6/28/22, 8:26 PM Clock Tree Synthesis (CTS) ~ VLSI Guide
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Clock Tree Synthesis (CTS)
VLSI Guide 23:17 Physical Design Flow 6 comments
Definition
Clock Tree Synthesis (CTS) is a process which make sure that the clock gets
distributed evenly to all sequential elements in a design.
CTS is the process of insertion of buffers or inverters along the clock paths of
ASIC design in order to achieve minimum skew or balanced skew.
In ICs, clock consumes around half of the total power consumption. Here clock
gating technique helps to reduce power consumption by the clocks.
Goals of CTS
To meet clock tree design rule constraints such as maximum transition,
maximum load capacitance and maximum fanout.
To meet clock tree targets such as minimum skew and minimum insertion delay.
Checklist before CTS
Placement is completed and optimized-
Power & Ground (PG) nets are prerouted
Estimated congestion - Acceptable
Estimated Max trans/Cap - No violations
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High Fan-out Nets are synthesized with buffers (clocks are not buffered still)
Checklist after CTS
Skew report
Clock tree report
Timing reports for setup and hold
Power and area report
After placement stage, all the cells including macros and standard cells are placed. But the
clock is still ideal. We only optimise the data paths at placement stage with buffer insertion
and cell sizing, but no change is done in the clock net.
Just look into the above figure. Here the clock port connects all the synchronous elements in
the design. The fanout of the particular port driver is too high and also the clock is not
reaching all the flops at a time. The clock network delays are different. So the skew value is
very high, which is not recommended in a design. That's why CTS is performed to balance
the clock net by adding buffers and minimise the skew as much as possible (ideally the skew
value is zero). After the clock tree synthesis, the clock net is buffered and the NDR rule is
also applied as shown in the below figure.
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6/28/22, 8:26 PM Clock Tree Synthesis (CTS) ~ VLSI Guide
Difference between HFNS and CTS?
HFNS (High Fanout Net Synthesis) used in placement stage which uses buffers and inverters
of relaxed rise and fall times. But in CTS (Clock Tree Synthesis), buffers and inverters of
equal rise and fall times are used. NDR rules are also used for clock tree routing.
Note : The reason why the clock is defined as ideal in placement stage is, if we don't define
clock as ideal, the HFNS will insert buffers, inverters and other optimisations in clock net
also. But the clock nets need buffers and inverters of equal rise and fall times, not the
normal buffers used by HFNS.
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6/28/22, 8:26 PM Clock Tree Synthesis (CTS) ~ VLSI Guide
Difference between Clock buffers and Normal buffers
Clock buffers have equal rise and fall time.
Normal buffers have unequal rise and fall time.
Clock buffers are usually designed such that an input signal with 50% duty cycle
produces an output signal with 50% duty cycle.
Note : Buffers have unequal rise and fall times is because of the difference in PMOS and
NMOS resistances. Normally the resistance of the PMOS is two times more than that of
NMOS. So the time taken for charging the load capacitor (rise time) through PMOS is more
than the discharging time through NMOS (fall time). For designing clock buffers we should
make both the resistances of PMOS and NMOS equal. We have to increase the width of
PMOS such that its resistance become equal to NMOS resistance. These clock buffers are
specially designed for clock path. The main disadvantage of clock buffer is its big size
because of increased width of PMOS. So these buffers will lead to increase the chip area.
Non-Default Clock Routing
Non-Default Routing (NDR) rules are double spacing, double width and shielding. These are
used to applied on the clock nets to make it less sensitive to crosstalk and electromigration
effects.
Free CTS Test: Clock Tree Synthesis Interview Questions
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6 comments:
Anonymous 7 August 2019 at 22:45
Best blog in vlsi physical design. Great job..
Reply
Anonymous 2 December 2020 at 15:02
clear explanation. Great job...
Reply
Sai 9 March 2021 at 00:10
Why do we need equal rise and fall time for clock buffers and inverters? Will an
unequal rise and fall time not work at all?
Reply
Replies
VLSI Guide 27 April 2021 at 11:59
Rise and fall times of clock buffers are nearly equal. The reason behind
this is that if the clock buffers are not balanced, there will be duty cycle
distortion in the clock tree, which can lead to pulse width violation.
Reply
ksk 16 September 2021 at 11:53
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6/28/22, 8:26 PM Clock Tree Synthesis (CTS) ~ VLSI Guide
what is NDR1 & NDR2
Reply
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