1) Why do you want to pursue your career in the field of software testing?

Answer: Based on my research, it is compulsory for any product to be of good quality to sustain
in a market. To gain satisfaction and confidence in the quality of services or products, from the
end-user, we must verify that product behaves as expected and outperforms the desired quality
standards. To gain excellence and value for money spent, we should offer the best quality
products and services to our clients. I strongly believe that software testing decides the measure
of product quality and performance.

As I always look for quality rather than features rich product, that do not perform as expected.
that is the main reason why I decided to pursue in the software testing domain.

2) Please explain your nature, habits, or likes that you think you are the right candidate for
the testing?
Answer: From my childhood, I was curious about how things work, I used to ask many
questions to my parents on why, how, and what about the things. During my school and college
days, I was debating on many topics, reading books, and searching libraries and the internet to
understand and find out reasons and answers to many of my questions. I used to visit my mentors
often to know and discuss my queries. Based on my knowledge seeking nature and desire for
perfection, I think I am right candidate for software testing

3) Why should we test?

Answer: It is essential to test to verify that

 the product or software built behaves as expected by the customer, meets or exceeds the
expectations.
 personal information shared by the end-user is secured while using the product,
application, or services.
 The features provided in the application perform as per expectation and requirement.
 The product has no serious anomalies.

By testing an application, any deviation from expected behavior can be identified and reported to
the stakeholders.

4) What do you mean by testing?

Answer: Testing is a process of running an application

 To identify any defects that breaks the functionality,

 Features provided in software offer results as expected,
 System securely display output as quickly as possible.
  Software features should display same output and behave as expected every repeated
instance of running it.

The software can be tested manually by testers or can run automatically using a script and follow
steps that tester execute to test the application.

5) What are the features you check before you purchase the mobile?
Answer: Priority will be the price of a mobile, but various features to check before we make our
choice for our dream mobile will be

Display – Screen size, resolution, browser support, movable keypad, reliable network
connectivity.

Storage – capacity to store large files, images, documents, downloaded programs

Battery – long-lasting and quick charging batteries that should be easily available in market.

Processing power – for remote work situations should able to process designing graphical
images, presentation, comfortable keypad, file sharing options.

Ease of use – for elderly or novice, helpful settings, and configuration.

Camera– with high-quality picture, zoom effects, large pixel resolution.

Accessories should include the charger, battery, handsfree and screen guard

The warranty should include any online help in case of difficulty to use mobile, repair of mobile
due to hardware fault or replacement of mobile set.

6) What do you mean by quality?

Answer: Quality of a product or service can be defined as a level of reliability, that meets or
exceeds expectations of end-user. For example, the taste of Amul ice cream or any of the dairy
products available in the market produced by Amul is reliable for the quality, new products
introduced in market also exceed the expectation.

7) What do you mean by performance?

Answer: Performance of a product or service is a measure of achieving continuously preferred
results in the most efficient and effective way. For example, Toyota Motor Corporation produces
cars that run more mileage with less fuel consumption and produce lesser pollution.
8) Can you write possible test cases for a pencil?
Answer: Following are possible test cases for pencil
1. Check the length of a pencil, strength of the outer wooden body,
2. Check thickness and resilience of graphite material (one type of crystaline carbon black in
colour )
3. Check readability after writing text using pencil
4. Check if written on different types of paper, cloth, or wood.
5. Check how many meters can be written with the available graphite material in single pencil.
6. Check the written text on paper is erasable with a normal rubber eraser.
7. Check if a normal sharpener can sharpen the pencil or not
8. Check if you can write after graphite is dipped in water, oil or dust.
9. Check if the name of the company written has correct spelling printed on pencil or not.
10. Check if graphite are not broken already or brittle.

9) What do you test in One Time Password (OTP) creation application?

Answer: Before processing online financial transactions, a bank will send One Time password
(OTP) on the registered mobile number of the customer trying to send money to the payee. OTP
sent on mobile or an email address acts as a measure to verify that person is genuine.

The following are possible scenarios for OTP received on mobile.

1. OTP should be received within the specific time period,
2. OTP must only be received over the registered mobile number or email address provided
3. Previously sent OTP if used should not allow any transaction
4. Expired OTP should not be used in any transaction
5. Already used OTP can not be reapplied for any other transactions.
6. There should be a facility to receive OTP again.
7. The resent OTP should not match with any of the previously sent or future OTP.
8. OTP should be case sensitive and should not be accepted if not used exactly as received on
mobile or email.

10) What are the essentials of software testing?

Answer: Following are important artifacts essential for testing any software application

Test strategy is high-level document that defines test approach for the software, what features
are essential to test (objective of testing), how to test (methodology), Types of testing to be
carried out, and execution of tests.

Test plan decides which tests are for manual testing and which one is for automated testing
(distribution of testing task), Who will test what(test schedule), and when to start testing and end
testing (duration within which testing should complete)
Test cases are scenarios with steps to be carried out, mapped to requirements with the expected
output, to be carried out during testing of an application with status for each scenario, based on
the actual result. Test cases can be executed manually or converted into scripts to be executed
with the help of tools like selenium or QTP.

