CIT 1101 & COM 1301

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  Be prompt
 Be ready to learn when class begins.
 Be prepared
 Have materials with you and know due dates.
 Be a polite and positive participant
 Speak in a normal tone of voice, and listen attentively.
 Be productive
 Turn in work on time, and always do your best.
 Be a problem solver
 Correct problems quickly and peacefully before they escalate.

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 o Value yourself. Be honest and ethical, and practice
strong moral values.
o Treat all members of the University community and all
visitors with politeness and respect.
o Honor the ideas and opinions of others.
o Offer to help.
o Be responsible with property and belongings.

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 • Bring notebook, textbook, planner, and appropriate
writing tools to class.

• Know due dates, and submit all coursework on time.

• All assignments are posted on the bulletin board and

on the class Web site.

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 • Food and beverages are not allowed in the classroom.
• Major assignments and projects can be resubmitted.
They will be scored at a 50% deduction.
• Absences
• Ask team members or a classmate first for
assignments.
• Each absence has a one-day grace period.

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 Method of Assessment Marks

Continuous Assessment: Class 30

attendance, performance &
participation, Class test/s and
Assignment/s and presentation etc.
Mid-Term Examination 30

Semester Final Examination 40

Total 100

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 Grades are based on the accumulation of points.
Points are based on:

Class participation (effort)

Completion of assignments, presentation

Major projects, exams, and self-reflection

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Introduction to Computers ©Muhammed Samsuddoha Alam 8
  I will trust you until you give me reason to do
otherwise.
 I will respect you and work with you to solve
problems.
 I will promptly correct and offer feedback on your
work.
 I will work with you to meet learning goals.
 I will offer extra help and alternative assessments
should you require them.

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  Define the term computer and discuss the four basic
computer operations: input, processing, output, and
storage
 Define data and information
 Explain the principal components of the computer and
their use
 Describe the use of hard disks, and other storage media
 Discuss computer software and explain the difference
between system software and application software

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  Identify several types of personal computer application
software
 Discuss computer communications channels and
equipment and the Internet and World Wide Web
 Explain how to purchase, install, and maintain a
personal computer
 Define e-commerce

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 Computer
an electronic device, operating under the control of
instructions stored in its own memory unit
this memory unit can
accept data – input
manipulate data – process
produce information – output
store results for future use - storage

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 Power is derived from the computer’s capability to perform
the information processing cycle with speed, reliability, and
accuracy
The computer’s capacity to store huge amounts of data and
information
The computer’s ability to communicate with other
computers

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 Looking Inside the Machine

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 Human Beings: Body (Flesh) Soul (Mind, Emotions etc) Spirit (Spiritual)
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 Parts of a Computer System

• A Complete Computer System consists of

four parts:

1. Hardware
2. Software
3. Users
4. Data

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 Parts of a Computer System

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 Computer Systems

• Hardware
• Software

Hardware=The physical components (electrical

circuits) that make up the computer

Software=The computer programs (sequences of

instructions) that tell the computer what to do in
response to a command or some event.

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 Users

• The individuals or the computer operators who

give the instructions and receive the outputs
according to the instructions form the
computer.

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 Data
 The data is the plural of datum, which means
facts.

 A general term meaning the facts, numbers,

letters and symbols processed by a computer
to produce information.

 Data is measurement that can be disorganized.

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 Data Processing

 It’s a process that converts the data into

information.

 A general term that stands for all logical,

arithmetic, and input/output operations
that can be performed on data by a
computer.

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 Information is the result of processing, manipulating
and organizing data in a way that adds to the
knowledge of the receiver.

Data becomes organized it becomes Information.

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 Data vs. Information

Data (symbols) used by computers

Information (meaningful) used by people

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 Data/Information
Processing Cycle

Input Processes Output

(Data) (Data Processing) (Information)

Memory/Storage

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 Based on Capacity

Supercomputer
Mainframe computer
Minicomputer
Microcomputer

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 Microcomputer
 The term microcomputer is generally
synonymous with personal computer (PC)
 Small desktop or portable computer
 The most common type of computer found in
office, classroom or home.
 The PC is designed to fit on a desk and be
used by one person at a time.
 Desktop
 Laptop or Notebook
 Example: IBM PC, PS/2, Apple Macintosh
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 Desktop & Laptop

• A desktop computer is a personal computer designed

to fit entirely on or under a desk or table.

