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Practical Power Factor Correction
When the need arises to correct for poor power factor in an AC power system, you probably won’t have the
luxury of knowing the load’s exact inductance in henrys to use for your calculations.
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You may be fortunate enough to have an instrument called a power factor meter to tell you what the power
factor is (a number between 0 and 1), and the apparent power (which can be figured by taking a voltmeter
reading in volts and multiplying by an ammeter reading in amps).
In less favorable circumstances, you may have to use an oscilloscope to compare voltage and current
waveforms, measuring phase shift in degrees and calculating power factor by the cosine of that phase shift.
Most likely, you will have access to a wattmeter for measuring true power, whose reading you can compare
against a calculation of apparent power (from multiplying total voltage and total current measurements).
From the values of true and apparent power, you can determine reactive power and power factor.
Example Problem
Let’s do an example problem to see how this works: (Figure below)
Wattmeter reads true power; the product of voltmeter and ammeter readings yields apparent power.
How to Calculate the Apparent Power in kVA
First, we need to calculate the apparent power in kVA. We can do this by multiplying load voltage by load
current:
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As we can see, 2.308 kVA is a much larger figure than 1.5 kW, which tells us that the power factor in this
circuit is rather poor (substantially less than 1). Now, we figure the power factor of this load by dividing the
true power by the apparent power:
Using this value for power factor, we can draw a power triangle, and from that determine the reactive power
of this load: (Figure below)
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Reactive power may be calculated from true power and apparent power.
How to Use the Pythagorean Theorem to Determine Unknown Triangle Quantity
To determine the unknown (reactive power) triangle quantity, we use the Pythagorean Theorem “backwards,”
given the length of the hypotenuse (apparent power) and the length of the adjacent side (true power):
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How to Correct Power Factor with a Capacitor
If this load is an electric motor or most any other industrial AC load, it will have a lagging (inductive) power
factor, which means that we’ll have to correct for it with a capacitor of appropriate size, wired in parallel.
Now that we know the amount of reactive power (1.754 kVAR), we can calculate the size of the capacitor
needed to counteract its effects:
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Rounding this answer off to 80 µF, we can place that size of the capacitor in the circuit and calculate the
results: (Figure below)
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Parallel capacitor corrects lagging (inductive) load.
An 80 µF capacitor will have a capacitive reactance of 33.157 Ω, giving a current of 7.238 amps, and a
corresponding reactive power of 1.737 kVAR (for the capacitor only). Since the capacitor’s current is 180o
out of phase from the load’s inductive contribution to current draw, the capacitor’s reactive power will directly
subtract from the load’s reactive power, resulting in:
This correction, of course, will not change the amount of true power consumed by the load, but it will result in
a substantial reduction of apparent power, and of the total current drawn from the 240 Volt source: (Figure
below)
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Power triangle before and after capacitor correction.
The new apparent power can be found from the true and new reactive power values, using the standard
form of the Pythagorean Theorem:
RELATED WORKSHEET:
AC Power Worksheet
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