Chapter_2
Signal Transmission in Systems
1- System: is an entity that deal with one or more input signals to perform a function, which
results in a new output signal.
In communication transmitter system:
In Electrocardiograph system:
2- Properties of System
Based on the properties, the systems can be classified as:
o Continuous-time and discrete-time system
o Stable and Unstable system
o Memory and memoryless system
o Invertible and noninvertible system
o Time variant and time invariant system
o Linear and nonlinear
o Casual and Non causal
1) Continuous-time and Discrete-time-system:
o Continuous-time system: if the input and output of the system are continuous-time
signal.
o Discrete-time system: if the input and output of the system are discrete-time signal.
2) Stable and Unstable System:
o In stable system, system is said to be stable if and only if every bounded input produces a
bounded output. stable system is also called BIBO (bound input bound output).
Continuous-time system Discrete-time system
If x (t ) M x < for all t If x (n ) M x < for all n
then y (t ) M y < for all t then y (n ) M y < for all n
Where Mx and My are bounded values for the input and output.
o A bounded input always has a finite value at infinity.
o Unbounded signals
o In Discrete-time system:
For stability the response of system h(n) must be
absolutely summable
o In unstable System: it has unbounded output as t →
infinity.
Example 1: The input-output relation is given by h(n)=an u(n) Determine whether the system
is stable or not.
Solution: for stability, h (n ) <
1
a u(n) a
n
0
n
1 a a 2 .....
1 a
< a 1
The given system is stable if and if only |a|<1
Example 2: Test whether the following continuous time system is stable or not.
1. h1 (t ) e a t 2. h2 (t ) e 2t u (t 4)
Solution: the general condition for stability is, h (t ) dt
0
a t 1 0 1 1 1
a ( t )
e dt e dt e a (t )dt e at e at e 0 e e e 0
0
a a 0 a a
1.
1 1 2
1 0 0 1 if (a 0)
a a a
The given system is stable if (a ≠ 0).
1 8
e u (t 4) dt e 2t dt e e
2t
2.
4
2
The given system is astable.
3) Invertible and noninvertible system:
o Invertible system: the system is said to be an invertible if the input signal can be
recovered from the output signal of the system.
o Noninvertible system: the system is said to be an noninvertible if the input signal
given to the system cannot be recovered from the output signal of the system.
o Example: square law system is generally Noninvertible system.
4) Memory and Memoryless System:
o Memory system (Dynamic System): the system is called memory when the output of the
system depends on past and future values.
or
o Memoryless system (Static System): the system is called memoryless when the output of
the system depends solely on the present value.
or
5) Time variant and time invariant system:
o Time invariant system: if the input signal is delayed or advanced by any factor that leads
to some delay or advancement in the time scale of the output by the same factor.
Example: y (t ) sin(x (t ))
o Time variant system: if the output signal is delayed or advanced with respect to input signal.
Example: y (t ) x (t )sin(t )
Example 1: The input-output relation is given by y (t ) sin(x (t )) . Determine whether the
system is time invariant or not.
Solution: Let us assume that the signal of the form
y 1 (t ) sin(x 1 (t )) → (1)
Let us introduce time delay td in the input signal in (1), then
x 2 (t ) x 1 (t t d )
The delay input therefore result in the output
y 2 (t ) sin(x 2 (t )) sin(x 1 (t t d ))
→ (2)
Let us introduce the same time delay td in the output of the equation (1), then
y 1 (t t d ) sin(x 1 (t t d )) → (3)
Comparing Eqs.(2) and (3), it is clear that,
y 2 (t ) y 1 (t t d )
Therefore, the system is time-invariant.
Example 2: The input-output relation is given by y (t ) x (t )sin(t ) . Determine whether the
system is time invariant or not.
