INTRODUCTION OF COMPUTER PROGRAMMING

Introduction to programming practice using python. Analysis

And formulation of problems for computer solution, Systematic
Design, construction, and testing of programs. Substantial
Programming assignments in Python..

This introductory programming course is not part of the major.

It provides an introduction to programming for those that can
Benefit from becoming better programmer, but without
Committing to the major student’s version of the course.

This course is approved for Weinberg Area II (Formal Studies)

REFERENCE TEXTBOOKS:

Python for everyone - By Charles Severance

How to Think like a computer Scientist - By Jeffrey Elkner, Allen

B. Downey, and Chris Meyers

COURSE GOALS

This course in an introduction to computer programming using

Python, and assumes no prior programming knowledge.

Most people who need to write computer programs ane not

Computer scientists, but rather people who occupy a range of
Professions (journalists, geographers, sociologists, scientists,
Artists, musicians, entrepreneurs, researchers, etc.), and who
Use various programming languages to accomplish diverse and
specialized goals. Moreover, as data and computing
Increasingly mediate modern life, knowing a bit about the
Mechanisms (and risks) that underlie these systems is a
Valuable modern literacy that is likely to serve you well.

The intent of the course is two fold.

First, we want you to gain a sense of the many different can

Of problem-solving and creative pursuits that programming can
Support. Programming can act as a representational medium, a
Tool for thinking about problems, a way of amplifying and/or
Communicating ideas, a means of performing complex
Calculation over massive datasets, and much more.

Second, we want you learn fundamental constructs of

Computer programming along with skills and strategies to apply
Them in creative and useful ways. Towards this end, there will
Be quite a few practice problems to get you familiar with ‘the
Basics,’ as well as longer, open-ended programming projects
That encourages you to marshal

These ideas towards your own creative applications. These

Application may include authoring electronic dance music,
Animation, games, and/or simple apps that interact with data
And media from various sources (e.g. Yelp, Spotify, twitter,
Various databases, etc.).

By the end of this course, you will have some experience

Writing programs, working with the command line, working
With different kinds of data, and participating in several
Important programming practices (e.g. debugging, testing,and
Designing programs; reading technical documentation and
Sample code; installing and exploring third-party modules and
APIs). Our hope is that this course will help you to see how your
Goals and knowledge might be supported via computing, while
Helping you to develop the proficiency and confidence needed
To actualize these goals.
HISTORY OF C PROGRAMMING LANGUAGE

The history of programming languages spans from

Documentation of early mechanical computers to modern tools
For software development. Early programming languages were
Highly specialized, replying on mathematical notation and
Similarly obscure syntax. Throughout the 20th century research
In compiler theory led to the creation of high-level
Programming languages, which use a more accessible syntax to
Communicate instructions.

The first high-level programming language was Plankalkül,

Created by Konrad Zuse between 1942 and 1945. The first high-
Level language to have an associated compiler was created by
Corrado Böhm in 1951, for his PhD thesis. The first
Commercially available language was FORTRAN (FORmula
TRANslation), developed in 1956 (first manual appeared in
1956, but first developed in 1954) by a team led by John Backus
At IBM.

During 1842-1849, Ada Lovelace translated the memoir of

Italian mathematician Luigi Menabrea about Charles Babbage’s
Newest proposed machine: the Analytical Engine; she
Supplemented the memoir with notes that specified in detail a
Method for calculating Bernoulli numbers with the engine,
Recognized by most of historians as the world’s first published
Computer program.
The first computer codes were specialized for their applications:
e. g., Alonzo Church was able to express the lambda calculus in a
Formulaic way and the Turing machine was an abstraction of
The operation of a tape-marking machine.

Jacquard Looms and Charles Babbage’s Difference Engine both

had simple languages [citation needed] for describing the
Actions that these machines should perform hence they were in
The 1940s, the first recognizably modern electrically powered
Computers were created. The limited speed and memory
Capacity forced programmers to write hand-tuned assembly
Language programs. It was eventually realized that
Programming in assembly language required a great deal of
Intellectual effort.[citation needed]

An early proposal for a high-level programming language was

Plankalkül, developed by Konrad Zuse for his Z1 computer
Between 1942 and 1945 but not implemented at the time.
DEFINITION OF TERMS

A programming language is a set of commands,instructions,

And others syntax use to create a software program. Languages
That programmers use to write code are called “high-level
Languages.” This code can be compiled into a “low-level
Languages.” Which is recognized directly by the computer
Hardware.

