GE 10 – LIVING IN AN IT ERA
FLEXIBLE DOMINICAN EDUCATION MODULE
COURSE: CPE 313
MODULE NO.: 1
MODULE TITLE: DATA AND DIGITAL COMMUNICATION
TOPIC: HISTORY OF DATA COMMUNICATION
WRITERS: Engr.Exequiel M. Sabater
To do well in this module, you need to remember the following:
1. Pause and pray before starting this module.
2. Read and go through the module at your own time and pace.
3. You may open suggested references for supplemental activities and exercises.
4. Honestly answer the activities and sample exercises. The answers are provided on the succeeding pages.
OPENING PRAYER
May God the Father bless us. May God the Son heal us. May God the Holy Spirit enlighten us, and
give us eyes to see with, ears to hear with, hands to do the work of God with, feet to walk with, a
mouth to preach the word of salvation with, and the angel of peace to watch over us and lead us at
last, by our Lord's gift, to the Kingdom. Amen.
Learning Outcomes
Subtopic Title “I SHOULD BE ABLE Estimated time
TO”…
HISTORY OF DATA Determine that the
COMMUNICATION evolution of the
INTRO TO HISTORY communication
WHAT IS DATA Acquire the
COMMS. knowledge that the
DATA COMMS. communication has a
1 EVOLUTION limits 6 Hrs.
REQUIREMENT FOR Identify the year
MULTI MEDIA where all
TRANSMISSION communications was
LIMITATIONS OF develop.
COMMONLY USED
BROADBAND
TRANSMISSION
SYSTEM
GE 10 – LIVING IN AN IT ERA
MODULE INTRODUCTION AND FOCUS QUESTION(S):
Data and Digital Communication forms part of the core curriculum for all Leaving Certificate Applied students. It
is intended to give students the skills and understanding to use computers in both their current and future lives. The
Leaving Certificate Applied program offers the ideal forum for students to apply these skills in a practical way,
particularly in presenting task work and key assignments across the full spectrum of the curriculum. The achievable goals
of developing accuracy, neatness and presentation skills generate a sense of pride in work done by students which
enhances self-esteem and motivates students to maximize their potential in other aspects of the course and in their
personal lives.
Pretest
To further gauge your level of understanding and where you currently stand in this topic, please answer the following
pre-test questions honestly. Take note of the items that you were not able to correctly answer and look for the right
answer as you go through this module.
I. Mark your best answer.
1. telegraph service used by the great western Railway, and endorsement that allowed the service to expand across
the nation
1895
1969
1837
1947
2.According to the history of Computing the Development of Internet Proctocol (ip) Marked a significant milestone
in data communication history.
1895
1969
1837
1947
3.Samuel Morse exhibited a working Telegraph System.
1895
1969
1837
1947
4.The Transistor Introduced by Bell Labs
1895
1969
1837
1947
5.The ____________ was inventd by Alexander Graham BEll in 1975.
processor
telephone
microchip
computer mouse
6.The ___________ popularization of the computer and the birth of the Internet was quantum shift in the field of
communication and an evolutionary step for human society
GE 10 – LIVING IN AN IT ERA
1970's
1980's
1990's
2001's
7. the ___________ wireless mobile network was analog communication system, designed for basic voice
communication purpose.
morse code
telephone
first gen(1g)
beeper
8.Timing constraint for still-to-be transmitted data: in time for Playout(low jitter)
media
streaming stored multimedia
interactive, real-time mulltimedia
real-time multimedia, interaction
9.Which is not a parameters that are important in a multimedia
Which minimum/maximum/average data rate is necessary? Transmission delay (ms)
Which maximum delay is tolerable? Jitter (ms)
Which fluctuations in the transmission delay are tolerable? Availability (%)
With which not probability the communication service is available?
10.In the quality of Service, what application that has a high requirements parameter.
Ip Telephony
Remote Login
Video Conference
Video Streaming
II. Answer the Blank item
1.
GE 10 – LIVING IN AN IT ERA
2. Create a diagram that the electric far-field is represented by E ff. and the terminal voltage of the antenna by
Vterm.
Study Time
INTRODUCTION
The key technology of the information age is communication. Data communications is a global
area of study. Though data communication may seem a relatively new innovation, the history of
data connections dates to the early 19th century. Through an array of technological developments
that enjoyed commercial, government and military contributions, data communication evolved
from simple wired connections to a robust global exchange of information.
What is Data Communications?