Test Data is the valid values that are fed to an application as inputs while running an application
in order to test it. It is mandatory to design valid test data as per the scenario that results in
expected output. In case the actual output differs from the expected output, the deviation is
reported as a bug in the defect management system.

Test Environment is a system configured that mimick or match to system specifications at the
client, in order to run software on this system to verify how the system at client behave for the
tests and use cases.

11) What is required for the tester to know before testing software applications?

Answer: In order to test, a tester should first understand

 The requirements and output expected by using a software application and from software
requirement document approved by the customer and project owner
 How software works, domain knowledge (software used in specific discipline or field
such as e-commerce, Banking, Insurance, Enterprise Resources planning, Gaming,
Education or training, or Search-based application)
 whether the software is desktop based or web based
 what are the features and its functionality,
 How many input forms to be filled in, What are the input fields and their valid values,
 How user interface elements like text field, radio button, checkbox, drop-down list,
buttons and their types (submit, reset, cancel) functions.
 What to expect in an output form.
 Working of computer, types of networks.
 In case of desktop application, what technology is used in developing a software
 How to install the software?
 What technology is used in building user interface? (HTML, XHTML, JSP, ASP,
Javascript, VBScript, JQuery)
 Where reference data gets stored, where data for analysis will be uploaded and then
processed
 What database type is used to store data?

12) What are desktop applications?

Answer: Desktop applications are those software that can be installed on standalone machine
called as client machine (desktop or laptop). These software use native resources of standalone
machine such as network, CPU, memory and storage, in order to perform specific task for which
they are designed for. Desktop applications are designed to run on standalone machine, by single
user. Multiple users can access the printer, scanners if they are LAN connected with desktop
applications.

Some examples of desktop application are Windows file explorer – to access files stored on hard
drive of local machine, Microsoft’s office applications such as word, excel, PowerPoint to write
and access documents, generate tabular reports on finance and design presentations, Web
browsers to access websites and searching information on the internet.

13) How to test desktop applications?

Answer: Desktop applications are feature-based applications, where users should be proficient
in operating such applications, understand its features, accessing the menu, submenu. software’s
features can be tested with Graphical user interface tests, end to end testing, and functional
testing. Non-functional testing will depend on stand-alone machine’s limited resources such as
CPU, memory, storage, accessing files, or use features like printer/scanner if desktop
applications are connected in local network.

14) What are web-based applications?

Answer: Web-based application need web server in order to host them, visitors need internet
connection and need a browser to access the web site, internally web sites process user requests
and send responses via hyper Text Transfer Protocol(HTTP) . Multiple users can access same
feature of web application at same time simultaneously.

examples of web-based application are e-commerce portals for online purchase of products of
our choice (amazon.com, Flipkart, bookmyshow.com), websites of most of the companies,
universities, search engines (google.com, altavista.com)

15) How to test web-based applications?

Answer: web-based applications require browsers such as (Internet Explorer, Chrome, Firefox,
Safari, Opera), and a reliable internet connection to explore. Web-based applications can be
tested for functionality testing for

 any invalid page redirects,

 broken links, page not displaying.
 Working of web elements such as input field, drop-down list, checkbox, radio button,
submit button.
  verify for valid input data entered,
 methods used while data submits,
 compatibility tests for browsers used,
 performance to test latency (time taken to access pages), delay in opening next pages or
output, and
 security testing for verifying login for authentication.

16) What are anomalies in software?

Answer: Anomalies are something that deviates from normal, standard or expected. Based on
different situations anomalies are termed as listed below

Error – When the developer identifies mistakes in his code, he says Error for the anomaly.

Defect – When Tester discovers and reports the anomaly, he says Defect to the anomaly.

Bug – When the reported defect is accepted by the developer, it is called Bug.

Failure – When software build does not meet requirements, it is called a failure by the product
owner.

Wrong – when there is a deviation from specification or requirements not understood, the
anomaly is termed as wrong

Missing – when a feature is missing after the software is deployed at the client site, it is said
features are missing.

Extra – when the developer produces the feature more than the requirement, it is called an extra
feature. it will be termed as an anomaly as you are giving what is not asked for.

17) What are the types of defects in software applications?

Answer: Various defects found in the software are as listed below

Arithmetic defects – are numerical data related defects, like not displaying decimal points in
case of banking, scientific, or e-commerce sites, these defects occur due to mistakes from the
developer side.

Logical defects – are due to not understanding business logic for the required output, like if age
>=18 you will get driving license, in case developer reverses the condition, even with age equal
to or greater than 18, you won’t get a license, but will get for age less than 18 years, that
adversely affect real-time situation.
Syntax defects – occur if the condition required is not applied properly by developer, like in
software that corrects grammar in sentence, say to locate vowels in sentence i.e word beginning
with a, e, i, o, and u characters, will be a vowel, and should proceed with letter ‘an’. If developer
forgets to enforce this condition, vowel can’t be found or corrected if ‘an’ is not preceding it.

