Module:2 Fundamentals of Systems
Module:2 Topics
Representation of continuous and discrete-time systems
Static and dynamic
Linear and non-linear
Time variant and time invariant
Causal and non-causal
Stable and unstable
Invertible and non-invertible systems
Block diagram representation and interconnection of systems
System
A System can be viewed as any process that results in the transformation of signals. Thus, a system has
an input signal and output signal which is related to the input through the system transformation.
Representation of Continuous and Discrete Time Systems
Continuous-time Systems
Continuous-time System is one in which continuous-time input signals are transformed into
continuous-time output signals
Example
𝒙 (𝒕 ) Continuous-time 𝒚 (𝒕)
System
Discrete-time Systems
Discrete-time system is one which transforms discrete-time inputs into discrete-time outputs
] Discrete-time 𝒚 [𝒏]
System
Properties of Systems
Memory and Memoryless
Invertiblity
Causality
Time invariance
Linearity
Stability
1. System with and without Memory
A system is said to be memoryless if its output for each value of the independent variable is dependent
only on the input at that same time.
An example of Memoryless system
𝟐
𝒚 [ 𝒏 ] =( 𝟐 𝒙 [ 𝒏 ] − 𝒙 𝟐 [ 𝒏 ] )
is memoryless, as the value of y[n] at any particular time n 0 depends only on the value of x[n] at that time
Examples of a system with memory
𝒏
𝒚 [ 𝒏 ]= ∑ 𝒙 [𝒌]
𝒌=− ∞
𝒚 ( 𝒕 ) =𝒙 ( 𝒕 −𝟏)
The input- output relationship for the continuous-time identity system
𝒚 ( 𝒕 ) =𝒙 ( 𝒕 )
The input- output relationship for the discrete-time identity system
If the current output is dependent on future values of the input and output, then the system refers to
have memory.
2. Inverse and non-inverse systems
A system is said to be invertible if distinct inputs lead to distinct outputs. If a system is invertible then
an inverse system exists that, when cascaded with the original system, yields an output z[n] equal to
the input x[n] to the first system.
] 𝒚 [𝒏] Inverse 𝒛 [ 𝒏 ] =𝒙 [ 𝒏]
System
System
Examples of invertible system
𝒚 ( 𝒕 ) =𝟐 𝒙 ( 𝒕)
(t) (t) 𝟏 (t)
𝒚 ( 𝒕 ) =𝟐 𝒙(𝒕) 𝒛 (𝒕)= 𝒚 (𝒕 )
𝟐
𝒏
𝒚 [ 𝒏 ]= ∑ 𝒙 [𝒌]
𝒌=− ∞
𝒏
[n] ] 𝒛 [𝒏]=𝒙 [𝒏]
𝒚 [ 𝒏 ]= ∑ 𝒙 [𝒌]
𝒌=− ∞
Example of noninvertible system
𝒚 [ 𝒏 ] =𝟎
The system produces the zero-output sequence for any input sequence
𝟐
𝒚 (𝒕)=𝒙 (𝒕)
In this case the sign of the input cannot be determined from the knowledge of the output
Problems
𝒚 ( 𝒕 ) =𝒙 ( 𝒕 −𝟑)
𝒚 ( 𝒕 ) =𝒔𝒊𝒏 𝒙 (𝒕 )
𝒚 [ 𝒏 ] =[ 𝟏+ ( −𝟏 )𝒏 ] 𝒙 [𝒏]
3. Causal and non-causal System
A system is causal if the output at any time depends only on values of the input at the present time and in
the past.
Causal Not Causal
𝒏
𝟏 . 𝒚 [𝒏 ]= ∑ 𝒙 [𝒌] 𝟑 . 𝒚 [ 𝒏 ] = 𝒙 [ 𝒏 ] − 𝒙[ 𝒏+𝟏]
𝒌=−∞
𝟒 . 𝒚 ( 𝒕 )= 𝒙 ( 𝒕 +𝟏)
𝟐 . 𝒚 ( 𝒕 )=𝒙 (𝒕 −𝟏)
All memoryless systems are causal, since the output responds only to the current value of the input.
Problems
𝐚 . 𝒚 [ 𝒏 ] = 𝒙[−𝒏]
𝑰𝒇 𝒏=−𝟒
𝒚 [ −𝟒 ] =𝒙 [𝟒]
Output at this time depends on a future value of the input. Hence the system is not causal
𝒃 . 𝒚 ( 𝒕 ) =𝒙 (𝒕 ) 𝐜𝐨𝐬 ( 𝒕 +𝟏 )
𝒚 ( 𝒕 ) =𝒙 ( 𝒕 ) 𝒈 (𝒕 )
𝒈 ( 𝒕 )= 𝐜𝐨𝐬 ( 𝒕 + 𝟏 ) ;where g(t) is a time varying
Thus only the current value of the input x(t) influences the current value of the output y(t) and the system
function.
is causal.
4. Time Variant and Time Invariant System
A system is time invariant if the behavior and characteristics of the system are fixed over time
Specifically, a system is time invariant if a time shift in the input signal results in an identical time
shift in the output signal. That is, if y[n] is the output of a discrete-time, time-invariant system when
x[n] is the input, then y[n-n0] is the output when x[n-n0] is applied.
