ACTIVITY:
CAMPUS TOUR
UNIQUE ROOM
DOPPLEGANGER ROOM
EMPTY ROOM
IF YOU’RE GIVEN A
CHANCE TO
CHANGE YOUR
NAME, WOULD
YOU CHANGE IT?
BUT YOU SHOULD
CHANGE IT TO
ALGEBRAIC
EXPRESSION?
THE STUDENTS
INSIDE THE ROOM
ARE REPRESENTED
BY LINEAR
EQUATIONS
1. 𝟑𝒙 + 𝒚 = 𝟏𝟕 ; 𝟒𝒙 − 𝒚 = 𝟏𝟖
𝟑𝒙 + 𝒚 = 𝟏𝟕 𝟑 𝟓 + 𝒚 = 𝟏𝟕
𝟒𝒙 − 𝒚 = 𝟏𝟖 𝒚 =𝟐
𝟕𝒙 = 𝟑𝟓
𝒙=𝟓
UNIQUE ROOM
2. 𝟐𝒙 + 𝟒𝒚 = 𝟖 ; 𝒙 + 𝟐𝒚 = 𝟒
𝟐𝒙 + 𝟒𝒚 = 𝟖 𝟐𝒙 + 𝟒𝒚 = 𝟖
𝒙 + 𝟐𝒚 = 𝟒 (−𝟐) −𝟐𝒙 − 𝟒𝒚 = −𝟖
𝟎 =𝟎
DOPPLEGANGER ROOM
3. 𝟑𝒙 + 𝟐𝒚 = 𝟓 ; 𝟔𝒙 + 𝟒𝒚 = 𝟖
𝟑𝒙 + 𝟐𝒚 = 𝟓 (−𝟐) −𝟔𝒙 − 𝟒𝒚 = −𝟏𝟎
𝟔𝒙 + 𝟒𝒚 = 𝟖 𝟔𝒙 + 𝟒𝒚 = 𝟖
𝟎 + 𝟎 ≠ −𝟐
EMPTY ROOM
4. 𝟖𝒙 + 𝟒𝒚 = 𝟏𝟔 ; −𝟒𝒙 − 𝟐𝒚 = 𝟏𝟒
𝟖𝒙 + 𝟒𝒚 = 𝟏𝟔 𝟖𝒙 + 𝟒𝒚 = 𝟏𝟔
−𝟒𝒙 − 𝟐𝒚 = 𝟏𝟒 −𝟖𝒙 − 𝟒𝒚 = 𝟐𝟖
𝟎 ≠ 𝟒𝟒
EMPTY ROOM
5. 𝒙 − 𝟗𝒚 = −𝟓 ; −𝟐𝒙 = 𝟏
−𝟏
𝒙 − 𝟗𝒚 = −𝟓 −𝟐𝒙 = 𝟏 − 𝟗𝒚 = −𝟓
−𝟏 𝟐
−𝟐𝒙 = 𝟏 𝒙= 𝟏
𝟐 𝒚=
𝟐
UNIQUE ROOM
6. 𝒙 + 𝒚 = 𝟓 ; 𝟐𝒙 + 𝟐𝒚 = 𝟏𝟎
𝒙+𝒚=𝟓 −𝟐𝒙 − 𝟐𝒚 = −𝟏𝟎
𝟐𝒙 + 𝟐𝒚 = 𝟏𝟎 𝟐𝒙 + 𝟐𝒚 = 𝟏𝟎
𝟎=𝟎
DOPPLEGANGER ROOM
LINEAR
INDEPENDENCE
AND DEPENDENCE
LESSON
OBJECTIVES:
• Differentiate linearly independent sets
and linearly dependent sets
• Determine whether a set of vectors in a
vector space is linearly independent or
linearly dependent
LINEAR
INDEPENDENCE
A set of vector 𝑺 = 𝒗𝟏 , 𝒗𝟐 , … , 𝒗𝒌 in a vector space 𝑽 is
called linearly independent if the vector equation
𝒄𝟏 𝒗𝟏 + 𝒄𝟐 𝒗𝟐 + ⋯ + 𝒄𝒌 𝒗𝒌 = 𝟎
Has only the trivial solution 𝐜𝟏 = 𝟎 ; 𝒄𝟐 = 𝟎, … , 𝒄𝒌 = 𝟎.