Multithreading defects – multithreading is an ability of CPU to execute multiple tasks

simultaneously. If developer cannot able to produce such ability programmatically, then
application cannot execute multi tasking, such as downloading an image in web page and
rendering it on screen.

Interface defects – If developer cannot maintain order in which data flow should follow or page
displayed after current displayed page, then it is called interface related defect.

Performance defects – If latency (delay in displaying page) is too high, If server crashes during
multiuser access, these are examples of performance defect. This can affect adversely and user
will not return back to website.

18) How many different ways you can test software?

Answer: There are two possible way software can be tested, Manual and automation.

Manual testing – a tester will run the software and follows the steps described in test case in
order to verify the requirement, in manual testing tester has to sit in front of software and test it
without any tool, as well record test status manually.

Automation testing – a tester writes a script that gets executed with help of automation tool
which follows the steps described in test case in order to verify the requirement, the test results
are also recorded automatically without any manual intervention.

Automation tools like selenium, UFT, JUnit are used with script written in Java, Ruby, python,
C++ etc. languages.

19) What is expected from the testing team on testing a software application?

Answer: It is expected while testing a software, tester should reveal all the defects and
deviations from requirements, while running an application such that it should break. Tester
should understand domain knowledge, able to design actual scenarios, conditions that are not
thought of and not handled by developer, able to configure specifications and preconditions to
verify how application performs. Have analytical knowledge and logical thinking; think out of
box while testing software.
20) What is Unit testing?

Answer: Unit testing is primary test level, one way is static testing, where code is verified for
syntax, rules followed by organization which is conducted by developer, second way is dynamic
testing where small snippet of code is debug (tested) with sample test data to validate the output.
various tools for unit testing are JUnit, Hansel, and TestNG are used to verify code coverage.

21) What is sanity testing?

Answer: When application build is released after bugs fixed from the developer, and or changes
due to additional requirement, the testing carried out is called sanity test, to verify that bugs are
fixed, still functionality is in place, and no new bugs or defects are observed. In case while
running sanity tests, bugs still exists, testers can reject the build.

example of sanity test can be like remember me checkbox was installed against the bug raised,
but forget password link stops working, then it is a new bug.

22) What is smoke testing?

Answer: When software build is released, tester conducts primary tests like all the menus and
submenus are clickable, and display the corresponding page, tester make sure that modules and
feature are present in application, and there is absence of ‘Page Not found’ message while
accessing any page, Forms and Pages have all usable web elements and display stable pages.

example, drop down list in all the input form does not display items for user to select, due to any
reason, this if found during the smoke test, then tester will stop testing and can reject the build by
informing the short coming to development team.

23) What is exploratory testing?

Answer: Tester use testing experience, while testing an application, explores the features and
learn about how the application works, during testing, he makes note of how the application
behaves, such tests are called exploratory testing. The requirement document is absent, and
testers are exposed to the application first time, without any test cases created.

24) What is integration testing?

Answer: Integration testing is the second level of testing after unit testing, where different
modules are combined together and then tested for verifying that data flow in sync between the
modules and there is no a broken page or failed functionality.

example – During integration testing, IRCTC site can be checked where after searching train,
booking seats in particular train, when payment gateway, which is integrated in to application
found not working.

25) What is system testing?

Answer: System testing is the third level of testing after integration testing, where the
application under test is tested for an end to end functionality, to confirm that it works as desired.

example – matrimonial portal can be tested from registration, searching candidate, receiving
contact details and meet or fix appointments with prospects.

26) What is Interface testing?

Answer: Interface testing is a verifying communication and data transfer between two different
systems, where interface can be API or web services.

example – Booking air tickets using ticketing portals like goibibo.com, where ticket is booked
using web service of the airlines showing flight time, destinations, availability of seats and fare
to travel to destination from starting point.

27) What is Regression testing?

Answer: Regression testing is conducted on the build after bugs are fixed build, to validate that
code change to fix bug has not adversely affected functionality and there should not be another
defect.

28) What is Alpha testing?

Answer: Alpha testing is a type of acceptance testing, where testers are employees of an
organization who has build the application, these tests are conducted to verify that all the issues
found have been resolved and have not reoccurred, before releasing to the client.
29) What is Beta testing?

Answer: Beta testing is tests conducted at the client’s site after application is deployed and
handed over to client. These tests include usability, functionality, and reliability of application.

30) What is performance testing?

Answer: Performance testing falls under non-functional testing type, where latency(speed or
delay in accessing or loading a page), responsiveness and stability of application, network, stress
or load tests are carried out to check efficiency/performance of application.

31) What is Load testing?

Answer: Load testing is one form of non-functional testing, in which behavior of application is
observed when it is exposed to load.

example, verifying behavior of netflix portal during movie streaming by viewers between
evening 7 pm to 9 pm in any time zone.