• A laptop computer, also called a notebook computer,

is a portable, personal computer designed to fit on
your lap.

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 Minicomputer
 A midsize, multi-user computer capable of handling more
input & output than a PC but less processing power and
storage than mainframe.

 Also called midrange computer.

 Example: IBM S/34, IBM S/36, PDP11 etc.

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 Mainframe Computer

 A large, multi-user computer system designed to handle massive

amounts of input, output and storage.
 A mainframe is usually composed of one or more powerful CPUs
connected to many input/output devices called terminals.
 Generally used by large businesses, universities, governmental
agencies and the military.
 Example: IBM3000 series. UNIVAC 1180, CYBER 170 etc.

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 Supercomputer
 The largest, fastest and most powerful type of
computer.

 It can perform more than 1 trillion calculations per

second.

 Used in the mapping of the human genome,

forecasting weather and perform complex processes
like nuclear fission.

 Example: Cray T3E, Cray X-MP

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  Supercomputer

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 Six primary components
• input devices
• the processor
• memory
• output devices
• storage devices
• communications devices
• the processor, memory, and storage device are housed in
a box-like case called the system unit

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Computers
 Input device – any hardware component the allows you to
enter data, programs, commands, and user responses into a
computer
primary input devices
keyboard
mouse
other input devices
digital camera
scanner
microphone

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 The Keyboard
desktop computer keyboard typically has 101 to 105 keys
handheld computers use an onscreen keyboard and use a stylus to select
keys
The Mouse
a pointing device that fits under the palm of your hand
control the movement of the pointer on the screen and make selections
from the screen
one to five buttons
bottom is flat and contains a mechanism or ball that detects movement
notebooks have a pointing device built into the keyboard

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Touch Screens
• A touchscreen is an electronic visual display that can
detect the presence and location of a touch within
the display area.
• The term generally refers to touching the display of
the device with a finger or hand. Touchscreens can
also sense other passive objects, such as a stylus.
Touchscreens are common in devices such as all-in-
one computers, tablet computers, and smartphones

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 • The touchscreen has two main attributes. First, it
enables one to interact directly with what is
displayed, rather than indirectly with a pointer
controlled by a mouse or touchpad.
• Secondly, it lets one do so without requiring any
intermediate device that would need to be held in
the hand (other than a stylus, which is optional for
most modern touchscreens).

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 • Such displays can be attached to computers, or
to networks as terminals. They also play a
prominent role in the design of digital appliances
such as the personal digital assistant (PDA),
satellite navigation devices, mobile phones, and
video games.

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Computers
 Bar Code Reader
A device that can read bar codes, translate
them into numbers and input the numbers into a
compute system.

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Computers ©Muhammed Samsuddoha Alam
 • The most common type of bar code reader is the
flatbed model, commonly found in the supermarket
and departmental store

• Workers for delivering services, such as Federal

Express, also use handheld bar code readers in the
field to identify package

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 • Bar code is the patterns of printing bars that appear
on the product packaging
• Bar code identify the product and provide other
information about the product, as like price
• The bar code reader emits a beam of laser light that
is reflected by the code image

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• A light sensitive detector identifies the bar code image
by recognizing special bars at both end of the image

• After the detector has identifies the bar code, then it

converts the individual bar patterns into numeric
digits, that can easily understand by the computer

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 • The reader then feeds the data into the computer as
through the number had been typed on the
keyboard

• Bar code reader is a type of a image scanner

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 Processor or central processing unit (CPU) – interprets and
carries out the basic instructions that operate a computer
made up of the control unit and arithmetic/logic unit
control unit – interprets the instructions
arithmetic/logic unit – performs the logical and arithmetic
processes
42 million transistors and performs operations 10 million
times in a tenth of a second

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 The CPU contains:

Performs calculations
Arithmetic / Logic Unit and makes decisions

Coordinates
Control Unit processing steps

Small storage
Registers areas

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 PROCESSES!
Faster the processor, better the PC?

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 • The microprocessor is plugged into the
computer’s motherboard.

• The motherboard is a rigid rectangular card

containing the circuitry that connects the
processor to the other hardware.