Exchange of digital information between two digital devices is data communication
GE 10 – LIVING IN AN IT ERA
GE 10 – LIVING IN AN IT ERA
History of digital communication
Telegraph
The telegraph was achieved by Samuel Morse. With few words transmitted by
Morse’s electric telegraph between Washington, D.C., and Baltimore, Maryland, in 1844,
an entirely revolutionary means of real-time, long-distance communications was started.
The telegraph, ideally appropriate for manual keying, is the indication of digital
communications. Explicitly, the Morse code is a variable-length code utilizing an alphabet
of four symbols: a dot, a dash, a letter space, and a word space; short sequences
represent frequent letters, whereas long sequences represent infrequent letters
GE 10 – LIVING IN AN IT ERA
Telephone
The telephone was invented by Alexander Graham Bell in 1875. Real-time
transmission of speech made up with telephone by encoding the electrical signal and
replication of sound a practical reality. The original version of the telephone was simple and
weak; enabling users to talk over short distances only. Especially, in 1897, A. B. Strowger,
and mortician from Kansas City, Missouri, invented the automatic step-by-step switch that
bears his name. Over all the electromechanical switches invented over the years, the
Strowger switch was the most popular and commonly used. Harry Nyquist, 1928, published
his classical paper on the theory of signal transmission in telegraphy. In particular, Nyquist
established criteria for the accurate reception of telegraph signals transmitted over
dispersive channels in the absence of noise. Much of Nyquist’s early work was applied
later to the transmission of digital data over dispersive channels
Error protection
Basically, in the communication systems, the data are transmitted as a series of binary bits,
which are modulated to analog signal and transmitted over a communication channel. Though,
these bits might corrupt in the noisy channel and might get interference through transmission over
the communication channel. At the receiver, the received signal will be demodulated into binary
bits . Throughout the transmission, possibly bits error might occur depending on the
characteristics of the channel, and the number of bit error depends on the amount of noise in the
communication channel. Such errors, naturally occur after the signals transmission, storage, or
processing of information in digital form. Error control coding enables the processes of detection
and correction which leads to protect the transmitted digital information from those errors may
have occurred. Error-control code techniques are now applied in almost the entire range of
information communication, storage and processing systems. Industrial development advances in
electronic and optical devices have aided the implementation of very powerful codes with close to
optimal performance. Furthermore, new kinds of code, and new decoding methods, have recently
been developed and are starting to be applied
Digital communications devices and techniques have been around for ages. The 1980’s
popularization of the computer and the birth of the Internet was a quantum shift in field of
communication and an evolutionary step for human society. The Digital Revolution marked the
final phase of the information age. People in far parts of the world not connect immediately and
information flow has shrunk the world. One of the biggest changes recently is the interconnected
immediacy of social networking. Digital communication has led to invent the social networking by
three important applications of digital which represented by: the internet- World Wide Web
(WWW), mobile communication, and satellite communication
DATA COMMS. EVOLUTION
DATA COMMUNICATIONS EVOLUTION
Processor performance and memory capacity of the Personal Computers have
increased by a factor of hundred, while transfer speeds in Wide Area Networks (WAN)
have risen by a factor of only ten. 99% of local networks are still based on standards
GE 10 – LIVING IN AN IT ERA
defined like Ethemet/IEEE 802.3 (1982) and Token Ring/BEEE 802.5 (1985) with transfer
speeds of 10 and 16 Mbit/s respectively. Fiber Distributed Digital Interface (FDDI), based
on optical fiber ring topology, is very expensive but evolved for a transfer speed of
lOOMbit/s; the fraction of its potential is used in conventional networks and not for
multimedia applications. In FDDI, ten users can use lOMbit/s multimedia applications at the
same time. Fast Ethernet, Token Ring networks and Segment switching (1994) operate at
lOOMbit/s. In all these, multimedia transmission is limited by fixed transmission bandwidth
among varying number of users. This Chapter discusses, in brief, the different data
communication methods, requirements for multimedia transmissions, and their limitations.