32) What is Stress testing?

Answer: This non-functional testing is conducted by subjecting an application to overload in

order to verify till how long system is sustaining to the stess, hence the name – Stress testing.

example – during amazon festive season sale, subjected to overload when users multifold times
than expected will access the portal and book a newly arrived mobile, there by website server
may fail to handle such an heavy load.

33) What is Security testing?

Answer: Security testing is a testing of an application against malpractice from hacker, how
effective protective software like firewall or antivirus installed are in data protection, and
vulnerabilities of login system by sql injection.

34) What is Static testing?

Answer: Software or an application is tested without executing code, such as Code Review,
coverage that business logic is properly taken care is called Static testing. variable declared but
not used in code, undefined variables, unreachable code, syntax violations and code structure
approved in organisation. Tools like code compare, coverity, parasoft are used for static code
analysis

35) What is dynamic testing?

Answer: For dynamic testing, application should have compiled code and executed in order to
run application, various parameters such as CPU, memory, latency or time taken for output, are
analyzed and recorded. Valid input values are prepared and expected output values are listed as
requirement. Main test types included in dynamic testing are functional and non-functional
testing. test level included in dynamic testing are Unit, integration, system and acceptance
testing.

36) What is Compatibility testing?

Answer: Compatibility testing are conducted to verify that software runs on various
environments, operating systems without any conflicts. Compatibility of an application is tested
across different Hardware configuration, operating systems like Ubuntu, Linux, windows,
MacOS, Network, Browsers like firefox, chrome, opera, safari, various devices like desktop pc,
laptop pc, mobile, etc.

37) What is Reliability testing?

Answer: Reliability testing is carried out in order to confirm that software display reliable
output that is same irrespective of test environment, operating system, browser etc.

38) What is Compliance testing?

Answer: Compliance testing is a non-functional test that validates that the software designed
meets all the prescribed standards as described in requirement document. for example Vehicles
in North America are made according to Canadian Environmental Protection Act 1999 (CEPA
1999), under this act Environment Canada has an authority to regulate emission from on-road
engines.
39) What is Localization testing?

Answer: Localization tests verify that application can be used in specific region. The test
include user interface, language, currency format, date and time format for that specific continent
or country having particular language dominance.

Example, In case software developed specific for middle east, language will be Arabic, currency
being riyal and dirham for united arab emirates. date format in Saudi Arabia is dd/mm/yyyy.

40) What is test case?

Answer: test case is set of instructions and steps to be followed to validate particular feature
should fulfill requirement specified in software requirement document. test cases can be derived
from requirement traceability matrix, which is derived from requirement document.

41) What columns are present in test case template?

Answer: test case template should have details common across test case such as test case
created by, tested by, tested on,module name tested with their details.test case template should
contain columns as listed and explained below

 Test case id – unique identification of test case

 Requirement Traceability Matrix id – test case scenarios or condition mapped with RTM
id.
 Test scenario – short description of what should be tested eg. user should able to log in
 Pre Requisite – assumption for test to carry out, such as application log in page is already
displayed in browser or desktop.
 Test steps – steps to follow in order to test the scenario, manually or using script
automatically
 Test data used – valid test data created specific to the scenario eg. username – admin and
password test123 to be used
 Expected Result – what is expected from the feature being tested e.g. welcome page with
menus of other features should be displayed after user successfully logged in to the
application.
 Actual Result- what is actual output or result after testing application, this is to be filled
in by tester
 Status – If there is difference between actual and expected result test will fail, else test
will pass
 Remarks – In case test fails, bug report details can be mentioned here.
42) What columns are important in testcase?

Answer: Important columns in test case common across IT industry are as below

test case id, test scenario, description, prerequisite, test steps, test data, expected result, actual
result, status, remarks

43) What test case management tool have you used?

Answer: test case management tools I have used are testlink, JIRA.

44) What is use case?

Answer: Use case describes how person utilizes system or process to achieve his goal. it helps
to assess entire process, which part of the process is error prone. Main elements of use case are
Actor, System and Goal. Stakeholders, preconditions, and triggers are additional elements of the
use case.

45) Explain main elements of use case.

Answer: main elements of use case are Actor, System and Goal.

 Actor in Use case – is an end user, single or group of people, interacting with a process
 System is the process required to reach final outcome.
 Goal is successful user outcome.

46) What is test scenario?

Answer: Test scenario is functionality or feature that can be tested. It also provides high level
idea of what need to be tested, in order to create scenario we need set of test cases where we can
understand features of application and any short comings of application.

47) What is a positive test case?

Answer: positive test cases ensure that using valid data, application performs required output as
expected or not. With positive test case, tester decides that feature provided works if provided
with valid test data.

48) What is a negative test case?

Answer: negative test cases are performed to try break the system, by providing invalid data, or
following path not proposed, main intension here is to uncover hidden defects, that are otherwise
remain in the software.