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 • A circuit board attached to the motherboard that
contains the memory and other circuitry
necessary to send information to the monitor for
displaying in the screen.
• An interface between the monitor and the CPU.
• It determines the monitors performance

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 Memory or random access memory (RAM) – electronic
components that store instructions waiting to be executed
by the processor, data needed by those instructions, and the
results of processed data
consists of one or more chips on the motherboard

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 Abbre
Pronounce Approximate Value Actual Value
Unit v-
d (Bytes) (Bytes)
iation

Kilobyte KB KILL-uh-bite 1,000 1,024

Megabyte MB MEHG-uh-bite 1,000,000 (1 Million) 1,048,576

Gigabyte GB GIG-uh-bite 1,000,000,000 (1 Billion) 1,073,741,824

Terabyte TB TERR-uh-bite 1,000,000,000,000 (1 Trillion) 1,099,511,627,776

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  Random Access memory
 Main Memory
 Stores info about applications that are open and
data
 VOLATILE
 When you switch off the machine, it disappears!!!

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 • Read only memory
• Non-Volatile (does not change)
• Programs that are necessary for the
computer to run
• Boot up program
• etc

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 This is a very FAST type of memory that is used
to improve the spped of a computer, DOUBLING
it ….in some cases.
Acts as an intermediate store between CPU and
MM
It works by storing most frequently or recently
used instructions so that it is fast to retrieve
them again.
Cache is usually between 1KB and 512KB

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 • Storage devices – used to store instructions, data, and
information not being used in memory
• six types of storage devices
• floppy disks
• zip disks
• optical discs
• tape
• miniature storage media

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 • Hard disks – consists of one or more rigid metal platters
coated with a metal oxide material that allows data to be
recorded magnetically
• data is recorded on a series of tracks
• spin 5,400 to 7,200 revolutions/minute
• number of platters vary
• storage capacity one billion characters to more than 200
billion characters
• 1 billion bytes = 1 gigabyte (GB)

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 • Optical discs – storage medium that consists of a flat,
round, portable, metal storage medium
• 4.75 inches in diameter
• less than 1/20 of an inch thick
• Two types of optical discs
• CD
• DVD
• Variety of formats
• CD-ROM, CD-R, CD-RW, DVD-ROM, DVD+RW

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 CD-ROMs or compact disc read-only memory- type of
optical disc that uses laser technology for recording
can contain audio, text, graphics, and video
can only read, cannot erase or modify the content
holds 650 MB – 1 GB of data
CD-R or compact disc-recordable – multisession optical
disc that you can record your own items on
can read from many times
can write on each part only one time
cannot erase

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 CD-RW or compact disc-rewritable – an erasable disc
you can write on multiple times
write and rewrite data, instructions, and information
multiple times
DVDs – technology that can be used to store large
amounts of text and even cinema-like videos
DVD-ROM or digital video disc-ROM – high capacity
optical disc
store 4.7 GB to 17 GB
read-only

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 DVD+RW or DVD-rewriteable – can erase and
record multiple times
major use
edit videos from a video camera or VCR, stored and edited
on your computer, and then written to a DVD+RW disc
Tape – magnetically coated ribbon of plastic
housed in a tape cartridge capable of storing large
amounts of data and information at a low cost
primarily used for long-term storage and backup

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 Miniature Storage Media – rewritable media in the form of
a flash memory card
solid-state device that consists entirely of electronics and
contain no moving parts
used with PDAs, digital cameras, music players, and smart
phones
used to store digital images, music, and documents

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 Communications device – hardware component that
enables a computer to send (transmit) and receive data,
instructions, and information to and from one or more
computers
widely used communication device is the modem
communications occur over transmission media
cables, telephone lines, cellular radio networks, and
satellites
some are wireless

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 two types of software
system software
application software
System software – programs to control the operations of
computer equipment
operating system – set of programs that tell the computer how to
perform the functions of loading, storing, and executing an application
program and how to transfer data
booting – when a computer is turned on, the operating
system is loaded into the computer’s memory from auxiliary
storage
graphical user interface (GUI) – visual cues or icon symbols
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 Application Software – programs that tell a computer how
to produce information
examples – personal information manager, accounting,
computer-aided design, desktop publishing, picture and
video editing, and educational
commonly used applications – word processing, electronic
spreadsheet, and presentation graphics
software package – Microsoft Office

