8/30/2019

Schedule
• Mon 8/26: Phasors
• Wed 8/28: Complex power
ECE330: Power Circuits & Electromechanics • Fri 8/30: Power factor correction
Lecture 3. Power Factor Correction • Mon 9/2: Labor day (no class)
• Wed 9/4: Three-phase power
• Fri 9/6: Review + Quiz 1

Prof. Richard Y. Zhang

Univ. of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign
ryz@illinois.edu
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From the last lecture Power Triangle

Phasors Waves
[V] Equivalence [V] Complex Power [VA]
[A] [A] Reactive Power [VAR] Imag
product product

Complex Power [VA] Instantaneous Power [W] Apparent Power [VA]

real part average Power Factor [Dimensionless] Real

Real Power [W] Equal
Average Power [W]

Lagging Real Power [W]

3 Leading 4

3 4

Today Sum of sinusoids of same frequency

Add two cosine waves of the same frequency
• Conservation of complex power
• Reactive loads and reactive power
Which trig identity? Product-sum formula?
• Power factor correction

Source: SOS math

Only valid if A = B
5 6

5 6

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Review: Complex numbers Review: Rotating arrow revisited

Im
Im
y Polar
(Engineer)
V V
Rectangular
θ Re Polar ωt + ϕ x(t) Re

(Mathematician)
x

x(t)

Theorem (Euler).
7 8 t

7 8

Review: Analytic representation Sum of sinusoids of same frequency

Add two cosine waves of the same frequency
Theorem.
Define phasors

Analytic representation
Real signal Analytic representation

We will use this result to add / subtract / Same frequency

differentiate / integrate sinusoids via their
phasors
10
9

9 10

Sum of sinusoids of same frequency Conservation of Complex Power

Theorem. Recall: We
Equivalent
just simply
Equivalent
add the
phasors
Equivalent

Same frequency

We just simply add the phasors

(What about subtraction?) 11 Exercise: Repeat for components in series 12

11 12

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Complex KCL and KVL (Memorize this slide) What does an impedance mean?
Complex voltages, currents, and impedances.

Same circuit analysis as resistor networks

IX Q = I2X

View “impedance” as “complex resistance”.

View “reactance” as “imaginary resistance”. I IR P = I2R
13 Model for arbitrary linear P-Q load 14

13 14

Hint 1: Complex Ohm’s law Hint 1: Complex Ohm’s law

Exercise 1 Exercise 1

Hint 2: Hint 2:

Load 1 is 1 + 1j Ohm. Load 1 is 1 + 1j Ohm.

What is What is

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15 16

Today Reactance as an imaginary resistor

Complex
• Conservation of complex power Ohm’s law
• Reactive loads and reactive power
• Power factor correction

Used to model
Reactive
power law capacitors and
17 inductors 18

17 18

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Differentiation & Indefinite Integral Back to lecture 1

Trigonometric identities What is the phasor for dx/dt?

Write down the phasor for x(t)

Multiply phasor by jω
Magnitude
Trivial differentiation Must be
positive =0 =1

Differentiation = Multiply phasor by jω Multiply by j

adds 90o to
Indefinite Integration = Divide phasor by jω
19
angle 20

19 20

Reactive power of a capacitor Phasor diagram

Im Im
V Re

I θ Re
C C Q<0
Current leads voltage Reactive power
(Leading PF) supplied
Current leads
voltage by 90o

No real power
Capacitors supply
21 reactive power 22

21 22

Reactive power of an inductor Phasor diagram (Memorize this slide)

Im Im
V Re

I θ Re
L C Q<0
Current leads voltage Reactive power
(Leading PF) supplied
Current lags
Im Im
voltage by 90o
V
θ Q>0
Re
No real power L Re
I
Inductors consume
Current lags voltage Reactive power
23
reactive power (Lagging PF) consumed 24

23 24

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Extreme warning!! Direction of current!! Today

Im Im
V
??? Re • Conservation of complex power
• Reactive loads and reactive power
θ Re
C Q<0 • Power factor correction
I
???
Im Im
V
I
θ Q>0
Re
L Re
??? ???
Current into loads, out of sources 25 26

25 26

Conservation of Complex Power Power factor correction (Memorize this slide)

Imag
Recall: We
just simply
add the
phasors
Real

Exercise: Repeat for components in series 27 Report as: Add |Q2| VARs of capacitance 28

27 28

Exercise 2 Exercise 2

What is What is

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29 30

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Exercise 3 Exercise 3

[VA] [VA]

What is the power factor? What is the power factor?

Q > 0 means ϕ > 0

cos ϕ = P/S
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31 32

Exercise 4 Exercise 4
Compute new apparent power

[VA] [VA]

How much capacitance for How much capacitance for Compute new reactive power

Compute compensation

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33 34

Schedule
• Mon 8/26: Phasors
• Wed 8/28: Complex power
• Fri 8/30: Power factor correction
• Mon 9/2: Labor day (no class)
• Wed 9/4: Three-phase power
• Fri 9/6: Review + Quiz 1

You are ready to do Homework 1

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