Solution: Let us assume that the signal of the form
y 1 (t ) x 1 (t )sin(t ) → (1)
Let us introduce time delay td in the input signal in (1), then
x 2 (t ) x 1 (t t d )
The delay input therefore result in the output
y 2 (t ) x 2 (t )sin(t ) x 1 (t t d )sin(t )
→ (2)
Let us introduce the same time delay td in the output of the equation (1), then
y 1 (t t d ) x 1 (t t d )sin((t t d )) → (3)
Comparing Eqs.(2) and (3), it is clear that,
y 2 (t ) y 1 (t t d )
Therefore, the system is time-variant.
6) Linear and Nonlinear System:
o Linear System: the system is said to be linear if
x 1 (t ) x 2 (t ) y 1 (t ) y 2 (t )
ax 1 (t ) bx 2 (t ) ay 1 (t ) by 2 (t )
Where, a and b are complex constants.
Example 1: The input-output relation is given by y (t ) tx (t ) . Determine whether the system
is linear or not.
Solution: Let us define the input signal x1(t) whose response y1(t) is given as
y 1 (t ) tx 1 (t )
Let us define the input signal x2(t) whose response y2(t) is given as
y 2 (t ) tx 2 (t )
Let x 3 (t ) ax 1 (t ) bx 2 (t )
Then the output y3(t) is defined as
y 3 (t ) tx 3 (t ) t [ax 1 (t ) bx 2 (t )] atx 1 (t ) btx 2 (t ) ay 1(t ) by 2 (t )
Therefore, the system is linear.
7) Casual and Non causal System:
o In casual system: the output response at any time depends only on the present input
and/or the past input but not on the future inputs.
Example: y (t ) tx (t )
o In noncasual system: the output response at any time depends on the present input and the
past input as well as on the future inputs.
Example: check whether the following systems are casual or not
1) y (t ) tx (t ) 2) y (t ) x (t 2 )
Solution: 1) Let t=0, then y (0) 0
Let t=1, then y (1) x (1)
Let t=-1, then y (1) x (1)
For values of t the output depends on the present and the past values of the input hence the
system is causal
2) Let t=0, then y (0) x (0)
Let t=1, then y (1) x (1)
Let t=-1, then y (1) x (1)
Let t=2, then y (2) x (4)
As we can see, the last two cases, the output depends on the future of the input. Hence the system
is noncausal.
Example: Consider the system shown in Figure Determine
whether it is (a) memoryless, (b) causal, (c) linear, (d) time-
invariant, or (e) stable.
Solution:
(a) From the figure,
y (t ) T x (t ) x (t )cos(ct )
Since the output y(t), depends only on the present values
of the input x(t), the system is memoryless.
(b) Let t=0, then y (0) x (0)cos(0)
Let t=5, then y (5) x (5) cos(5c )
Since the output y(t), doesn't depend on the future values of the input x(t), the system is
casual.
(c) Let x 3 (t ) ax 1 (t ) bx 2 (t )
Then the output y3(t), is defined as
y 3 (t ) x 3 (t ) cos(ct ) [ax 1 (t ) bx 2 (t )] cos(ct )
ax 1 (t ) cos(ct ) bx 2 (t ) cos(ct ) ay 1 (t ) by 2 (t )
Thus, the system is linear.
(d) Let y1(t) is the output produced by the shifted input signal x1(t)=x(t-td), then
y 1 (t ) T x (t t d ) x (t t d ) cos(ct )
Let us introduce the same time delay td in the output of the equation, then
y (t t d ) x (t t d ) cos(c (t t d )) y 1(t )
Thus, the system is not time-invariant.
(e) Since cos(ct ) 1, we have
y (t ) x (t )cos(ct ) x (t )
Thus, if the input x(t), is bounded, then the output y(t), is also bounded and the system is stable.