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 Word processing software – used to create, edit, format, and
print documents
advantage – users can easily make changes to the document
Electronic spreadsheet software – user can add, subtract,
and perform user-defined calculations on rows and columns
of numbers
eliminates tedious recalculations, easily converted into a
graphic form

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 Database software – user can enter, retrieve, and update
data in an organized and efficient manner
Can access data in different ways and create custom reports
Presentation graphics software – allows users to create
documents called slides to be used in presentations

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 Output devices – make information from processing
available for use
can be presented in many forms
printed report or displayed on a screen
printers and display devices are common output devices for
word processing, spreadsheets, and database management

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 Printers
two kinds of printers
impact printers – strikes an inked ribbon against the paper
(dot matrix printer)
Nonimpact printers – form characters by means other than
striking a ribbon against paper (ink-jet printers or laser
printers)
advantage – print higher-quality text and graphics, better job
printing different fonts, quieter, can print in color

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 Printer Should be evaluated on the basis of
Image Quality {It is known as the print
resolution, usually measured in Dots Per
Inch (dpi). More the dot per inch, the image
quality is higher. Most medium quality
printer can print 300 or 600 dpi. Professional
Printers for presentations, postures or
rendering offers resolutions of 1800 dpi or
ever higher}

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 600 dots across

1 Square Inch:
600 dots Down
360,000 dots

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 Initial Cost {This is the cost for purchasing the
printer. It depends on the Image quality and the
speed of printer}
Cost of Operation {The cost of ink or tonner and
maintenance is called cost of operation. It depends
on the ink, power, paper, toner and others}

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 A type of Impact Printer that creates character on a
page by using small cluster of pins to strike an
inked ribbon, pressing ink onto the paper.
The arrangement of pins in the print head creates a
matrix of dots.
This type of printer creates an image by using a
mechanism called a print head, which contains a
cluster of short pins arranged in one or more
columns.

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 The speed of dot matrix printer is measured in
character per second {From 50-70 cps to more than
500 cps}
The fastest one can print 500 character each
second
On receiving instructions from PC, the printer can
push any of the pins out in any combination

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 When pushed out from the cluster, the protruding pins’
end strike a ribbon, which is held in place between the
print head and the paper.
When the pins strike the ribbon, they press ink from
the ribbon onto a piece of paper
More the pins in the head more the image quality

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 Lowest resolution in a dot matrix printer is 9 pin and the
highest resolution printers have twenty-four pins
Line Printers
This special type of impact printer works like a dot matrix
printer but uses a especial wide print head that can print
an entire line of text at one time

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 A type of nonimpact printer that produces
image by spraying ink onto the page
Inkjet printer is inexpensive for both color
and black printing
Low operating cost, offer quality and speed
comparable to low-end laser printers

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 The popularity of ink jet printer increasing due to the
speed and quality improvement and prices plummeted
Color ink jet printer has four nozzles:
CYAN (Blue)
Magenta (Red)
Yellow and
Black

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 These colors are different from the additive colors
(Red, Green and Blue) in monitors
Printed color is the result of light bouncing off the
paper, not color transmitted directly from a light
source
Consequently cyan, magenta, yellow and black are
sometimes called subtractive colors

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 The fast nonimpact printer that produces high-
quality output.
A laser beam focused on an electrostatic drum
creates an image to which powered toner adheres
and that image is transferred to paper
It uses heat and pressure to bond tiny particles of
toner to a paper

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 It is the more expensive printer than ink jet
A CPU and memory are built into the printer
to interpret the data that it receives from the
computer and to control the laser
The quality and speed of laser printers make
them idea for office environment, where
several users can easily share the same
printer via a LAN

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 Just as the electron gun in a monitor can target any pixel, the
laser in a laser printer can aim at any point on a drum, creating
charge
Toner, which is composed of tiny particles of oppositely
charged ink, stick to the drums in the places the laser has
charged
Then the pressure and the heat the toner is transferred off the
drum onto the paper

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 A color laser printer works like a single-color model, except
that the process is repeated four times and different toner color
is used for each pass
Single-color (Black) laser printers typically can produce
between 4 and 16 pages of text a minute
The most common laser printer resolution is 300 or 600 dpi