To check that the system is time-invariant, we must determine whether the time-invariance property
holds for any input and any time shift, (t-t 0)/(n-n0)
Problems
𝒂 . 𝒚 ( 𝒕 )=𝐬𝐢𝐧| 𝒙 (𝒕 )|
𝒚 ( 𝒕 ) =𝐬𝐢𝐧|𝒙 (𝒕)| 𝟏
Let x1(t) be an arbitrary input to the system and the corresponding output from equation 1 is given as
𝒚 𝟏 ( 𝒕 )= 𝐬𝐢𝐧| 𝒙 𝟏 ( 𝒕)|
Consider a second input obtained by shifting x1(t) in time
𝒙 𝟐 ( 𝒕 ) =𝒙 𝟏( 𝒕 − 𝒕 𝟎 )
From equation 1, the output corresponding to this input is
𝒚 𝟐 ( 𝒕 )= 𝐬𝐢𝐧| 𝒙 𝟐 ( 𝒕)|=𝐬𝐢𝐧| 𝒙 𝟏 ( 𝒕 − 𝒕 𝟎 )|
input is shifted
𝒚 𝟏 ( 𝒕 − 𝒕 𝟎) = 𝒔𝒊𝒏|𝒙 𝟏 ( 𝒕 − 𝒕 𝟎 )|
output is shifted
𝒚 𝟐 ( 𝒕 )= 𝒚 𝟏 ( 𝒕 − 𝒕 𝟎 )
The system is time-invariant
𝒃 . 𝒚 [ 𝒏 ] =𝒏𝒙 [𝒏]
𝒚 [ 𝒏 ] =𝒏𝒙 [𝒏] 𝟏
Let x1[n] be an arbitrary input and a second input [n] is obtained by shifting x1(t) in time which is
given as
𝒙 𝟐 [𝒏]=𝒙 𝟏(𝒏 −𝒏𝟎)
From equation 1
𝒚 𝟐 [ 𝒏]=𝒏 𝒙 𝟐 [ 𝒏]= 𝒙 𝟏 (𝒏− 𝒏𝟎 )
𝒚 𝟏 ( 𝒏 − 𝒏 𝟎 ) =( 𝒏 − 𝒏 𝟎 ) ¿ ¿
𝒚 𝟐 [ 𝒏 ]≠ 𝒚 𝟏 ( 𝒏 −𝒏 𝟎 )
The system is not time-invariant
𝒄 . 𝒚 (𝒕)=𝒙 (𝟐 𝐭 )
𝒚 (𝒕)=𝒙 (𝟐 𝐭 ) 𝟏
Let x1(t) be an arbitrary input and a second input obtained by shifting x1(t) in time is given by
𝒙 𝟐 (𝒕 )=𝒙 𝟏 (𝒕 −𝒕 𝟎)
From equation 1
𝒚 𝟐 ( 𝒕 )= 𝒙 𝟐 (𝟐 𝒕 )
𝒚 𝟐 ( 𝒕 )= 𝒙 𝟐 (𝟐 𝒕 )=𝒙 𝟏 (𝟐 𝒕 − 𝒕 𝟎 ) 𝟐 In ‘t’ is replaced by ‘2t’
𝒚 𝟏 ( 𝒕 − 𝒕 𝟎) = 𝒙 𝟏 ( 𝟐(𝒕 − 𝒕 𝟎) ) 𝟑
𝒚 𝟐 ( 𝒕 ) ≠ 𝒚 𝟏 (𝒕 −𝒕 𝟎 )
The system is not time-invariant
Problems
1.
2.
Problems
1.
2.
𝒏+𝒏𝟎
1. 𝒚 [ 𝒏 ]= ∑ 𝒙 [𝒌]
𝒌=𝒏−𝒏 𝟎
𝒏+𝒏𝟎
𝒚 [ 𝒏 ]= ∑ 𝒙 [𝒌] 𝟏
𝒌=𝒏−𝒏 𝟎
Let x1[k] be an arbitrary input and a second input obtained by shifting x1[k] in time is given by
𝒙 𝟐 [ 𝒌]=𝒙 𝟏 [ 𝒌 −𝒏𝟏 ]
From equation 1, output corresponds to the input is
𝒏+𝒏𝟎
𝒚 𝟐 [𝒏 ]= ∑ 𝒙𝟐 [𝒌 ]
𝒌=𝒏−𝒏𝟎
𝒏+𝒏𝟎
𝒚 𝟐 [𝒏 ]= ∑ 𝒙𝟏 [𝒌 −𝒏𝟏 ]
𝒌=𝒏−𝒏𝟎
𝒏+𝒏𝟎 −𝒏𝟏
𝒚 𝟐 [𝒏 ]= ∑ 𝒙 𝟏 [𝒌] 𝟐 Output corresponds to shift in input
𝒌=𝒏−𝒏𝟎 − 𝒏𝟏
𝒏+𝒏𝟎
𝒚 [ 𝒏 ]= ∑ 𝒙 [𝒌]
𝒌=𝒏−𝒏 𝟎
𝒏 − 𝒏𝟏+𝒏 𝟎
𝒚 𝟏 [𝒏 −𝒏𝟏 ]= ∑ 𝒙 𝟏 [𝒌] 𝟑 Output corresponds to shift in output
𝒌=𝒏 − 𝒏𝟏 −𝒏𝟎
From 2 and 3 ]
The system is time variant
4. Linearity
A linear system in continuous-time or discrete-time, is a system which possesses the property of
superposition.
