper
loss, 3I a2 Ra
Core
Mechanical losses
Stray losses
losses
Fig : Power flowdiagram for a synchronousGenerator

Parallel Operation and Generator Synchronization

The electricity supply systems have hundreds of synchronous generators operating in

parallel. These generators are interconnected by a network of transmission lines and
substations. The main reasons for interconnection are –
(i) Reliability of service
(ii) Economy of power system operation, and
(iii) Improved operating efficiency of the individual generators

Generator Synchronization
The process of properly connecting a synchronous generator in parallel with the other
generators in the power system, or to the infinite bus, is called synchronization.

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In order to synchronize properly, the following conditions have to be satisfied:

1. Same terminal voltage

2. Same frequency
3. Same phase sequence
4. Same phase angle

Synchronization method

1. Using Lamp  Dark lamp or bright lamp method

2. Using synchronoscope

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 Synchronous Motor

Synchronous Machine Operated as a Motor

Equivalent circuit and Phasor diagram

Ra jX s Vt

Ia 
 I a ( jX s )

Vt Ea Ea

_ Ia

Figure1: Equivalent circuit of a Figure 2 : Phasor diagramof a

synchronous motor synchronous motor with Ra  0

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Synchronous Motor Power Factor

I a3

Ia2 Vt

Ea1 Ea 2 Ea 3
I a1
Fig : Effect of field current on synchronous motor

Synchronous motor driving a constant load,

3Vt Ea
T sin   constant  Ea sin   constant
s X s

Also, Pin  3Vt I a cos  constant  I a cos  constant

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Synchronous Motor Performance

Poutput  TLoad m
(mechanical )
Pinput  3Vt I1 cos
(electrical )

Stray
losses
Mechanical
losses
Core
Stator copper losses
loss, 3I a2 Ra
Fig : Power flowdiagram for a synchronous motor

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D7.14 A three-phase, 6-kV, wye-connected synchronous motor has a synchronous
reactance of 12Ω per phase and negligible armature resistance. Calculate the induced
voltage when the motor takes 1000 kVA at rated voltage and

(a) 0.8 power factor lagging

(b) Unity power factor
(c) 0.8 power factor leading

Solution:

6000
Vt  0  3464.10V (line  to  neutral ); X s  12  / phase; S m  1000 kVA
3
(a) At pf  0.8 lagging
Sm 1000  103
Ia    (cos 1 pf )    (cos 1 0.8)  96.23  36.87 A
3Vt 3  3464.1
Ea  Vt  I a ( Ra  jX s )  3464.10  (96.23  36.87)(0  j12)
 2921.35  18.43V (line  to  neutral )
Ea  2921.35 3  5059.33V (line  to  line)

(b) At pf  1.0
Sm 1000  103
Ia  0  0  96.230 A
3Vt 3  3464.1
Ea  Vt  I a ( Ra  jX s )  3464.10  (96.230)(0  j12)
 3651.5  18.43V (line  to  neutral )
Ea  3651.5 3  6324.6V (line  to  line)

(c) At pf  0.8 leading

Sm 1 1000  103
Ia  (cos pf )  (cos 1 0.8)  96.2336.87 A
3Vt 3  3464.1
Ea  Vt  I a ( Ra  jX s )  3464.10  (96.2336.87)(0  j12)
 4258.3  12.53V (line  to  neutral )
Ea  4258.3 3  7375.6V (line  to  line)

D7.15 A three-phase, 200-hp, 2400-V, wye-connected cylindrical-rotor synchronous

motor has a synchronous reactance of 12.0 Ω per phase and negligible armature
resistance. The motor draws 150 kW at a power angle of 18 electrical degrees.

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Determine

(a) The excitation voltage

(b) The line current
(c) The power factor

Solution:

2400
Vt  0  1385.340 V (line  to  neutral ); X s  12  / phase; Ra  0
3
Pin  150 kW ;   18
EaVt
(a ) with zerocopper loss, Pin  Pdev  3 sin  Ra  0
Xs
Pin Xs 150  103  12
 Ea    1401.35V (line  to  neutral )
3Vt sin  3  1385.34  sin18
Ea  1401.35 3  2427.05V (line  to  line)
Vt  Ea 1385.340  1401.35  18
(b) I a    36.35  6.97 A
jX s j12
(c) pf  cos(6.97)  0.9926 lagging

D7.16 A three-phase, 2400-V, 8-pole, 60-Hz, wye-connected synchronous motor has a

synchronous reactance of 5.0 Ω per phase and negligible stator resistance. The motor
is connected to a 2400-V infinite bus, and it draws 120 amperes at 0.8 power factor
lagging. Neglect rotational losses. Determine

(a) The output power

(b) Calculate the maximum power
(c) Determine the torque, stator current, and power factor for the maximum power
condition.

Solution:

2400
Vt  0  1385.340 V (line  to  neutral ); X s  5  / phase; Ra  0
3
I a  120  cos 1 0.8  120  36.87 A; Prot  0;
(a) Ea  Vt  I a ( Ra  jX s )  1385.340  (120  36.87 )( j 5)
 1132.4  25.8 V

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 EaVt
Pout  Pdev  3 sin  Prot  0
Xs
(1132.4)(1385.34)
3 sin(25.8 )  3.9906  105 W  399.06 kW
5

EaVt (1132.4)(1385.34)
(b) Pmax  3 3  9.4146  105 W  941.46 kW
Xs 5
2 2
Pmax 9.4146  105 m  (2 f )  (2  60)
(c) Tmax    9989.2 Nm p 8
m 30
 30 rad / sec
At Pout  Pmax ,   90
Vt  Ea 1385.340  1132.4  90
This gives : I a    357.90  50.74 A
jX s j5
pf  cos(50.74)  0.6328 lagging

D7.17 The synchronous reactance of a synchronous motor is 10 Ω per phase and its
armature resistance is negligible. The input power is 1500 kW, and the induced
voltage is 4600 V. If the terminal voltage is 4160 V, determine (a) the armature
current and (b) the power factor.

Solution:

4160
Vt  0  2401.780 V (line  to  neutral ); X s  10  / phase; Ra  0
3
Pin  1500 kW ;
4600
Ea   2655.8V (line  to  neutral )
3
EV
(a ) with zero copper loss, Pin  Pdev  3 a t sin  Ra  0
Xs
P Xs 1500  103  10 1500  103  10
 sin   in    0.7839
3Vt Ea  4160  4600   4160  4600 
3   
 3  3 
   sin 1 (0.7839)  51.62
Vt  Ea 2401.780  2655.8  51.62
Ia    221.37  19.88 A
jX s j10
(b) pf  cos(19.88)  0.9404 lagging

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