High-level languages are designed to be easy to read and

Understand. This allows programmers to write source code in a
Natural fashion, using logical words and symbols. For example
Reserved words like function, while, if, and else are used in
Most major programming languages. Symbols like <, >, ==,
And != are common operators. Many high-level languages are
Similar enough that programmers can easily understand source
Code written in multiple languages.

Example of high-level languages include C++, Java, Perl, and

PHP. Languages like C++ and Java are called “compiled
Languages” since the source code must first be compiled in
Order to run. Languages like Perl and PHP are calle
“Interpreted languages “ since the source code can be run
Through an interpreter without being compiled.
COMMAND IN C LANGUAGE

First to deal with programming in C we need to understand the

Basic construct on how to run a program in C (check
Keynotes,in the end portion, for better understanding or if are
In a hurry and not interested into these basics)

Keynotes:

<1>printf is the counterpart of scanf

<2>int,float,double,char assigns memory of various types to

Variable names.

<3> float is used for decimal type data.

<4>format specifier: it is a way to tell the compiler what type

Of data is in the variable while taking input in scanf or printf.

<5>syntax: Syntax is a set of rules that defines the structure of

Statement in a computer language.

<6>stdio.h stands for standard input output and “,h” is the

Header extention

<7>conio.h is another header file standing for console input

Output. User specific.

<8>math.h is another user special header specially used for

Mathematical programs.
INPUT OPERATION

Input is really important for the computer. Through this device,

Users are allows to enter data or instructions into a computer.
It changed something on the screen through the response.
There are many kinds of input device for users to select
Depending in their application to get the result they want.
There are many input technologies, for example, keyboard,
Pointing device, trackball, touch screen, touchpads and audio
Input. These devices can help users to connect with computer
System directly.

KEYBOARD

Keyboard is a one important input device. It is rectangular size.

It also contains many keys including numeric keypad, letter of
alphabet, punctuation marks and others. Without using this
Inout device, user cannot type text and number into a
Computer easily. This is only for general keyboard. There are
Also many kind of keyboard for their function. Gaming
Keyboard is special design for the person who likes to play
Games or game maker. The gaming keyboard has its own
Special programmable keys. Nowadays, world is being more
Advanced. They also design ergonomic keyboard. This design is
Special for the employees who always sitting in front of the computer.
This design can prevent muscle pain which can lead to long-term disability.
COMPUTATION OF MOVING CURSOR

This section discusses cursor movement on a screen when it

Contains bidirectional text.

Cursor movement on a screen containing bidirectional text is as

Follows:

VISUAL

The cursor moves from its current position left or right to the
Next character, or up or down to the next row. For example,if
The cursor is located at the end of the first left-to-right part of a
Mixed sentence:

THERE IS_txet lanoitceridib IN THIS SENTENCE.

then, moving the cursor visually to the right causes it to move

One character to the right, as follows:

THERE IS txet lanoitceribid IN THIS SENTENCE.

the cursor moves without regard to the content of the text.

LOGICAL

The cursor moves from its current position to the next or

Previous character in the data stream. The character may be
Adjacent to the cursor’s position, elsewhere in the same line, or
On another line on the screen. Logical cursor movement
Requires scanning the data stream to find the next logical
Character. For example, if the cursor is located at the end of the
First left-to-right part of a mixed sentence:

THERE IS_txet lanoitceridib_IN THIS

FORMULA USED

to easily compute and and calculate our required result from the
Data collected in excel. eg:- average, sum, mathematical function .e.t.c.

It is easier and faster as the human does not have to do all the
Calculation by themselves, also there is no human error if the
Formula/function is entered correctly

Formulas and function on excel makes the work very efficient.

It can calculate values automatically even if you change the
Values simultaneously. It saves time and is always accurate. It is
Also very efficient in times when you need revisions or even
Recycle a spreadsheet and change some values to construct a
New document or calculation.

We use formulas and functions because these are of great

Importance. Data can be calculated, compiled automatically in
Worksheet in which formulas and function are used.

Formulas are used to calculate any value in short span of time?

Assignment/task conveniently and quickly with accurate result
(Without all error).
ARRANGE VARIABLE

Variables are used to store information to be referenced and

Manipulated in a computer program. They also provide a way
Of labeling data with a descriptive name, so our programs can
Be understood more clearly by the reader and ourselves. It is
Helpful to think of variables as containers that hold information.
Their sole purpose is to laber and store data in memory. This
Data can then be used throughout your program.

When you assign a variable, you use the = symbol. The name of
The variable goes on the left and the value you want to store in
The variable goes on the right.