Every year we observe the new dimensions of emerging technology and revolution
enabling abundance of data and information to transfer at comparatively faster rate with more
intelligible forms and directions all across the world with limitless boundaries. Starting from
earliest wireless mobile communication generation (1G) to the newly commercially introduced
fourth generation (4G) the paradigm has changed. The actual target of growing mobile
generations is to provide the user access to an amazing global community reality, making the
digital mobile communication revolution ubiquitous (every time, everywhere). The past few years
have witnessed an observable growth in the industries of wireless communication technologies,
achieving appreciating number of subscribers. Especially from turn of running century, there has
been a huge and clear shift from wired to wireless cellular. The relative shifting towards wireless
mobile network from fixed line is really dramatic. In India, by the end of February 2016, total GSM
subscriber base reaches 1.052.33 billion. And by the end of Oct-15 to end of Nov-15, the number
of broadband subscribers increased with monthly growth rate of 5.01%, from 125.22 Million to
131.49 million. The mobile wireless generation (G) basically tries to improve and achieve a
change in nature of communication system, higher bitrates, technology evolution, making them
more feasible and easily accessible in a cost efficient way. Each generation has some unique
features and standards that make them to stand and compete better than previous generations
FIRST GENERATION (1G) COMMUNICATION SYSTEM
The First Generation(1G) wireless mobile network was analog communication system,
designed for basic voice communication purpose. FDMA/FDD and analog FM were the main
GE 10 – LIVING IN AN IT ERA
technology behind the first generation wireless communication system. The world’s first
commercial wireless cellular system was launched in 1979 by NTT (Nippon Telephone and
Telegraph Company), afterward, in 1981, Nordic Mobile Telephone system (NMT-400) was
successfully deployed in Europe with international roaming support. AMPS (Advanced Mobile
Phone Service) was the first successful U.S. mobile phone system deployed in Chicago in 1983
and its variant ETACS and NTACS (Total Access Communication Systems) in Europe and Japan.
In Europe and North America, several wireless cellular communication systems were also
designed and implemented during 1981-86, like NMT, AMPS, TACS, C450, Radiocom, and NEC
in Nordic countries, North America, UK, Germany, France and Japan respectively.
SECOND GENERATION (2G) COMMUNICATION SYSTEM
The second generation (2G) system was introduced with low-band digital data signalling
and simple data features having capacity and coverage in late 1980s. Improvements in
processing abilities of hardware and advancements of integrated circuits (IC) technology over
time, made digital communication technology practical and economical than first generation
analog technology. Second generation digital system got several improvements over 1G
through implications of spectrally efficient digital speech codecs. Several users were
multiplexed on same radio channel using CDMA (Code Division Multiple Access) and TDMA
(Time Division Multiple Access) techniques. In addition to facility of SMS (Short Message
Service) in second generation systems, robust link level signal processing and good speech
codecs improved the voice quality having the speed of 64 kbps. Global System for Mobile
communications (GSM), IS-95 CDMA, and IS-136 TDMA systems are some major second
generation cellular systems. GSM is the most widely deployed digital mobile
telecommunication, supporting voice call and data transfer speeds of up to 9.6 kbps, in more
than 190 countries of the world. IS-95, deployed in North America and some parts of Asia. IS-
54, which was later enhanced to IS-136, was a TDMA-based system designed as a digital
evolution of AMPS (Advanced Mobile Phone System) was deployed initially inNorth America
but after some time it was mostly replaced by GSM. GPRS, CDMA and EDGE uses packet
switched and circuit switched domain protocols.
GE 10 – LIVING IN AN IT ERA
Multimedia Systems – Communication Aspects and Services
• Multimedia Applications and Transfer/Control Protocols
• Quality of Service and Resource Management
• Multimedia Operating Systems
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Multimedia and Networks
• End-to-end delay is limited by the speed of light but also by the intermediate network nodes
(routers)
• Real time communication demands low end-to-end delays – typically less than 200 msec – and
low jitter
• Multimedia transmissions have also a maximum loss tolerance (depending on encoding, only
loss of a certain fraction of all packets can be tolerated)
• Data rate of multimedia may change due to the encoding mechanism
• But in today’s networks, neither time guarantees nor capacity guarantees are given
→ Multimedia requires changes in the “usual” network!
GE 10 – LIVING IN AN IT ERA
Quality of Service
Which parameters are important in a multimedia transmission?
The most important parameters are: Throughput (bits/s)
• Which minimum/maximum/average data rate is necessary? Transmission delay (ms)
• Which maximum delay is tolerable? Jitter (ms)
• Which fluctuations in the transmission delay are tolerable? Availability (%)
• With which probability the communication service is available?
Different application have different requirements to those parameters
Quality of Service
high – medium – low: requirements to the QoS parameter by the application yellow: critical
parameters; a certain degree of fulfillment of the application’s requirement is needed for good
application usage, but problems could be tolerated for a short time red: highly critical parameters;
if the requirement is not fulfilled, usage is not possible
LIMITATIONS OF COMMONLY USED BROADBAND TRANSMISSION SYSTEM
n linear time invariant (LTI) systems,
a well known bound for electrically
small anten-
GE 10 – LIVING IN AN IT ERA
nas known as Chu’s bound [1] states
that as the electrical size of an
antenna decreases,
its Q-factor increases cubically.