49) What is Behavior Driven Testing?

Answer: behavior driven testing focuses more on user behavior in certain conditions (say how
printing a document in case he receives a message for “page area out of margin” =- how will he
reacts…, normally) rather than technical functionality of software.

50) What is Acceptance Testing?

Answer: Acceptance testing is final level in software testing, where purpose of test is to analyze
if software features are in compliance with business requirement, and can we deliver to the
client, does all features functions as expected, and with the features can we deploy software on
production environment.

51) What is Vulnerability testing?

Answer: vulnerability testing are assessment of software and underlined infrastructure, to reveal
security loopholes or risks that are critical present in software due to which some loss should be
incurred.

Example – some application requires end user’s email address as username as log in credential,
registering email can offer a risk of receiving unsolicited mails.

52) What is black box testing?

Answer: When we test application without worrying or having knowledge about details of
implementation, how internal code structure applied to software to achieve required output. it is
called black box testing. This type of testing is carried out mainly by testers. Some of the testing
techniques for black box testing are Equivalence Partitioning, Boundary Value Analysis, and
Cause Effect Testing.

53) What is white box testing?

Answer: when internal implementation and internal code structure are known to the tester,
while testing an application, it is called white box testing. White box testing involves code
verification for security holes, poorly structured code process path, data flow of inputs in code,
conditional loop, testing of statement, object, and functions in each code class. Some of the
testing techniques for white box testing are Statement Coverage, Branch Coverage, Decision,
Condition, Control flow and Data flow testing.

54) What is grey box testing?

Answer: When tester has partial knowledge of internal working and features of an application.
Grey box testing is conducted to find defects due to code structure, improper functionality and
missing condition in the feature. Various techniques used in grey box testing are Matrix testing,
regression testing, orthogonal array testing, pattern testing.

55) What are the different levels of testing?

Answer: In Software Development Life Cycle, there are mainly four testing levels –starting
from Unit testing, followed by Integration testing, System testing, and finally user Acceptance
testing.

56) Explain integration testing of modules in real life example ?

Answer: When testers testing of various modules that are linked together in order to accomplish
features expected to accomplish. Testing modules in combination are called integration tests.

example – After log in to Amazon portal, user can view his orders history, pending orders,
Amazon wallet details, Prime videos streamed from where he can re order already procured item
using his wallet balance amount as well as check video or movies already streamed. Integration
tests require tester to check log in details of a user, that has placed orders and has purchased from
amazon in past, also should be a prime member to avail facility like music, movie and free of
charge deliveries.
57) What is Top Down Approach?

Answer: Top Down Approach of testing is breaking down complex module into smaller portions
till it becomes easy for assessment.

Example – Top management forms rules for organization, middle level management and lower
level employees has to follow the rules enforced.

58) What is Stub in Top Down Approach of integration testing?

Answer: Stubs are the called programs that temporarily replace the missing modules, help in
testing integration testing, where flow of data is takes place from Top to down approach.

59) What is Bottom Up Approach?

Answer: Bottom Up Approach of testing is combining smaller modules which are easy to test,
into larger single complex module.

Example – Small group of students assess the situation or problem, find solution to resolve it.
The solution is discussed with teachers and then applied to other groups, and on successful
outcome, becomes appeal to higher management, who can make it implementation.

60) What is Driver in Bottom Up Approach of integration testing?

Answer: Test Drivers are calling modules that are temporary replacement of upper level module
that are not yet integrated. Drivers fill the gap of absence of modules to verify flow of data to
higher level modules.

61) What is GUI or UI testing?

Answer: GUI ie. Graphical User interface, relates to frame or screen displayed to end user as an
interface that makes them easier to access an application or software. In case of desktop
application, microsoft office or paint opens up user interface when paint.exe file gets executed,
In case of web based application, all the portals that opens index.html page where user can check
all general information about the website, and has login and signup links, allowing new user to
register and existing user to log in.
62) What is functional testing?

Answer: Functional testing is test working of web elements; drop down, buttons, check box or
radio button, and features of an application. Functional testing is categorized into various types
such as unit test, integration tests, GUI tests, localization tests, usability tests, regression tests,
system tests.

Example: on clicking print button, a pop menu should display showing existing page and print
configuration window, with print button. On clicking on print button, contents such as text,
images or spreadsheets on selected page should be sent for printing.

63) What is non-functional testing?

Answer: Non functional testing deals with testing parameters other than features of an
application, these include performance, reliability, security, integrity, scalability, portability, etc.

Example: In case of desktop software say calculator, how quickly it displays an output, for
multiplication of four digit numerals. In web based application, how quickly an image is
rendered on the webpage, or if site is available 24×7 or is subjected to frequent maintenance,
making it non-available to end users.

64) What is requirement traceability matrix?

Answer: requirement traceability matrix (RTM) is a document that maps test cases with the
requirements discussed in software requirement document. RTM is a single document that make
sure that all the requirements are mapped and are covered and has test cases corresponding to the
requirement.