If the input consists of weighted sum of several signals, then the output is the superposition, that is the
weighted sum of the responses of the system to each of those signals.
Let y1(t) be the response of a continuous-time system to an input x1(t), and let y2(t) be the output
corresponding to the input x2(t). Then the system is linear if:
𝑻𝒉𝒆 𝒓𝒆𝒔𝒑𝒐𝒏𝒔𝒆 𝒕𝒐 𝒙 𝟏 ( 𝒕 )+ 𝒙 𝟐 ( 𝒕 ) 𝒊𝒔 𝒚 𝟏 ( 𝒕 ) + 𝒚 𝟐 ( 𝒕 ) Additivity Property
, where ‘a’ is any complex constant Homogeneity Property
The two properties defining a linearity can be combined into a single statement
continuous-time: 𝒂 𝒙 𝟏 (𝒕 )+ 𝒃 𝒙𝟐 (𝒕 ) → 𝒂 𝒚 𝟏 (𝒕 )+ 𝒃 𝒚 𝟐 (𝒕 )
discrete-time: 𝒂 𝒙𝟏 [𝒏]+𝒃 𝒙 𝟐 [𝒏]→ 𝒂 𝒚 𝟏[𝒏]+ 𝒃 𝒚 𝟐 [ 𝐧 ]
If xk[n], k = 1, 2, 3, …… are a set of inputs to a discrete-time linear system with corresponding outputs
yk[n], k = 1, 2, 3, ……then the response to a linear combination of these inputs given by
𝒙 [ 𝒏 ] =∑ 𝒂𝒌 𝒙 𝒌 [ 𝒏 ] =𝒂 𝟏 𝒙 𝟏 [ 𝒏 ] +𝒂𝟐 𝒙 𝟐 [ 𝒏 ] +𝒂𝟑 𝒙𝟑 [ 𝒏 ] +𝒂 𝟒 𝒙 𝟒 [ 𝒏 ] …….
𝒌
𝒚 [ 𝒏 ] =∑ 𝒂 𝒌 𝒚 𝒌 [ 𝒏 ] =𝒂 𝟏 𝒚 𝟏 [ 𝒏 ] +𝒂 𝟐 𝒚 𝟐 [ 𝒏 ] +𝒂𝟑 𝒚 𝟑 [ 𝒏 ] +𝒂 𝟒 𝒚 𝟒 [ 𝒏 ] …….
𝒌
Problems
𝒂 . 𝒚 ( 𝒕 )=𝒕𝒙 ( 𝒕)
Solution
Consider two arbitrary inputs x1(t) and x2(t)
𝒙 𝟏 (𝒕 )→ 𝒚 𝟏 (𝒕 )=𝒕 𝒙 𝟏 (𝒕 )
𝒙 𝟐 (𝒕 )→ 𝒚 𝟐 (𝒕 )=𝒕 𝒙 𝟐 (𝒕 )
(t) 𝟏
Let x3(t) be the linear combination of x1(t) and x2(t). That is
𝒙 𝟑 (𝒕 )=𝒂 𝒙 𝟏 ( 𝒕)+ 𝒃 𝒙 𝟐( 𝒕) where a and b are arbitrary scalar
If x3(t) is input to the system, then corresponding output may be expressed as
𝒚 𝟑 (𝒕 )=𝒕 𝒙 𝟑 (𝒕 )
𝒚 𝟑 (𝒕 )=𝒕 ( 𝒂 𝒙 𝟏 (𝒕 )+ 𝒃 𝒙 𝟐 (𝒕 ) )
𝒚 𝟑 (𝒕 )=𝒕𝒂 𝒙 𝟏 (𝒕 )+𝒕𝒃 𝒙 𝟐 (𝒕 ) 𝟏=𝟐
𝒚 𝟑 (𝒕 )=𝒂 𝒚 𝟏 ( 𝒕)+ 𝒃 𝒚 𝟐 (𝒕 ) 𝟐 The system is linear
𝒃 . 𝒚 [ 𝒏 ] =𝟐 𝒙 [ 𝐧 ] +𝟑
𝒙 𝟏 [ 𝒏 ] → 𝒚 𝟏 [ 𝒏 ] =𝟐 𝒙 𝟏 [ 𝒏 ] +𝟑
𝒙 𝟐 [ 𝒏 ] → 𝒚 𝟐 [ 𝒏 ] =𝟐 𝒙 𝟐 [ 𝒏 ] +𝟑
Let x3[n] be the linear combination of x1[n]and x2[n]. That is
𝒙 𝟑 [𝒏]=𝒂 𝒙 𝟏 [𝒏]+𝒃 𝒙 𝟐 [𝒏] where a and b are arbitrary scalar
If x3[n] is input to the system, then corresponding output may be expressed as