Combined with the approximate
relation between tuned
fractional bandwidth and Q-factor
(see [2]), Chu’s bound suggests that
small antennas act
inherently as narrowband filters. This
narrow bandwidth restricts an
electrically small an-
tenna’s ability to transmit relatively
broadband signal. However, this
restriction does not
GE 10 – LIVING IN AN IT ERA
necessarily apply to non-LTI
systems, which implies the
possibility to bypass Chu’s bound
using non-LTI components
n linear time invariant (LTI) systems,
a well known bound for electrically
small anten-
nas known as Chu’s bound [1] states
that as the electrical size of an
antenna decreases,
its Q-factor increases cubically.
Combined with the approximate
relation between tuned
fractional bandwidth and Q-factor
(see [2]), Chu’s bound suggests that
small antennas act
GE 10 – LIVING IN AN IT ERA
inherently as narrowband filters. This
narrow bandwidth restricts an
electrically small an-
tenna’s ability to transmit relatively
broadband signal. However, this
restriction does not
necessarily apply to non-LTI
systems, which implies the
possibility to bypass Chu’s bound
using non-LTI components
n linear time invariant (LTI) systems,
a well known bound for electrically
small anten-
nas known as Chu’s bound [1] states
that as the electrical size of an
antenna decreases,
GE 10 – LIVING IN AN IT ERA
its Q-factor increases cubically.
Combined with the approximate
relation between tuned
fractional bandwidth and Q-factor
(see [2]), Chu’s bound suggests that
small antennas act
inherently as narrowband filters. This
narrow bandwidth restricts an
electrically small an-
tenna’s ability to transmit relatively
broadband signal. However, this
restriction does not
necessarily apply to non-LTI
systems, which implies the
possibility to bypass Chu’s bound
using non-LTI components
GE 10 – LIVING IN AN IT ERA
n linear time invariant (LTI) systems,
a well known bound for electrically
small anten-
nas known as Chu’s bound [1] states
that as the electrical size of an
antenna decreases,
its Q-factor increases cubically.
Combined with the approximate
relation between tuned
fractional bandwidth and Q-factor
(see [2]), Chu’s bound suggests that
small antennas act
inherently as narrowband filters. This
narrow bandwidth restricts an
electrically small an-
GE 10 – LIVING IN AN IT ERA
tenna’s ability to transmit relatively
broadband signal. However, this
restriction does not
necessarily apply to non-LTI
systems, which implies the
possibility to bypass Chu’s bound
using non-LTI components
GE 10 – LIVING IN AN IT ERA
GE 10 – LIVING IN AN IT ERA
GE 10 – LIVING IN AN IT ERA
n linear time invariant (LTI)
systems, a well known bound for
electrically small anten-
nas known as Chu’s bound [1] states
that as the electrical size of an
antenna decreases,
its Q-factor increases cubically.
Combined with the approximate
relation between tuned
GE 10 – LIVING IN AN IT ERA
fractional bandwidth and Q-factor
(see [2]), Chu’s bound suggests that
small antennas act
inherently as narrowband filters. This
narrow bandwidth restricts an
electrically small an-
tenna’s ability to transmit relatively
broadband signal. However, this
restriction does not
necessarily apply to non-LTI
systems, which implies the
possibility to bypass Chu’s bound
using non-LTI components
n linear time invariant (LTI) systems,
a well known bound for electrically
small anten-
GE 10 – LIVING IN AN IT ERA
nas known as Chu’s bound [1] states
that as the electrical size of an
antenna decreases,
its Q-factor increases cubically.
Combined with the approximate
relation between tuned
fractional bandwidth and Q-factor
(see [2]), Chu’s bound suggests that
small antennas act
inherently as narrowband filters. This
narrow bandwidth restricts an
electrically small an-
tenna’s ability to transmit relatively
broadband signal. However, this
restriction does not
GE 10 – LIVING IN AN IT ERA
necessarily apply to non-LTI
systems, which implies the
possibility to bypass Chu’s bound
using non-LTI components
n linear time invariant (LTI) systems,
a well known bound for electrically
small anten-
nas known as Chu’s bound [1] states
that as the electrical size of an
antenna decreases,
its Q-factor increases cubically.