If there are also nontrivial solutions, then 𝑺 is called
linearly dependent.
Ex 1. The set 𝐕 = 𝟏, 𝟎 , 𝟎, 𝟏
Let a and b be
scalars 𝐚 𝟏, 𝟎 + 𝒃 𝟎, 𝟏 = (𝟎, 𝟎)
𝒂, 𝟎 + 𝟎, 𝒃 = (𝟎, 𝟎)
𝒂+𝟎=𝟎 𝟎+𝒃=𝟎
𝒂=𝟎 𝒃=𝟎
Ex 1. The set 𝐕 = 𝟏, 𝟎 , 𝟎, 𝟏
𝒂, 𝟎 + 𝟎, 𝒃 = (𝟎, 𝟎)
𝒂 𝒃
𝟏 𝟎 𝟎
𝟎 𝟏 𝟎
𝒂=𝟎 𝒃=𝟎
𝟏 𝟎 𝟎
𝟎 𝟏 𝟎
𝒂=𝟎 𝒃=𝟎
UNIQUE
SOLUTION
Ex 2. The set 𝐕 = 𝟏, 𝟎 , 𝟎, 𝟎
Let a and b be
scalars 𝐚 𝟏, 𝟎 + 𝒃 𝟎, 𝟎 = (𝟎, 𝟎)
𝒂, 𝟎 + 𝟎, 𝟎 = (𝟎, 𝟎)
𝒂+𝟎=𝟎 𝟎+𝟎=𝟎
𝒂=𝟎 𝟎=𝟎
Ex 2. The set 𝐕 = 𝟏, 𝟎 , 𝟎, 𝟎
𝒂, 𝟎 + 𝟎, 𝟎 = (𝟎, 𝟎)
𝒂 𝒃
𝟏 𝟎 𝟎
𝟎 𝟎 𝟎
𝒂=𝟎 𝟎=𝟎
𝟏 𝟎 𝟎
𝟎 𝟎 𝟎
𝒂=𝟎 𝟎=𝟎
INFINITELY MANY
SOLUTIONS
LINEARLY
Unique Solution
INDEPENDENT All the scalars are equal to zero
LINEARLY Many Solutions
DEPENDENT
Ex 1. The set 𝐕 = 𝟏, 𝟎 , 𝟎, 𝟏
𝟏 𝟎 𝟎
𝟎 𝟏 𝟎
𝒂=𝟎 𝒃=𝟎
LINEARLY
INDEPENDENT
Ex 2. The set 𝐕 = 𝟏, 𝟎 , 𝟎, 𝟎
𝟏 𝟎 𝟎
𝟎 𝟎 𝟎
𝒂=𝟎 𝟎=𝟎
LINEARLY
DEPENDENT
3. The set 𝐕 = 𝟏, 𝟐 , 𝟐, 𝟒
𝟏 𝟐 𝟎
𝟐 𝟒 𝟎 𝑵𝑹𝟐 ⇒ 𝑹𝟐 − 𝟐𝑹𝟏
𝟏 𝟐 𝟎
𝟎 𝟎 𝟎 𝑵𝑹𝟐 ⇒ 𝑹𝟐 − 𝟐𝑹𝟏
LINEARLY
DEPENDENT
4. The set 𝐕 = 𝟒, −𝟏 , −𝟓, 𝟐
𝟒 −𝟓 𝟎 𝟏
−𝟏 𝟐 𝟎 𝑵𝑹𝟏 ⇒ 𝑹𝟏
𝟒
𝟏 −𝟓/𝟒 𝟎 𝟑
−𝟏 𝟐 𝟎 𝑵𝑹 𝟐 ⇒ (𝑹 𝟐 + 𝑹𝟏 )
𝟒
4. The set 𝐕 = 𝟒, −𝟏 , −𝟓, 𝟐
𝟏 −𝟓/𝟒 𝟎 𝟓
𝟎 𝟏 𝟎 𝑵𝑹𝟏 ⇒ 𝑹𝟏 + 𝑹𝟐
𝟒
𝟏 𝟎 𝟎
𝟎 𝟏 𝟎
Linearly Independent
5. The set
𝟏 𝟒 −𝟐
𝐏= , ,
𝟎 𝟓 𝟑
More vectors than
entries in each vector
Linearly Dependent
6. The set
𝟐