𝒚 𝟑 [ 𝒏 ] =𝟐 𝒙 𝟑 [ 𝒏 ] +𝟑
𝒚 𝟑 [ 𝒏 ] =𝟐 𝒂𝒙 𝟏 [ 𝒏 ] +𝟐 𝒃 𝒙 𝟐 [ 𝒏 ] +𝟑 𝟏
𝒂 𝒚 𝟏 [ 𝒏 ] +𝒃 𝒚 𝟐 [ 𝒏 ] =𝒂 {𝟐 𝒙 𝟏 [ 𝒏 ] +𝟑 }+ 𝐛 {𝟐 𝒙 𝟐 [ 𝒏 ] +𝟑 } 𝟐
𝟏=𝟐
The system is not linear
5. Stability
A Stable system is one in which a small inputs lead to responses that do not diverge
Example of stable system
𝒙 (𝒕)
𝒚 ( 𝒕 ) =𝒆
|𝒙 (𝒕 )|< 𝑩
− 𝑩< 𝒙 ( 𝒕 ) < 𝑩
−𝑩 𝑩
𝒆 <𝒚 (𝒕)<𝒆
If the input is bounded by the positive number B, then the corresponding output is guaranteed to be
bounded by eB
𝒚 ( 𝒕 ) =𝒕𝒙 (𝒕 )
The system is not stable
In this chapter, we introduced a number of general properties of systems. In particular, a system may
or may not be
1. Memoryless, 2.Time-invariant, 3. Linear, 4. Causal, 5. Stable
Determine which of these properties hold and which do not hold for each of the system.
𝒅𝒙 ( 𝒕)
𝟏 . 𝒚 ( 𝒕 )=𝐜𝐨𝐬 ( 𝟑 𝒕 ) 𝒙( 𝒕) 𝟓 . 𝒚 ( 𝒕 )=
𝒅𝒕
𝟐 . 𝒚 ( 𝒕 )= 𝒙 ( )
𝒕
𝟑
𝟔 . 𝒚 [ 𝒏 ] =𝒏𝒙 [𝒏]
𝟕 . 𝒚 [ 𝒏 ] = 𝑬𝒗 { 𝒙 [ 𝒏−𝟏 ] }
𝟑 . 𝒚 ( 𝒕 )=
{ 𝟎 , 𝒙 (𝒕 )<𝟎
¿ 𝒙 ( 𝒕 ) + 𝒙 ( 𝒕 − 𝟐 ) , 𝒙 (𝒕 ) ≥ 𝟎
𝟖 . 𝒚 [ 𝒏 ] = 𝒙 [𝟒 𝒏+𝟏]
𝟒 . 𝒚 ( 𝒕 )=
{ 𝟎 , 𝒕 <𝟎
¿ 𝒙 ( 𝒕 ) + 𝒙 ( 𝒕 − 𝟐) , 𝒕 ≥ 𝟎
𝟐𝒕
𝟗 . 𝒚 ( 𝒕 )= ∫ 𝒙 (𝝉) ⅆ 𝝉
−∞
𝟏 . 𝒚 ( 𝒕 )=𝐜𝐨𝐬 ( 𝟑 𝒕 ) 𝒙( 𝒕)
Memory/ Memoryless
Since the output at time ‘t’ depends on the input at time ‘t’, the system is
memoryless
Time-invariant
𝒚 ( 𝒕 ) =𝐜𝐨𝐬 ( 𝟑 𝒕 ) 𝒙 (𝒕 ) 𝟏
Let x1(t) be an arbitrary input and a second input obtained by shifting
x1(t) in time is given by
𝒙 𝟐 (𝒕 )=𝒙 𝟏 (𝒕 −𝒕 𝟎)
From equation 1, output corresponds to the input is
𝒚 𝟐 ( 𝒕 )=cos ( 3 𝑡 ) 𝒙 𝟐 (𝒕 )
𝒚 𝟐 ( 𝒕 )=cos ( 3 𝑡 ) 𝒙 𝟏 (𝒕 −𝒕 𝟎 ) 𝟐 Output corresponds to shift in input
𝒚 𝟏 ( 𝒕 − 𝒕 𝟎) = cos ( 3 ( 𝑡 −𝑡 0 ) ) 𝒙 𝟏( 𝒕 − 𝒕 𝟎 ) 𝟑 Output corresponds to shift in output
From 2 and 3,
𝒚 𝟐 ( 𝒕 ) ≠ 𝒚 𝟏 (𝒕 −𝒕 𝟎 )
The system is time variant
Linear
𝒚 ( 𝒕 ) =𝐜𝐨𝐬 ( 𝟑 𝒕 ) 𝒙 (𝒕 )
𝒙 𝟏 (𝒕 )→ 𝒚 𝟏 ( 𝒕 )=𝐜𝐨𝐬 ( 𝟑 𝒕 ) 𝒙 𝟏 (𝒕 )
𝒙 𝟐 (𝒕 )→ 𝒚 𝟐 ( 𝒕 )=𝐜𝐨𝐬 ( 𝟑 𝒕 ) 𝒙 𝟐 (𝒕 )
𝒙 𝟑 ( 𝒕 ) =𝒂 𝒙 𝟏 ( 𝒕 ) + 𝒃 𝒙 𝟐 (𝒕 )