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 Display devices – an output device that visually
conveys text, graphics, and video information
monitor – plastic or metal case that houses a display device
two types of monitors – CRT and LCD
cathode ray tube (CRT) – television- like, most common
LCD or flat panel monitor – uses a liquid display crystal, similar to a digital
watch
surface of screen is composed of individual picture elements called
pixels
resolution of 800 x 600 = 480,000 pixels
each pixel can be illuminated to form parts of a character or grpahic shape on
the screen

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 Nice Graphics, tolerable light
Examine the crispness of the letters,
especially near corner of the screen
Is the color is accurate or not
If possible browse the Web for a while
Size of the Monitor

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 Refresh Rate
Resolution
Dot pitch

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 Network – collection of computers and devices
connected via communications media and devices such
as cables, telephone lines, modems
users can share resources, such as hardware devices,
software programs, data, and information
saves time and money
LAN or local area network – network that connects
computers in a limited geographic area
computer lab, offices, groups of buildings
WAN or wide area network – network that covers a large
geographical area
districts offices of a national corporation

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 The Internet – worldwide collection of networks that links
together millions of computers by means of modems,
telephone lines, cables, and other communications devices
and media
world largest network
use the Internet for a variety of reasons
Sending messages (e-mail), accessing information,
shopping, meeting and conversing with people, and
accessing sources of entertainment and leisure

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 Connect to the Internet in one of two ways
through an Internet service provider
through an online service provider
Internet service provider (ISP) – organization that supplies
connections to the Internet for a monthly fee
Online service provider (OSP) – provides access to the
Internet, but it also provides a variety of other specialized
content and services

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 The World Wide Web or the Web – contains billions of
documents called Web pages
most popular segment of the Internet
Web page – document that contains text, graphics, sound,
and/or video and has built-in connections, or hyper-links, to
other Web documents
Web site – related collection of Web pages
Web browser – software program used to access and view
Web pages

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 Uniform Resource Locator or URL – unique Web page
address
consists of a protocol, domain name, and sometimes the
path to a specific Web page or location in a Web page
URLs begin with http://
http stands for hypertext transfer protocol
domain name – identifies the Web site, which is stored on a
Web server
Web server – computer that delivers (serves) requested Web
pages

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 Electronic Commerce or e-commerce – conducting business
activities online
Three types of e-commerce
Business to consumer (B2C) – sale of goods to the general
public
Consumer to consumer (C2C) – one consumer selling
directly to another
Business to business (B2B) – goods and services to other
businesses

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 Beverages in open containers are EVIL
Magnets (They destroy Data on floppy drives and hard drives)
Laser Printers and Power.
Keep PC off the floor.
When in doubt Reboot.
Save your work often.
Power Strips
Use the Power buttons on the PC and peripherals.
Proper handling of CDs (OK to wash CDs in mild soapy water or get a CD cleaner ) (inexpensive)
Don’t push the CD tray in – use the button.
Dust Kills (It’s a good idea to blow the dust out of your computer regularly)
Get yourself an anti static strip or mat.

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Number System

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 Used by Used in
System Base Symbols humans? computers?
Decimal 10 0, 1, … 9 Yes No
Binary 2 0, 1 No Yes
Octal 8 0, 1, … 7 No No
Hexa- 16 0, 1, … 9, No No
decimal A, B, … F

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 Hexa-
Decimal Binary Octal decimal
0 0 0 0
1 1 1 1
2 10 2 2
3 11 3 3
4 100 4 4
5 101 5 5
6 110 6 6
7 111 7 7
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 Hexa-
Decimal Binary Octal decimal
8 1000 10 8
9 1001 11 9
10 1010 12 A
11 1011 13 B
12 1100 14 C
13 1101 15 D
14 1110 16 E
15 1111 17 F
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 Hexa-
Decimal Binary Octal decimal
16 10000 20 10
17 10001 21 11
18 10010 22 12
19 10011 23 13
20 10100 24 14
21 10101 25 15
22 10110 26 16
23 10111 27 17
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 The possibilities:

Decimal Octal

Binary Hexadecimal

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 2510 = 110012 =
318 = 1916
Base

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 Decimal Octal

Binary Hexadecimal

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 Weight

12510 => 5 x 100= 5

2 x 101= 20
1 x 102= 100
125

Base

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 Decimal Octal

Binary Hexadecimal

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 Technique

Multiply each bit by 2n, where n is the “weight” of the bit

The weight is the position of the bit, starting from 0 on

the right

Add the results

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 Bit “0”

