Signals & Systems
Classification of Systems- 2
Lecture – 09
Date: 08.08.2020
What is System?
• Systems process input signals to produce output
signals
• A system is combination of elements that
manipulates one or more signals to accomplish a
function and produces some output.
Example:
• A CD player takes the signal on the CD and
transforms it into a signal sent to the loud speaker
input signal output signal
system
Classification of Signals
Static and Dynamic system
Causal and Non-Causal system
Time invariant and Time variant system
Linear and Non-Linear system
Stable and Unstable system
Invertible & Inverse Systems
Static /Dynamic system
(Memoryless /Memory)
Memory system: output value depend
present future/past input.
on
Memoryless system: present output value depend only
on present input.
Example:
Problem no: 1
(ii) Causal Systems
• Causal system : A system is said to be causal if the
present value of the output signal depends only on
the present and/or past values of the input signal.
(does not depends upon the future input and future
output) Example: y[n]=x[n]+1/2x[n-1]
(ii) Non-causal Systems
• Non-causal system : A system is said to be
anticausal if the present value of the output signal
depends only on the future values of the input
signal.
• Example: y[n]=x[n+1]+1/2x[n-1]
Problem no: 1
(iii) Time Invariant and Time Variant
Systems
• A system is said to be time invariant if a time
delay or time advance (i.e, Shifting) of the
input signal leads to a identical time shift in the
output signal. Its also called as shift invariant or
fixed system.
• If this condition fails then its called time variant
system.
Here in our problems Condition, time variant
Condition, y(t, T) ≠ y(t - T )
time invariant y(t, T) = y(t - y (n, N) ≠ y(n - N )
T)
y (n, N) = y(n - N )
Problem no: 1
(iv) Linear & Non Linear Systems
• A system is said to be linear if it satisfies the principle of
superposition
• It states that the weighted sum of input signal be equal to
the weighted sum of output signal corresponding to each
of the individual input signal.
• In CT system
a1y1( t) + a2y2(t) = f[a1x1( t) + a2x2(t)]
• In DT system
a1y1( n) + a2y2(n) = f[a1x1( n) + a2x2(n)]
Problem no: 1
1) y(n) = x(n2)
a) Linear (or) non linear:
Condition for linearity
a1y1( n) + a2y2(n) = f[a1x1( n) + a2x2(n)]
replace xx1 & y y1 y1( n) = x1( n2) (1)
replace xx2 & y y2 y2( n) = x2( n2) (2)
(1)*a1 a1y1( n) = a1x1( n2) (3)
(2)*a2 a2y2( n) = a2x2( n2) (4)
(3)+(4) a1y1( n) + a2y2(n) = a1x1( n2) + a2x2( n2)
(5)
replace x a1x1 + a2x2 & y a1y1 + a2y2
a1y1( n) + a2y2(n) = [a1x1( n2) + a2x2(n2)] (6)
(5) = (6)
Therefore the system is linear.
Problem no: 2
2) y(n) =
a) Linear (or) non linear:
Condition for linearity
a1y1( n) + a2y2(n) = f[a1x1( n) + a2x2(n)]
replace xx1 & y y1 y 1(n) = x1(n) + nx1 (n+1) (1)
replace xx2 & y y2 y 2 (n) = x2(n) + nx2 (n+1) (2)
(1)*a1 a1y1(n) = a1x1(n) + na1x1 (n+1) (3)
(2)*a2 a2y2(n) = a2x2(n) + na2x2 (n+1) (4)
(3)+(4) a1y1(n) + a2y2(n) = a1x1(n) + na1x1 (n+1) + a2x2(n) + na2x2 (n+1)(5)
replace x a1x1 + a2x2 & y a1y1 + a2y2
a1y1(n) + a2y2(n) = a1x1(n) + a2x2(n) + n[a1x1 (n+1) + a2x2 (n+1)] (6)
(5) = (6)
Therefore the system is linear.
Problem no: 3
3) y(n) = x2(n)
a) Linear (or) non linear:
Condition for linearity
a1y1( n) + a2y2(n) = f[a1x1( n) + a2x2(n)]
replace xx1 & y y1 y1( n) = x12( n) (1)
replace xx2 & y y2 y2( n) = x22( n) (2)
(1)*a1 a1y1( n) = a1x12( n) (3)
(2)*a2 a2y2( n) = a2x22( n) (4)
(3)+(4) a1y1( n) + a2y2(n) = a1x12( n) + a2x22( n)(5)
replace x a1x1 + a2x2 & y a1y1 + a2y2
a1y1(n) + a2y2(n) = [a1x1( n) + a2x2(n)]2
= a1x12( n) + a2x22(n) + 2 a1x1( n)a2x2(n) (6)
(5) not equal (6)
Therefore the system is nonlinear.
Problem no: 4
Problem no: 5
(v) Stable & Unstable Systems
• A system is said to be bounded-input
bounded-output stable (BIBO stable) if
every bounded input results in a bounded
output.
Problem no: 1
Problem no: 2
Problem no: 3
Problem no: 4
4) y(n) =
Stable (or) Unstable system:
In the given system equation, n ∞, y ∞ even if x(n)
is bounded. Hence the system is unstable.
Problem no: 5
5) y (n) =
Stable (or) Unstable system:
As long as x(n) is bounded. Output y(n) is also bounded. Therefore
the system is stable.
Problem no: 6
Problem no: 7
(iv) Invertible & Inverse Systems
• If a system is invertible it has an Inverse System
x(t) y(t) Inverse x(t)
System
Syste
• Example: y(t)=2x(t) m
– System is invertible must have inverse, that is:
– For any x(t) we get a distinct output y(t)
– Thus, the system must have an Inverse
• x(t)=1/2 y(t)=z(t)
y(t)=2x(t) Inverse
x(t) System System x(t)
(multiplier) (divider)
1) Determine whether or not the given system is linear,
static, causal, time-invariant and stable y(n) = x(n2)
a) Static (or) dynamic:
y(-1) = x(1)
y(0) = x(0)
y(1) = x(1)
Output y(n) depends upon the future input . Therefore the system is dynamic.
b) Causal (or) non causal:
y(-1) = x(1)
y(0) = x(0)
y(1) = x(1)
Output y(n) depends upon future input only. Therefore the system is non-causal.
c) Stable (or) Unstable:
This system is satisfies the condition(As long as x(n) is bounded, Output y(n) is
also bounded). Hence the system is stable
d) Time invariant (or) time variant:
Condition,
Output due to delayed input,
y( n, N) = x(n2-N) (1)
Delayed output,
y(n-N) = x(n-N) 2 (2)
(1)not equal (2) Therefore the system is time variant.
e) Linear (or) non linear:
replace xx1 & y y1 y1( n) = x1( n2) (1)
replace xx2 & y y2 y2( n) = x2( n2) (2)
(1)*a1 a1y1( n) = a1x1( n2) (3)
(2)*a2 a2y2( n) = a2x2( n2) (4)
(3)+(4) a1y1( n) + a2y2(n) = a1x1( n2) + a2x2( n2) (5)
replace x a1x1 + a2x2 & y a1y1 + a2y2
a1y1( n) + a2y2(n) = [a1x1( n2) + a2x2(n2)] (6)
(5) = (6)
Therefore the system is linear.
So the given system is dynamic, non-causal, stable, time-
Home Work
Find whether or not the given system is static,
Non-causal, Time variant, Linear & Stable
THANK YOU