Output corresponds to the input is
𝒙 𝟑 (𝒕 )→ 𝒚 𝟑 ( 𝒕 )=𝐜𝐨𝐬 ( 𝟑 𝒕 ) 𝒙 𝟑 (𝒕 )
𝒚 𝟑 ( 𝒕 )= 𝐜𝐨𝐬 ( 𝟑 𝒕 ) ( 𝒂 𝒙 𝟏 ( 𝒕 ) + 𝒃 𝒙 𝟐 (𝒕 ) ) 𝟏
𝒂 𝒚 𝟏 ( 𝒕 )+ 𝒃 𝒚 𝟐 ( 𝒕 )=𝒂 cos ( 3 𝑡 ) 𝒙 𝟏 ( 𝒕 ) + 𝒃 cos ( 3 𝑡 ) 𝒙 𝟐 ( 𝒕 ) 𝟐
𝟏=𝟐
The system is linear
Causal
𝒚 ( 𝒕 ) =𝐜𝐨𝐬 ( 𝟑 𝒕 ) 𝒙 (𝒕 )
The system is causal
Stable
Since cos(3t) is bounded and for bounded input, the output will be bounded
and hence the system is stable
𝟑 . 𝒚 ( 𝒕 )=
{ 𝟎 , 𝒙 (𝒕 )<𝟎
¿ 𝒙 ( 𝒕 ) + 𝒙 ( 𝒕 − 𝟐 ) , 𝒙 (𝒕 ) ≥ 𝟎
Memory/ Memoryless
Since the output at time ‘t’ depends on the past input, the system is memory
Time-invariant
𝒚 (𝒕)=
{ 𝟎 , 𝒙 ( 𝒕 )< 𝟎
¿ 𝒙 ( 𝒕 ) + 𝒙 ( 𝒕 − 𝟐 ) , 𝒙 ( 𝒕) ≥ 𝟎
𝟏
Let x1(t) be an arbitrary input and a second input obtained by shifting
x1(t) in time is given by
𝒙 𝟐 (𝒕 )=𝒙 𝟏 (𝒕 −𝒕 𝟎)
From equation 1, output corresponds to the input is
𝒚 𝟐 ( 𝒕 )=
{ 𝟎 , 𝒙 𝟐 (𝒕 )<𝟎
¿ 𝒙 𝟐 ( 𝒕 ) + 𝒙 𝟐 ( 𝒕 − 𝟐 ) , 𝒙 𝟐 ( 𝒕) ≥ 𝟎
𝒚 𝟐 ( 𝒕 )=
{ 𝟎 , 𝒙 𝟏 ( 𝒕 − 𝒕 𝟎 )<𝟎
¿ 𝒙 𝟏 ( 𝒕 − 𝒕 𝟎 ) + 𝒙 𝟏 ( 𝒕 − 𝟐 − 𝒕 𝟎 ) , 𝒙 𝟏 (𝒕 − 𝒕 𝟎 ) ≥ 𝟎
𝟐 Output corresponds to shift in input
Output corresponds to shift in output
𝒚 𝟏 ( 𝒕 − 𝒕 𝟎) =
{ 𝟎 , 𝒙 𝟏 (𝒕 − 𝒕 𝟎 )< 𝟎
¿ 𝒙 𝟏 ( 𝒕 − 𝒕 𝟎 ) + 𝒙 𝟏 ( 𝒕 − 𝒕 𝟎 − 𝟐 ) , 𝒙 𝟏 (𝒕 − 𝒕 𝟎 ) ≥ 𝟎 𝟑
From 2 and 3
𝒚 𝟐 ( 𝒕 )= 𝒚 𝟏 ( 𝒕 − 𝒕 𝟎 )
The system is time-invariant
Linear
𝒚 (𝒕)=
{ 𝟎 , 𝒙 ( 𝒕 )< 𝟎
¿ 𝒙 ( 𝒕 ) + 𝒙 ( 𝒕 − 𝟐 ) , 𝒙 ( 𝒕) ≥ 𝟎
𝒙 𝟏 (𝒕 )→ 𝒚 𝟏 ( 𝒕 )=
{ 𝟎 , 𝒙 𝟏 ( 𝒕 )< 𝟎
¿ 𝒙 𝟏 ( 𝒕 )+ 𝒙 𝟏 ( 𝒕 − 𝟐 ) , 𝒙 𝟏 (𝒕 ) ≥ 𝟎
𝒙 𝟐 (𝒕 )→ 𝒚 𝟐 ( 𝒕 )=
{ 𝟎 , 𝒙 𝟐 ( 𝒕 )< 𝟎
¿ 𝒙 𝟐 ( 𝒕 )+ 𝒙 𝟐 ( 𝒕 − 𝟐 ) , 𝒙 𝟐 (𝒕 ) ≥ 𝟎
Let x3(t) be the linear combination of x1(t) and x2(t). That is
𝒙 𝟑 (𝒕 )=𝒂 𝒙 𝟏 ( 𝒕)+ 𝒃 𝒙 𝟐( 𝒕)
If x3(t) is input to the system, then corresponding output may be expressed as
𝒙 𝟑 (𝒕 )→ 𝒚 𝟑 ( 𝒕 )=
{ 𝟎 , 𝒙 𝟑 ( 𝒕 )< 𝟎
¿ 𝒙 𝟑 ( 𝒕 )+ 𝒙 𝟑 ( 𝒕 − 𝟐 ) , 𝒙 𝟑 (𝒕 ) ≥ 𝟎
𝒙 𝟑 (𝒕 )→ 𝒚 𝟑 ( 𝒕 )=
{ 𝟎 , 𝒂𝒙 𝟏 ( 𝒕 ) +𝒃𝒙 𝟐 ( 𝒕 ) <𝟎
¿ ( 𝒂 𝒙 𝟏 ( 𝒕 ) +𝒃 𝒙 𝟐 ( 𝒕 ) ) + ( 𝒂 𝒙 𝟏 ( 𝒕 −𝟐 )+ 𝒃𝒙 𝟐 ( 𝒕 − 𝟐 ) ) , 𝒂𝒙 𝟏 ( 𝒕 ) + 𝒃𝒙𝟐 ( 𝒕 ) ≥ 𝟎