Combined with the approximate
relation between tuned
fractional bandwidth and Q-factor
(see [2]), Chu’s bound suggests that
small antennas act
GE 10 – LIVING IN AN IT ERA
inherently as narrowband filters. This
narrow bandwidth restricts an
electrically small an-
tenna’s ability to transmit relatively
broadband signal. However, this
restriction does not
necessarily apply to non-LTI
systems, which implies the
possibility to bypass Chu’s bound
using non-LTI components
Research:
Do a research about the data Communication history with a references from the author
Analysis
GE 10 – LIVING IN AN IT ERA
Choose one from the Topic listed on the first page and write at least 50 words based on your understanding.
______________________________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________.
Action: Hi Guys!
Pls. do not forget.
Give an example of data communication .
(example is provided below)
POST TEST
III. Mark your best answer.
1. telegraph service used by the great western Railway, and endorsement that allowed the service to expand across
the nation
1895
1969
1837
1947
GE 10 – LIVING IN AN IT ERA
2.According to the history of Computing the Development of Internet Proctocol (ip) Marked a significant milestone
in data communication history.
1895
1969
1837
1947
3.Samuel Morse exhibited a working Telegraph System.
1895
1969
1837
1947
4.The Transistor Introduced by Bell Labs
1895
1969
1837
1947
5.The ____________ was inventd by Alexander Graham BEll in 1975.
processor
telephone
microchip
computer mouse
6.The ___________ popularization of the computer and the birth of the Internet was quantum shift in the field of
communication and an evolutionary step for human society
1970's
1980's
1990's
2001's
7. the ___________ wireless mobile network was analog communication system, designed for basic voice
communication purpose.
morse code
telephone
first gen(1g)
beeper
8.Timing constraint for still-to-be transmitted data: in time for Playout(low jitter)
media
streaming stored multimedia
interactive, real-time mulltimedia
real-time multimedia, interaction
9.Which is not a parameters that are important in a multimedia
Which minimum/maximum/average data rate is necessary? Transmission delay (ms)
Which maximum delay is tolerable? Jitter (ms)
Which fluctuations in the transmission delay are tolerable? Availability (%)
With which not probability the communication service is available?
10.In the quality of Service, what application that has a high requirements parameter.
Ip Telephony
Remote Login
Video Conference
Video Streaming
IV. Answer the Blank item
GE 10 – LIVING IN AN IT ERA
2.
2. Create a diagram that the electric far-field is represented by E ff. and the terminal voltage of the antenna by
Vterm.
Put a check on each topic weather you can understand it on your own, need more reference material, or if you can’t
understand.
SELF ASSESSMENT
I can do it with the help
I can do it on my own. I still can’t understand.
of a reference material.
Determine that the
evolution of the
communication
Acquire the knowledge
that the communication
has a limits
Identify the year where
all communications was
develop.
RUBRICS
Category 4 3 2 1
Neatness and The work is presented in The work is presented in The work is presented in The work appears
organization a neat, clear, organized a neat and organized an organized fashion but sloppy and unorganized.
fashion that is easy to fashion that is usually may be hard to read at It is hard to know what
read. easy to read. times. information goes
GE 10 – LIVING IN AN IT ERA
together.
Understanding I got it!! I did it in new I got it. I understood the I understood parts of the I did not understand the
ways and showed you problem and have an problem. I got started, problem.
how it worked. I can tell appropriate solution. All but I couldn’t finish.
you what math concepts parts of the problem are
are used. addressed.
Explanation Complete response with Good solid response Explanation is unclear Misses key points
a detailed explanation with clear explanation
Demonstration of Shows complete Response shows Response shows SOME Response shows a
Knowledge understanding of substantial understanding complete lack of
questions, ideas, and understanding understanding
processes
Requirements Goes beyond the Meets the requirements Hardly meets the Does not meet the
requirements requirements requirements
CLOSING PRAYER
May God the Father bless us.
May God the Son heal us.
May God the Holy Spirit enlighten us,
and give us eyes to see with,
ears to hear with,
hands to do the work of God with,
feet to walk with,
a mouth to preach the word of salvation with,
and the angel of peace to watch over us and lead us at last,
by our Lord's gift,
to the Kingdom.
Amen.
This module was developed based on the following references:
Behrouz A. Forouzan (2016) – DATA COMMUNICATION AND NETWORKING (Fourth Edition)
5g Physical Layer, Principles, models and Technology Components (2018) by Ali Zaidi, Fredrik Athley, Jonas Medbo, Ulf
Gustavsson, Giuseppe Durisi, Xiaoming Chen
Analog and digital communication first (2015) edition by Dr. J.S Chitode