1010112 => 1 x 20 = 1
1 x 21 = 2
0 x 22 = 0
1 x 23 = 8
0 x 24 = 0
1 x 25 = 32
4310

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 Decimal Octal

Binary Hexadecimal

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 Technique

Multiply each bit by 8n, where n is the “weight” of the bit

The weight is the position of the bit, starting from 0 on

the right

Add the results

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 7248 => 4 x 80 = 4
2 x 81 = 16
7 x 82 = 448
46810

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 Decimal Octal

Binary Hexadecimal

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 Technique

Multiply each bit by 16n, where n is the “weight” of the

bit

The weight is the position of the bit, starting from 0 on

the right

Add the results

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 ABC16 => C x 160 = 12 x 1 = 12
B x 161 = 11 x 16 = 176
A x 162 = 10 x 256 = 2560
274810

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 Decimal Octal

Binary Hexadecimal

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 Technique

Divide by two, keep track of the remainder

First remainder is bit 0 (LSB, least-significant bit)

Second remainder is bit 1

Etc.

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 12510 = ?2 2 125
2 62 1

2 31 0
15 1
2
7 1
2
2 3 1

2 1 1
0 1

12510 = 11111012
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 Decimal Octal

Binary Hexadecimal

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 Technique

Convert each octal digit to a 3-bit equivalent binary

representation

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 7058 = ?2

7 0 5

111 000 101

7058 = 1110001012

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 Decimal Octal

Binary Hexadecimal

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 Technique

Convert each hexadecimal digit to a 4-bit equivalent

binary representation

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 10AF16 = ?2

1 0 A F

0001 0000 1010 1111

10AF16 = 00010000101011112

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 Decimal Octal

Binary Hexadecimal

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 Technique

Divide by 8

Keep track of the remainder

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 123410 = ?8

8 1234
154 2
8
19 2
8
2 3
8
0 2

123410 = 23228

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 Decimal Octal

Binary Hexadecimal

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 Technique

Divide by 16

Keep track of the remainder

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 123410 = ?16

16 1234
16 77 2

16 4 13 = D
0 4

123410 = 4D216

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 Decimal Octal

Binary Hexadecimal

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 Technique

Group bits in threes, starting on right

Convert to octal digits

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 10110101112 = ?8

1 011 010 111

1 3 2 7

10110101112 = 13278

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 Decimal Octal

Binary Hexadecimal

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 Technique

Group bits in fours, starting on right

Convert to hexadecimal digits

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 10101110112 = ?16

10 1011 1011

2 B B

10101110112 = 2BB16
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 Decimal Octal

Binary Hexadecimal

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 Technique

Use binary as an intermediary

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 10768 = ?16

1 0 7 6

001 000 111 110

2 3 E

10768 = 23E16
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 Decimal Octal

Binary Hexadecimal

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 Technique

Use binary as an intermediary

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 1F0C16 = ?8

1 F 0 C

0001 1111 0000 1100

1 7 4 1 4

1F0C16 = 174148
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 Hexa-
Decimal Binary Octal decimal
33
1110101
703
1AF
Don’t use a calculator!

Skip answer Answer

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 Answer

Hexa-
Decimal Binary Octal decimal
33 100001 41 21
117 1110101 165 75
451 111000011 703 1C3
431 110101111 657 1AF

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 Two 1-bit values 1
0 1
0 1
0

A B A+B
0 0 0
0 1 1
1 0 1
1 1 10
“two”

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 Two n-bit values
Add individual bits
Propagate carries

1 1
10101 21
+ 11001 + 25
101110 46

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 Decimal (just for fun)

35
x 105
175
000
35
3675

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 Binary, two 1-bit values

A B AB
0 0 0
0 1 0
1 0 0
1 1 1

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 Binary, two n-bit values
As with decimal values

1110
x 1011
1110
1110
0000
1110
10011010

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 Decimal to decimal

3.14 => 4 x 10-2 = 0.04

1 x 10-1 = 0.1
3 x 100 = 3
3.14

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 Binary to decimal

10.1011 => 1 x 2-4 = 0.0625

1 x 2-3 = 0.125
0 x 2-2 = 0.0
1 x 2-1 = 0.5
0 x 20 = 0.0
1 x 21 = 2.0
2.6875

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