𝟏
𝒂 𝒚 𝟏 ( 𝒕 )+ 𝒃 𝒚 𝟐 ( 𝒕 )=
{ 𝟎 , 𝒂𝒙 𝟏 ( 𝒕 ) +𝒃𝒙 𝟐 ( 𝒕 ) <𝟎
¿ ( 𝒂 𝒙 𝟏 ( 𝒕 ) +𝒃 𝒙 𝟐 ( 𝒕 ) ) + ( 𝒂 𝒙 𝟏 ( 𝒕 −𝟐 ) +𝒃𝒙 𝟐 ( 𝒕 − 𝟐 ) ) , 𝒂𝒙 𝟏 ( 𝒕 ) + 𝒃𝒙 𝟐 ( 𝒕 ) ≥ 𝟎 𝟐
𝟏=𝟐
The system is linear
Stable
For bounded input, the output will be bounded and hence the system is stable
𝟒 . 𝒚 ( 𝒕 )=
{ 𝟎 , 𝒕 <𝟎
¿ 𝒙 ( 𝒕 ) + 𝒙 ( 𝒕 − 𝟐) , 𝒕 ≥ 𝟎
Memory/ Memoryless
Since the output at time ‘t’ depends on the past input, the system is memory
Time-invariant
𝒚 (𝒕)=
{ 𝟎 , 𝒕 <𝟎
¿ 𝒙 ( 𝒕 ) + 𝒙 ( 𝒕 − 𝟐) , 𝒕 ≥ 𝟎 𝟏
Let x1(t) be an arbitrary input and a second input obtained by shifting
x1(t) in time is given by
𝒙 𝟐 (𝒕 )=𝒙 𝟏 (𝒕 −𝒕 𝟎)
From equation 1, output corresponds to the input is
𝒚 𝟐 ( 𝒕 )=
{ 𝟎,𝒕<𝟎
¿ 𝒙 𝟐 ( 𝒕 ) + 𝒙𝟐 ( 𝒕 − 𝟐 ) , 𝒕 ≥ 𝟎
𝒚 𝟐 ( 𝒕 )=
{ 𝟎,𝒕<𝟎
¿ 𝒙 𝟏 ( 𝒕 − 𝒕𝟎 ) + 𝒙𝟏 ( 𝒕 − 𝟐 − 𝒕 𝟎 ) , 𝒕 ≥ 𝟎 𝟐 Output corresponds to shift in input
Output corresponds to shift in output
𝒚 𝟏 ( 𝒕 − 𝒕 𝟎) =
{ 𝟎 ,( 𝒕 − 𝒕 𝟎 )< 𝟎
¿ 𝒙 𝟏 ( 𝒕 − 𝒕 𝟎 ) + 𝒙 𝟏 ( 𝒕 − 𝒕 𝟎 − 𝟐 ) ,(𝒕 − 𝒕 𝟎 ) ≥ 𝟎
𝟑
From 2 and 3
𝒚 𝟐 ( 𝒕 )= 𝒚 𝟏 ( 𝒕 − 𝒕 𝟎 )
The system is time-variant
Linear
𝒚 (𝒕)=
{ 𝟎 , 𝒕 <𝟎
¿ 𝒙 ( 𝒕 ) + 𝒙 ( 𝒕 − 𝟐) , 𝒕 ≥ 𝟎
𝒙 𝟏 (𝒕 )→ 𝒚 𝟏 ( 𝒕 )=
{ 𝟎 , 𝒕 <𝟎
¿ 𝒙 𝟏 ( 𝒕 )+ 𝒙 𝟏 ( 𝒕 − 𝟐 ) , 𝒕 ≥ 𝟎
𝒙 𝟐 (𝒕 )→ 𝒚 𝟐 ( 𝒕 )=
{ 𝟎 , 𝒕 <𝟎
¿ 𝒙 𝟐 ( 𝒕 )+ 𝒙 𝟐 ( 𝒕 − 𝟐 ) , 𝒕 ≥ 𝟎
Let x3(t) be the linear combination of x1(t) and x2(t). That is
𝒙 𝟑 (𝒕 )=𝒂 𝒙 𝟏 ( 𝒕)+ 𝒃 𝒙 𝟐( 𝒕)
If x3(t) is input to the system, then corresponding output may be expressed as
𝒙 𝟑 (𝒕 )→ 𝒚 𝟑 ( 𝒕 )=
{ 𝟎 , 𝒕 <𝟎
¿ 𝒙 𝟑 ( 𝒕 )+ 𝒙 𝟑 ( 𝒕 − 𝟐 ) , 𝒕 ≥ 𝟎
𝒙 𝟑 (𝒕 )→ 𝒚 𝟑 ( 𝒕 )=
{ 𝟎 , 𝒕 <𝟎
¿ ( 𝒂 𝒙 𝟏 ( 𝒕 ) +𝒃 𝒙 𝟐 ( 𝒕 ) ) + ( 𝒂 𝒙 𝟏 ( 𝒕 −𝟐 )+ 𝒃𝒙 𝟐 ( 𝒕 − 𝟐 ) ) , 𝒕 ≥ 𝟎 𝟏
𝟏=𝟐
The system is linear
Stable
For bounded input, the output will be bounded and hence the system is stable
Interconnection of systems
Series Interconnection
Input Output
SYSTEM 1 SYSTEM 2
Parallel Interconnection
SYSTEM 1
Input Output
+
SYSTEM 2
Series- Parallel Interconnection
SYSTEM 1 SYSTEM 2