𝟏 + 𝒙 − 𝟐𝒙 ,
𝐏 = 𝟐 + 𝟓𝒙 − 𝒙𝟐 ,
𝟐
𝒙+𝒙
𝒂 𝟏 + 𝒙 − 𝟐𝒙𝟐 + 𝒃 𝟐 + 𝟓𝒙 − 𝒙𝟐 + 𝒄 𝒙 + 𝒙𝟐 = 𝟎 + 𝟎𝒙 + 𝟎𝒙𝟐
𝒂 + 𝟐𝒃 + 𝟎 + 𝒂 + 𝟓𝒃 + 𝒄 + −𝟐𝒂 − 𝒃 + 𝒄 = 𝟎 + 𝟎𝒙 + 𝟎𝒙𝟐
𝒂 + 𝟐𝒃 + 𝟎 = 𝟎
𝒂 + 𝟓𝒃 + 𝒄 = 𝟎
−𝟐𝒂 − 𝒃 + 𝒄 = 𝟎
𝟏 𝟐 𝟎 𝟎
𝟏 𝟓 𝟏 𝟎
−𝟐 −𝟏 𝟎 𝟎
𝟏 𝟐 𝟎 𝟎
𝟏 𝟓 𝟏 𝟎
−𝟐 −𝟏 𝟎 𝟎
𝟏 𝟎 𝟎 𝟎 𝒂=𝟎
𝟎 𝟏 𝟎 𝟎 𝒃=𝟎
𝟎 𝟎 𝟏 𝟎 𝒄=𝟎
LINEARLY
INDEPENDENT
How to determine linear
independence for a set of
vectors?
● Use its determinant.
● If the determinant is zero, then the
vectors are linearly dependent.
● If the determinant is not zero, then the
vectors are linearly independent.
Ex 1. The set 𝐕 = 𝟏, 𝟎 , 𝟎, 𝟏
𝟏 𝟎
𝟎 𝟏
𝒅𝒆𝒕 = 𝟏
LINEARLY
INDEPENDENT
Ex 2. The set 𝐕 = 𝟏, 𝟎 , 𝟎, 𝟎
𝟏 𝟎
𝟎 𝟎
𝒅𝒆𝒕 = 𝟎 − 𝟎
LINEARLY
DEPENDENT
3. The set 𝐕 = 𝟏, 𝟐 , 𝟐, 𝟒
𝟏 𝟐
𝟐 𝟒
𝒅𝒆𝒕 = 𝟎 − 𝟎
LINEARLY
DEPENDENT
4. The set 𝐕 = 𝟒, −𝟏 , −𝟓, 𝟐
𝟒 −𝟓
−𝟏 𝟐
𝒅𝒆𝒕 = 𝟖 − 𝟓
LINEARLY
INDEPENDENT
6. The set
𝟐
𝟏 + 𝒙 − 𝟐𝒙 ,
𝐏 = 𝟐 + 𝟓𝒙 − 𝒙𝟐 ,
𝟐
𝒙+𝒙
𝟏 𝟐 𝟎 𝟎
𝟏 𝟓 𝟏 𝟎
−𝟐 −𝟏 𝟎 𝟎
LINEARLY
INDEPENDENT
PRACTICE
𝟏. 𝑽 = 𝟐, 𝟔 , −𝟏, −𝟕
𝟐. 𝑿 = {(𝟐, −𝟖), ( 𝟒, 𝟏𝟔)}
PRACTICE
PRACTICE
PRACTICE
𝟑. 𝑼
= {(𝟏, 𝟑), (−𝟒, 𝟒), (𝟓, 𝟗)}
𝟐 𝟐
𝟒. 𝑴 = 𝟐 − 𝒙 , 𝟐𝒙 − 𝒙 , 𝟔 − 𝟓𝒙 + 𝒙
PRACTICE
“Learning is not
attained by chance, it
must be sought for
with ardor and
attended to with
diligence.”
― Abigail Adams
