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Basic Commands 8thjuly2022

This document discusses basic Linux commands for working with the physical system and directory structure. It covers commands like ls to list directory contents, mkdir to create directories, pwd to print the working directory, cd to change directories, cp to copy files and directories, and mv to move or rename files and directories. Detailed options for each command are provided, such as -a to show all files, -l for long listing format, and -r to copy or move directories recursively.

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Chennamadhavuni Sahithi
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48 views4 pages

Basic Commands 8thjuly2022

This document discusses basic Linux commands for working with the physical system and directory structure. It covers commands like ls to list directory contents, mkdir to create directories, pwd to print the working directory, cd to change directories, cp to copy files and directories, and mv to move or rename files and directories. Detailed options for each command are provided, such as -a to show all files, -l for long listing format, and -r to copy or move directories recursively.

Uploaded by

Chennamadhavuni Sahithi
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as DOCX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Chapter 2

BASIC COMMANDS

Working with physical system


When ever we login into your system, you are going to see a nice GUI
environment. By default when we install a Desktop version of RHEL 6, we
will get GNOME (GNU Network Object Model Environment) desktop.

We can also work as six different users at a time. We use keys


ALT+CTRL+F1 to ALT+CTRL+F6 to login as six different users at a time.
If we have installed Desktop versionm then first one is dedicated to GUI
and all are for CLI. If we have installed Basic Server then all keys from
ALT+CTRL+F1to ALT+CTRL+F6 are dedicated to CLI only.

2.1. Working with physical system

Basic Linux Commands


Here we are going to start our journey towards opensource. First we
need to learn some basic commands which will make us familier with the
linux environment.

ls
This is used to list the directory content. We have different options in
this. Let us discuss some important options.
-a It lists all files and directories including hidden. Some
files/directories starts with dot (.) they are called hidden files/directories.

-l Long list of files/directories. Here we can see the properties of


files/directories like permissions, size, ownership, timestamp and
name. Basing on the first character in the long list

We divide them as follows.

- it is an ordinary file

d it is a directory

c it is a character file

l it is a link file

s it is a socket file

-ld lists the directory properties.

-lh if we use h along with l, it is going to display file/directory size in


human readable format like K for Kbs, M for Mbs and G for Gbs.

-ltr long list of files/directories basing on the time it lists in reverse


order. That is latest modified file will be available at the end of the list.

-R It is going to print directory content recursively.

-Z It lists along with th securiy context.

mkdir
We use this command to create a directory.

#mkdir dir1

If we want to create a directory structure like 1/2/3/4/5, we have to use


use option p.

#mkdir –p 1/2/3/4/5

pwd
It gives you the present working directory.

cd
We use this command to change our directory.

Assueme that we are under /root . Now I change my directory to


1/2/3/4/5, I use this command as follows
#cd 1/2/3/4/5

#pwd

/root/1/2/3/4/5

To goto one step back, we use the following command.

#cd ..

To goto two steps back, we use the following command.

#cd ../..

To goto the previous directory, we use the following command.

#cd –

To goto our home directory, we use the following

commands. #cd or #cd ~

cp
We use this command to copy the contet from one place to another
place.

#cp <source> <destination>

#cp a.txt dir1/ (copying file a.txt to the directory dir1/)

If we want to copy directory content, where the directory is having files


and directories from one place to another place, we use this command as
follows.

#cp –r <source> <destination>

#cp –r dir1/* dir2/

If we want to preserve timestamp and ownership, we use p option.

#cp –p <source> <destination>

#cp –p /home/tom/* dir1/

-r recursively

-p preserve

mv
We use this command to rename files/directories or to move
files/directories from one location to another location.
Renaming

#mv <oldname> <newname>

#mv a.txt b.txt

Moving

#mv <source> <destination>

#mv dir1/a.txt dir2/

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