Input Output
+ SYSTEM 4
SYSTEM 3
Feedback Interconnection
Input Output
+ SYSTEM 1
SYSTEM 2
Problem 1
Is the following statement true or false?
The series interconnection of two linear time-invariant systems is itself a linear,
Time-invariant system.
Justify your answer.
Solution
Consider two systems S1 and S2 connected in series. Assume that if x1(t) and
x2(t) are the inputs to S1, then y1(t) and y2(t) are the outputs, respectively. Also,
assume that if y1(t) and y2(t) are the inputs to S2, then z1(t) and z2(t) are the
outputs, respectively. Since S1 is linear we may write
𝑎 𝑥 1 ( 𝑡 ) +𝑏 𝑥2 ( 𝑡 ) 𝑆 1 𝑎 𝑦 1 ( 𝑡 ) +𝑏 𝑦 2( 𝑡 )
→
Since S2 is linear we may write
𝑎 𝑦 1 (𝑡 ) +𝑏 𝑦 2 ( 𝑡 ) 𝑆2 𝑎 𝑧 1 ( 𝑡 ) +𝑏 𝑧 2 (𝑡 )
→
We may therefore conclude that
𝑎 𝑥 1 ( 𝑡 ) +𝑏 𝑥2 ( 𝑡 ) 𝑆 1 𝑆 2 𝑎 𝑧 1 (𝑡 ) +𝑏 𝑧 2( 𝑡 )
→
Therefore the series combination of S1 and S2 is linear
Since S1 is time invariant, we may write
𝑥1 (𝑡 − 𝑡 0 ) 𝑆1 𝑦 1 (𝑡 − 𝑡 0 )
→
Since S2 is time invariant, we may write
𝑦 1( 𝑡 − 𝑡 0 ) 𝑆 2 𝑧 1 (𝑡 − 𝑡 0 )
→
Therefore
𝑥1 (𝑡 − 𝑡 0 ) 𝑆1 𝑆 2 𝑧 1 (𝑡 − 𝑡 0 )
→
Therefore the series combination of S1 and S2 is time invariant
Problem 2
Is the following statement true or false?
The series interconnection of two nonlinear systems is itself nonlinear.
Justify your answer.
Solution
Let 𝒚 ( 𝒕 ) =𝒙 ( 𝒕 ) +𝟏
𝒛 ( 𝒕 ) =𝒚 ( 𝒕 ) −𝟏
These corresponds to two nonlinear systems. If these systems are connected in
Series, then
𝒛 ( 𝒕 ) =𝒙 ( 𝒕 )
which is a linear systems
Problem 3
Consider three system with the following input-output relationships:
{ [ ]
𝒏
𝒚 [ 𝒏 ] = 𝒙 ,𝒏 𝒆𝒗𝒆𝒏
System 1: 𝟐
𝟎 ,𝒏 𝒐𝒅𝒅
𝟏 𝟏
System 2:𝒚 [ 𝒏 ] =𝒙 [ 𝒏 ] + 𝟐 𝒙 [ 𝒏 −𝟏 ] + 𝟒 𝒙 [𝒏− 𝟐]
System 3:𝒚 [ 𝒏 ] =𝒙 [ 𝟐 𝒏 ]
Suppose that these systems are connected in series as depicted below. Find the
input-output relationship for the overall interconnected system. Is this system
linear? Is it time invariant?