Assignment
A) Check whether the following systems are casual or not
1) y (t ) x 2 (t ) 2) y (n ) x (n ).x (n 1) 3) y (n ) x ( n )
B) Check whether the following systems are casual or not
1) y (n ) x (n ) x (n 1) 2) y (n ) ln[x (n )] 3) y (t ) sin(x (t ))
C) Check whether the following systems are i) linear time variant or invariant, ii) causal
or noncausal
1) y (t ) x (t )sin(t ) 2) y (t ) t 2x (t )
3- Signal transmission in linear System:
o Linear time-invariant (LTI) system can be characterized in the time domain or frequency
domain.
o The LTI system model can be used to characterize communication channels.
o A stable LTI system can be characterized in the time domain by its impulse response h(t).
o Impulse response is the system response to a unit impulse input
o The system response to a bounded signal x(t)
follows:
y(t) = h(t)*x(t)
Convolution: y (t ) h t * x t x ( )h (t )d or y (t ) h ( )x (t )d
o Taking Fourier transform y (t ) Y (f ) x t X (f ), h(t ) H (f )
Y(f )=X(f ).H(f ) (Convolution theorem)
H(f) is the frequency response of the system.
Example: In the illustration system whose response is h(t) is a rect pluse and the input signal
is cos(2πfct). Sketch the amplitude spectrum of the output signal.
Solution:
o The output is
y (t ) h t * x t
Using convolution theory,
Y(f )=X(f ) . H(f )
Using Fourier transform:
1
cos 2 f ct (f f c ) (f f c ) and
2
t
rect Tsinc(fT )
T
o Then, The Amplitude Spectrum of the output is
T
Y(f ) sinc(T (f f c )) sinc(T (f f c ))
2
Additive White Gaussian Noise:
o The thermal noise is described by a zero-mean Gaussian random process, n(t) the adds on to the
signal (Additive).
o Its PSD is flat, hence it is called white noise.
Autocorrelation is a spike at 0: uncorrelated at any non-zero lag.
o Example: RC-low pass filtered White Noise
Consider a white noise process W(t) of zero mean and power spectral density No/2 applied to
the low-pass RC filter, shown in the figure. The transfer function of the filter is
We find that the power spectral density of the noise N(t)
appearing at the low-pass RC filter is therefore,
2a
exp(a t )
a (2 f )2
2
We have the Fourier-transform pair 2
No RC No t
exp( )
4RC ( 1 ) 2 (2 f ) 2 4RC RC
RC
Therefore, using the dilation property of the Fourier-
transform, we find that the autocorrelation of the filtered noise process N(t) is
o Example: Suppose that a random signal is a white noise
signal. This means that all frequencies are present in the
signal and its power spectral density will be a straight line as
shown in Figure below. The level of the power spectral
density is given as 25 Watts/Hertz. This signal is passed
though a low-pass filter whose frequency response
magnitude is shown in Figure (b). Calculate the total signal
power of the signal coming out of the low-pass filter.
Solution:
o The power spectral density of the output signal is:
o The total power of the filter output signal is the integration of this function from 0 to ∞
signal power = 25,000 1,250 26,250 Watts
o Example: Arectangular pulse of unit amplitude and
unit duration is passed through an ideal low-pass filter
of bandwidth B, as illustrated in figure. Evaluate the
energy spectral density ψy(f) of the filter output y(t).
Solution:
o The input signal x (t ) rect (t )
X (f ) sinc(f )
o The energy spectral density of the filter input x(t) is
x (f ) X (f ) sinc2 (f )
2
o Thus, the energy spectral density ψy(f) of the filter
output y(t) is
(f ) B f B
y ( f ) H (f ) x (f ) x
2
0 otherwise
Assignment
o Q1: We are given that X(t) is a stationary random process with RX(τ)= e-α|t| where α > 0. It is the
input to an LIT system with impulse response h(t) = e-βt u(t), where β > 0 and β≠α. Determine
the output power spectral density.
o Q2:A zero-mean white Gaussian noise with power-spectral density No/2 passes through an ideal
low pass filter with bandwidth B.
a. Find the autocorrelation function of the output process Y(t).
b. Mean power of the noise at the output.
