Must Learn

Python
Functions
For Data Professionals
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1. NumPy - numpy.array()

About:

Syntax:

numpy.array(object, dtype=None, copy=True, order='K', subok=False, ndmin=0)

Example:

import numpy as np

# Create a NumPy array from a Python list

my_list = [1, 2, 3, 4, 5]

my_array = np.array(my_list)

print(my_array) # Output: [1 2 3 4 5]

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Practice Questions:

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2. Pandas - pandas.DataFrame()

About:

Syntax:

pandas.DataFrame(data=None, index=None, columns=None)

Example:

import pandas as pd

# Create a DataFrame from a dictionary

data = {'Name': ['John', 'Alice', 'Bob'], 'Age': [25, 28, 32]}

df = pd.DataFrame(data)

print(df)

Name Age

0 John 25

1 Alice 28

2 Bob 32

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Practice Questions:

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3. Matplotlib -

matplotlib.pyplot.plot()
About:

Syntax:

matplotlib.pyplot.plot(x, y, format_string='', **kwargs)

Example:

import matplotlib.pyplot as plt

# Plot a line chart

x = [1, 2, 3, 4, 5]

y = [10, 5, 7, 8, 2]

plt.plot(x, y, marker='o')

plt.xlabel('X-axis')

plt.ylabel('Y-axis')

plt.title('Line Chart')

plt.grid(True)

plt.show()

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Practice Questions:

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4. Seaborn - seaborn.heatmap()

About:

Syntax:

seaborn.heatmap(data, vmin=None, vmax=None, cmap=None, center=None,

robust=False, annot=None, fmt='.2g', annot_kws=None)

Example:

import seaborn as sns

import matplotlib.pyplot as plt

import numpy as np

# Create a heatmap

data = np.random.rand(3, 3)

sns.heatmap(data, annot=True, cmap='YlGnBu')

plt.xlabel('X-axis')

plt.ylabel('Y-axis')

plt.title('Heatmap')

plt.show()

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Practice Questions:

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5. Scikit-learn -

sklearn.model_selection.train_test_split()
About:

Syntax:
sklearn.model_selection.train_test_split(*arrays, test_size=None,

train_size=None, random_state=None)

Example:
from sklearn.model_selection import train_test_split

import numpy as np

# Split a dataset into training and testing sets

X = np.arange(10).reshape((5, 2))

y = range(5)

X_train, X_test, y_train, y_test = train_test_split(X, y, test_size=0.2,

print(X_train)

print(X_test)

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Practice Questions:

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6. Statsmodels -

statsmodels.api.OLS()
About:

Syntax:
statsmodels.api.OLS(endog, exog=None, missing='none', hasconst=None)

Example:
import statsmodels.api as sm

import numpy as np

# Fit a linear regression model

X = np.array([1, 2, 3, 4, 5])

y = np.array([5, 7, 9, 11, 13])

X = sm.add_constant(X) # Add a constant column for the intercept

model = sm.OLS(y, X)

results = model.fit()

print(results.summary())

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Practice Questions:

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7. TensorFlow -

tensorflow.keras.models.Sequential()
About:

Syntax:
tensorflow.keras.models.Sequential(layers=None, name=None)

Example:
import tensorflow as tf

# Create a sequential model

model = tf.keras.models.Sequential()

model.add(tf.keras.layers.Dense(64, activation='relu', input_shape=(10,)))

model.add(tf.keras.layers.Dense(64, activation='relu'))

model.add(tf.keras.layers.Dense(1, activation='sigmoid'))

print(model.summary())

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Practice Questions:

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8. PyTorch - torch.nn.Linear()

About:

Syntax:

torch.nn.Linear(in_features, out_features, bias=True)

Example:

import torch

# Create a linear layer

layer = torch.nn.Linear(10, 5)

print(layer)

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Practice Questions:

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9. Datetime -

datetime.datetime.now()

About:

Syntax:

datetime.datetime.now(tz=None)

Example:

import datetime

# Get the current date and time

now = datetime.datetime.now()

print(now)

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Practice Questions:

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10. Math - math.sqrt()
About:

Syntax:
math.sqrt(x)

Example:
import math

# Calculate the square root of a number

result = math.sqrt(16)

print(result)

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Practice Questions:

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11. Random - random.choice()

About:

Syntax:

random.choice(seq)

Example:

import random

# Choose a random element from a list

fruits = ['apple', 'banana', 'orange', 'grape']

random_fruit = random.choice(fruits)

print(random_fruit)

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Practice Questions:

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12. CSV - csv.reader()

About:

Syntax:

csv.reader(csvfile, dialect='excel', **fmtparams)

Example:

import csv

# Read a CSV file

with open('data.csv', 'r') as file:

reader = csv.reader(file)

for row in reader:

print(row)

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Practice Questions:

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13. OS - os.listdir()

About:

Syntax:

os.listdir(path='.')

Example:

import os

# List files in a directory

files = os.listdir('path/to/directory')

print(files)

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Practice Questions:

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Here are some sample datasets that you can
use for the practice questions:

# Practice Question

Sample Dataset:
import numpy as np

import matplotlib.pyplot as plt

# Generate random x and y values

np.random.seed(0)

x = np.random.rand(100)

y = np.random.rand(100)

# Scatter plot

plt.scatter(x, y)

plt.xlabel('X-axis')

plt.ylabel('Y-axis')

plt.title('Scatter Plot')

plt.show()

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 Practice Question

Sample Dataset:
import numpy as np

import matplotlib.pyplot as plt

# Generate x values

x = np.linspace(0, 10, 100)

# Generate y values for three lines

y1 = np.sin(x)

y2 = np.cos(x)

y3 = np.tan(x)

# Plot multiple lines

plt.plot(x, y1, color='red', marker='o', label='sin(x)')

plt.plot(x, y2, color='blue', marker='s', label='cos(x)')

plt.plot(x, y3, color='green', marker='^', label='tan(x)')

plt.xlabel('X-axis')

plt.ylabel('Y-axis')

plt.title('Multiple Lines Plot')

plt.legend()

plt.show()

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 Practice Question

Sample Dataset:
import pandas as pd

import numpy as np

import seaborn as sns

import matplotlib.pyplot as plt

# Create a DataFrame

data = {'A': np.random.rand(100),

'B': np.random.rand(100),

'C': np.random.rand(100)}

df = pd.DataFrame(data)

# Generate the correlation matrix

corr_matrix = df.corr()

# Plot the correlation matrix as a heatmap

sns.heatmap(corr_matrix, annot=True)

plt.xlabel('Columns')

plt.ylabel('Columns')

plt.title('Correlation Heatmap')

plt.show()

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 Practice Question

Sample Dataset:
import numpy as np

from sklearn.model_selection import train_test_split

# Generate sample data

X = np.random.rand(100, 3) # Features

y = np.random.randint(0, 2, 100) # Labels (binary)

# Split the data into training and testing sets

X_train, X_test, y_train, y_test = train_test_split(X, y, test_size=0.3,

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