𝒙 [𝒏 ] 𝒚 [𝒏]
System 1 System 2 System 3
Solution
{ [ ]
𝒏
𝒙 [𝒏 ] 𝒚 [ 𝒏 ]= 𝒙 ,𝒏 𝒆𝒗𝒆𝒏
System 1 𝟐
𝟎 ,𝒏 𝒐𝒅𝒅
𝒙 [𝒏 ]
System 2
𝒙 [𝒏 ] 𝒚 [ 𝒏 ] =𝒙 [ 𝟐 𝒏 ]
System 3
𝒙 [𝒏 ] 𝒘 [𝒏] 𝒛 [𝒏] 𝒚 [ 𝒏 ] =𝒛 [𝟐 𝒏]
System 1 System 2 System 3
{ [ ]
𝒏
𝒙 [𝒏 ] 𝒘 [ 𝒏 ] = 𝒙 𝟐 , 𝒏𝒆𝒗𝒆𝒏
System 1
𝟎 , 𝒏𝒐𝒅𝒅
𝒘 [𝒏]
System 2
𝒛 [𝒏] 𝒚 [ 𝒏 ] =𝒛 [ 𝟐 𝒏 ]
System 3
𝟏 𝟏
𝒚 [ 𝒏 ] =𝒛 [ 𝟐 𝒏 ] =𝒘 [ 𝟐 𝒏 ] + 𝒘 [ 𝟐𝒏 −𝟏 ] + 𝒘 [ 𝟐 𝒏−𝟐 ]
𝟐 𝟒
The overall system is linear and time invariant
Problem 4
Consider the feedback system
𝒚 [ 𝒏 ]=𝒆[𝒏−𝟏]
𝒙 [ 𝒏 ] +¿ 𝒆 [𝒏 ] 𝒚 [𝒏]
+
Assume that y[n]=0 for n<0
(a) Sketch the output when 𝒙 [ 𝒏 ] = 𝜹[𝒏]
(b) Sketch the output when 𝒙 [ 𝒏 ] =𝒖[𝒏]
Solution
(a) Output when 𝒙 [ 𝒏 ] = 𝜹[𝒏]
𝒙 [𝒏 ]
𝒚 [ 𝒏 ]=𝒆[𝒏−𝟏]
𝒙 [ 𝒏 ] +¿ 𝒆 [𝒏 ] 𝒚 [𝒏]
+
….. −
…..
𝟎𝟏𝟐𝟑𝟒 𝒏
Solution
Step 1
Initially the feedback signal is zero. Hence e[n] = x[n] – Feedback signal = x[n]
𝒆 [ 𝒏 ] =𝒙 [𝒏] 𝒆 [ 𝒏 −𝟏 ] = 𝐲 [ 𝐧 ] =𝐅𝐞𝐞𝐝𝐛𝐚𝐜𝐤 𝐒𝐢𝐠𝐧𝐚𝐥
….. ….. ….. …..
𝟎𝟏𝟐𝟑𝟒 𝒏 𝟎𝟏𝟐𝟑𝟒 𝒏
Step 2
𝒆 [ 𝒏 ] =𝒙 [ 𝒏 ] − 𝑭𝒆𝒆𝒅𝒃𝒂𝒄𝒌 𝑺𝒊𝒈𝒏𝒂𝒍
𝒆 [ 𝒏 −𝟏 ] = 𝐲 [ 𝐧 ] =𝐅𝐞𝐞𝐝𝐛𝐚𝐜𝐤 𝒆 [ 𝒏 ] =𝐱 [ 𝐧 ] − 𝐟 / 𝐛
𝒙 [𝒏 ]
−
….. ….. ….. …..
¿ ….. …..
𝟎𝟏𝟐𝟑𝟒 𝒏 𝟎𝟏𝟐𝟑𝟒 𝒏 𝟎𝟏𝟐𝟑𝟒 𝒏
𝒆 [ 𝒏 −𝟏 ] = 𝐲 [ 𝐧 ] =𝐟 / 𝐛
….. …..
𝟎𝟏𝟐𝟑𝟒 𝒏
Step 3
𝒆 [ 𝒏 ] =𝒙 [ 𝒏 ] − 𝒇 /𝒃
𝒆 [ 𝒏 −𝟏 ] = 𝐲 [ 𝐧 ] =𝐟 / 𝐛 𝒆 [ 𝒏 ] =𝐱 [ 𝐧 ] =𝐟 / 𝐛
𝒙 [𝒏 ]
−
….. ….. ….. …..
¿ ….. …..
𝟎𝟏𝟐𝟑𝟒 𝒏 𝟎𝟏𝟐𝟑𝟒 𝒏 𝟎𝟏𝟐𝟑𝟒 𝒏
𝒆 [ 𝒏 −𝟏 ] = 𝐲 [ 𝐧 ] =𝐟 / 𝐛 𝐲 [ 𝐧]
….. ….. ….. …..
𝟎𝟏𝟐𝟑𝟒 𝒏 𝟎𝟏𝟐𝟑𝟒 𝒏
(b) Output when 𝒙 [ 𝒏 ] =𝒖[𝒏]
𝒚 [ 𝒏]
…..
𝟏𝟐𝟑 𝟒 𝒏