65) What is the defect traceability matrix?

Answer: Defect traceability matrix is a document that maps defects if any with corresponding
test cases, this document helps to trace defects, test cases and requirements thereby gives an idea
of whether defects have been resolved or not, if resolved and build is received, then test cases
selected for regression tests corresponding to this defect and some integration test cases to make
sure defect has been resolved.
66) What are the techniques used in test design?

Answer: Following are few techniques used in test case design

i) Equivalence Partitioning

ii) Boundary Value Analysis

iii) Decision Table

iv) State Transition

v) Error Guessing

67) Give example of Equivalence Class Partition.

Answer:

Test Scenario- In order to get a driving license the age of applicant should be between 18 to 49
years.

There will be 3 (three) partition where tester should check possibility

i) If applicant’s age is less than or equal to 17 years – Invalid

ii) If applicant’s age is between 18 to 49 years. – Valid

iii) If applicant’s age is greater than or equal to 50 – Invalid

So there will be 3 possible scenarios where only one valid group of applicant having age is
between 18 to 49 years, will get driving license.

68) Give example of Boundary value analysis

Test Scenario- In order to get a driver’s licence, the age range should be between 18 to 49 years.

Boundary values to be verified here is

First Boundary value

minimum age – 1 i.e. 18-1 = 17 years – invalid age

Second Boundary value

minimum i.e. 18 years, minimum +1 i.e. 19 years, maximum -1 i.e. 48 years, and maximum i.e.
49 years

(18,19, 48, 49) – valid values for age criteria

Third Boundary value

maximum +1 = 50 years – invalid age

69) Give example of Decision Table

Answer:

Scenario – You want to buy headphone and have budget Rs 1000

You have following buying options

i) Vijay Sales

ii) Reliance Digital

iii) Croma

iv) Amazon

Based on Shreyas Answers to the following queries, we will be able to decide

where should we buy headphone from

 Can take trials before purchase

 Have EMI options
 Accepts Credit Cards
 Accepts Cash on Delivery
 Do they have return policy
 Have Item in your budget?

Find Decision table

Conditions Vijay Sales Reliance Digital Croma Amazon.in

Can take trials before purchase Yes Yes Yes No
Have EMI options Yes No No Yes
Accepts Credit Cards Yes Yes Yes Yes
Accepts Cash on Delivery No No No Yes
Do they have return policy Yes No Yes No
Have Item in your budget? Yes Yes No Yes

70) Can you explain Defect Life Cycle?

Answer: When tester finds a defect while testing application, he will confirm deviation with
expected result, registers defect (bug) in bug management tool like Bugzilla or JIRA. Bug status
will be ‘New’, If defect is not agreed by product team or developer, its status will become
‘Rejected’.

When developer agrees with the defect in application, when assigned to developer, bug status
will be ‘Open’, If Developer does not agree to the defect; its status will be ‘Deferred’.

‘Open’ bugs when resolved by developer its status becomes ‘Fixed’, once the bugs are fixed and
build is retested for regression testing, defect is verified, if defect is not resolved, bug will be
‘Reopen’, which will be reassigned to the developer for fixing. if defect is resolved and
confirmed by tester then Bug status will be ‘Closed’.
71) What is Defect severity?

Answer: Severity of bug is an extreme level of damage like financial loss, company’s reputation
and loss of life, due to presence of the bug. example such as if point of sales machine does not
function as expected, and does not dispense bill, thereby customer may not pay the amount for
the purchases, in such situation, the defect due to which bills are not displaying amount of
purchase, is termed as severe test case, as due to such defect, there will be huge financial loss.
further say, infrared machine that used for removing decay in the teeth malfunction and damages
the jaw of patient, it may result into loss of life.

Defect severity are categorized into following levels

Blocker – Due to this defect type, it becomes impossible to further run the application, there for
the name – Blocker

Critical – There are some workarounds to accomplish the task, e.g. pdf format of file type is not
downloaded, where as word type is possible.

Major – some error may lead to understanding the title or content by end user, e.g. software
displays title and content in English, but does not display some of the title in Arabic language,
but display it in English only.

Minor – there are some defects which has very minor impact on functionality of application, e.g.
missing space between words, commas are missed in sentences.

Low -These defects does not impact at all, however if fixed it will be aesthetically pleasing, eg.
size of button, form border go out of screen and need to scroll in order to view the content.
72) What is Defect priority?

Answer: Priority gives a need of urgency to fix or resolve the defect,

Example can be if a reputed pen manufactures company while printing the pen model or
company name will wrong spellings, then such bugs should be fixed on priority basis.

Defect priority are categorized into following levels

Urgent – this must be fixed immediately e.g. payment gateway pages not displaying, or
confirmance of order processed not sent via email or sms, or transaction records not printed in
account details in banking software.

High – this should be resolved in subsequent releases, e.g. presentation or video does not have
company logo or has written content, but does not have voice that narates above content.

Medium – should be fixed based on the level of severity- eg. error occuring while user updates
his mobile number, while communication has options such as his email and mobile.

Low – May or may not be fixed e.g. spelling or grammar mistake in introductory page of portal,
as long as meaning is conveyed to the audience.

73) Difference between quality assurance and quality control.

Answer: Quality assurance (QA) is targeted for avoiding defect, where as quality control (QC) is
aimed at identify defect and fix these defects. QA is process focused where as QC is end product
focused. Quality Assurance team usually in manufacturing industry gathers certification related
to quality of raw materials used, machineries used in processing the end product and final
product. Whereas Quality Control team is software testers inspects by running or analyzing steps
followed in products and services to make sure that it is working fine as per expected standards.

74) What is difference between inspection and audit?

Answer: Inspection is an observation where a site is expected to perform or follow standards as

compliance obligations, where as audit is a process of checking if obligations are met or not.

Inspections are simple, quantitative and help create actions, whereas audits are complex,
qualitative and forms recommendations.

75) What is Quality assessment measurement?

Answer: It is a analysis to observe deviation between actual performance and expected
performance. Basis of assessment is an improvement in actual performance, whether new
hardware, or additional storage capacity or memory improvement or line of code that does not
consume processing power, but quickly display output.

76) What is test management measurement?

Answer: It is important for test managers to keep an account of test procedures followed, test
plan, test methodology, justification of number of test cases required to be conducted manually
in order to verify complete feature coverage, and why these manual test case not able to be
carried out using script, automatically, and finally after executing said number of tests both
manual and automatically, how many defects have been captured. There are various test
management tools that help manager with reports on what is optimum effort put in testing and
what is final outcome. These tools have built-in test ware management; test scheduling, test
tracking, incident management, and test reporting.

77) What is test maturity model?

Answer: Based on the level of maturity model i.e. implementation of various processes of
software life cycle, adherence of procedures even during critical and crisis situation is called test
maturity model.

78) How is level of software development organizations decided?

Answer: Based on Capability Maturity Model (CMM), software development organization’s

level are decided. There are five levels

 Level 1 – there is an ad hoc testing, chaotic work culture and no adherence to process
during time of crisis, they always use new and undocumented repeat process during
software life cycle.
 Level 2 – The processes are defined and same steps are repeated during each new project.
 Level 3 – There is standard business process in each of the defined processes followed
without any alterations.
 Level 4 – The mapping of the processes are managed accordance with agreed upon
metrics.
 Level 5 – there is regular and frequent process optimization and improvement during
process management.
79) What is Process Capability Measurement?

Answer: There is a measure of process capability calculated using specification limits and
standard deviation of the process, which is Cp index. Most companies require Process Cp = 1.33
or greater.

80) What is difference between Corrective actions and preventive actions?

Answer: The term used in short is CAPA, stands for Corrective Action Preventive Action.

Corrective Action Preventive Action (CAPA) is a process which

 investigates and solves problems,

 identifies causes,
 takes corrective action and
 Prevents recurrence of the root causes.

example – when we fall sick, we seek medical attention, and health care specialist offer us
remedy and relief, but what if we do not get relief or do not recover. We ask for corrective
actions and we think of preventive action as well.

81) What is Software Testing Life Cycle?

Answer: Software Testing Life Cycle (STLC) is a sequence of activities performed by testers
such as

 Requirement & Analysis – Understanding the client’s requirement and what actually
requires, How to test the requirements,
 Test Planning – what should be tested in an application, How and who will test the
application
 Test Case Design – test scenarios, mapping with requirement traceability matrix, test case
creation, and test data used
 Test Environment Setup – what hardware and software need to install or configure to
build test environment.
 Test Execution – running the application in order to verify features as per test case
designed, reporting bugs, track the bugs and regression test till it gets resolved.
 Test Closure – Creation of test reports, total bugs pending, critical bugs if any,
justification for releasing application to client.

82) What is Requirement Specification Document?

Answer: Document approved by customers and project owners that describe, what is expected
from the software to perform, how many features and functionality, what is requirement (what to
verify/validate). In short, Software requirement specification document has a purpose for
software to be built, description of software to accomplish and requirement in specific required
to fulfill using the software.

83) What documents will you refer to understand about features in the software?

Answer: In order to understand features and their functionality we refer requirement document
(SRS).

In order to understand overview of data flow, integration between systems, we should refer
design document, For understanding documentation on code, algorithms, interfaces and APIs
used in software technical documents or process documentation containing UML diagrams, How
end user will use the software we can find from user manual, and finally how to install the
software can be found from installation guide of the software.

84) What is a virus?

Answer: computer virus is a type of computer program that if found in network and get installed
in our computer, it will infect all other software present in our computer, and make them
malfunction (does not function as expected, or stop to work). It is compulsory to remove this
virus from the computer, in order to safely execute and perform our tasks as desired.

85) How antivirus program works?

Answer: Antivirus programs prevent, detect, and remove malware, including computer viruses,
worms, and Trojan horses. Various Antivirus programs available in market are Norton Antivirus
Plus 2020, McAfee Total protection, Quick Heal etc.

86) Give few examples of sensitive information can be shared across network?

Answer: There are many incidents where we unknowingly share our information across
network; they are our email address- we may receive spam messages i.e messages for which we
have not granted permission to receive. they may contain, files attached that if opened may
contain virus, or may have damaging software. Our mobile number is second confidential
information, we may receive calls from persons we don’t know, they may harass us by calling at
any time, demanding donations, or try to send sms messages, may use our email and mobile
number against our knowledge in criminal and unlawful activities. Our credit card details like 16
digits number, pin number – this will drain our all the money from our account and we will be
unaware until collection agencies knock our doors, or we receive the withdrawal notice via mail
or mobile number. Our pictures or anything that may be used against our self esteem over Social
media platform like Facebook or Instagram are sensitive information.

87) What is IDE and their use ?

Answer: Integrated development environment (IDE) is a tool that facilitates code creation,
building the program and debug (test) the code. IDE brings together text editor, integration of
code libraries, compilers, debugging facility and running the code. IDE supports various
languages and their libraries so that developers can write code and test their code in IDE itself.

Web based IDEs help creation of web based application using HTML and Javascript.

88) List name of IDE made of Java.

Answer: Eclipse, IntelliJ IDEA and NetBeans are some examples of IDE made from using Java
programming language.

89) Give some examples of use of Java applets used in your application

Answer: Java applets were used to select local files from client machine in order to process
them, HTTP protocol sends these files over to server location.

90) What is required to run Java applet in a browser?

Answer: The Java Runtime environment, JRE is required as plug in in order to run Java applet
in a firefox browser.

91) Can you explain methods used in applet life cycle?

Answer: When applet begins following methods are called

 init() – init() is first method being called, we can initialize our variables here, init() is
called only once during run time of an applet.
  start() – start() method is called after init() has been called, start() is called everytime
HTML page is displayed on screen. start() method help to restart stopped applet.
 paint() – paint() method is called when applet begins its execution.paint() method has
Graphics param, with Graphics object, we can draw Shapes.

When an Applet is terminated following methods are called

 stop() – stop() method is called by browser or appletviewer to suspect execution of applet

 destroy() – destroy() method is called once before browser unloads the applet.

92) What is JRE?

Answer: Java Runtime Environment contains Java Virtual machine, libraries and other
components to run applets and applications written in Java.

JVM + libraries+other components= JRE

93) What is JVM?

Answer: Java virtual machine helps run java bytecodes. when .java file are compiled using javac
compiler into .class file. these .class file contain bytecode understood by Java virtual machine.

94) Why do we need JDK?

Answer: Java Development Kit (JDK) contains JRE and compilers and debuggers for
developing applets and applications.

95) How JRE, JVM and JDK related?

Answer:

 JVM help run java bytecodes created by compiling .java files into .class files.
 JRE contains JVM (Java Virtual Machine), libraries and other components to run Java
applets and applications
 JDK contains JRE, compilers and debugger (development environment for applications
using Java programming language)
96) List types of class loaders in Java

Answer: Java has 3 kind of class loaders Bootstrap, extension and application class loader.

97) What is a difference between JRE and JVM?

Answer: (Java Runtime Environment) JRE contains Java Virtual Machine (JVM) + Java
packages (util, math, lang, awt, etc) + runtime librariesYou need to install JRE on your machine
in order to run Java applications or applets.

Java compiler Javac converts .java file into .class files which contain bytecode, (Java Virtual
Machine) JVM converts bytecode into machine language. JVM is platform dependent, there are
different JVM for different OS, Bytecode converted into machine language for particular
machine, executes depending on its kernel. Without JVM you cannot run Java Applications.

98) What is difference between interpreter and compiler?

Answer: Both compilers and interpreters are used to convert program written in high level
language into machine code understood by computers.

Interpreter converts program one statement at a time, takes less time in analyzing source code,
slower than compiler, there is no intermediate object formed, hence memory efficient

Compilers scans entire program and then converts it as a whole into machine language, takes
more time analyzing source code, however it is faster than interpreter, generates intermediate
object code hence takes more memory.

Programming languages like Javascript, Python and Ruby use interpreters

Programming languages like C, C++ and Java use compilers.

99) What exe stands for?

Answer: exe is a filename extension for program that gets executed on microsoft Windows
operating system. Executable file can be run by a program in Microsoft DOS or Windows
through command line or by double clicking over .exe file using mouse.

COM and BAT are other executable file types in Windows.

100) Give some examples of executables in Windows

Answer: various programs like mspaint.exe runs paint application on windows machine,
forefox.exe runs firefox browser, MS word exe run document editing software for windows

Adobe Acrobat reader exe file runs to read pdf files in windows.