Manual Testing 500 Question with Answer

1) Why do you want to pursue your career in the field of software testing?
Answer: Based on my research, it is compulsory for any product to be of good quality to sustain in a market.
To gain satisfaction and confidence in the quality of services or products, from the end -user, we must verify
that product behave s as expected and outperforms the desired quality standards. To gain excellence and
value for money spent, we should offer the best quality products and services to our clients. I strongly believe
that software testing decides the me assures of product quality and performance.

As I always look for quality rather than features rich product, that do not perform as expected. That is the
main reason why I decided to pursue in the software testing domain.

2) Please explain your nature, habits, or likes that you think you are the right candidate for the testing?
Answer: From my childhood, I was curious about how things work, I used to ask many questions to my
parents on why, how, and what about the things. During my school and college days, I was debating on many
topics, reading books, and searching libraries and the internet to understand and find out reasons and
Answers to many of my questions. I used to visit my mentors often to know and discuss my queries. Based
on my knowledge seeking nature and desire for perfection, I think I am right candidate for software testing

3) Why should we test?

Answer: It is essential to test to verify that The product or software built behave s as expected by the
customer, meets or exceeds the expectations.

Personal information shared by the end-user is secured while using the product, application, or services.

The features provided in the application perform as per expectation and requirement.

The product has no serious anomalies.

By testing an application, any deviation from expected behavior can be identified and reported to the
stakeholders.

4) What do you mean by testing?

Answer: Testing is a process of running an application to identify any defects that breaks the
functionality, Features provided in software offer results as expected, System securely display output as quickly
as possible.Software features should display same output and be have as expected every repeated instance of
running it.

The software can be tested manually by testers or can run au tomatically using a script and follow steps that
tester execute to test the application.

5) What are the features you check before you purchase the mobile?
 Answer: Priority will be the price of a mobile, but various features to check before we make our ch oice for our
dream mobile will be

Display – Screen size, resolution, browser support, movable keypad, reliable network connectivity.

Storage – capacity to store large files, images, documents, downloaded program

Battery – long-lasting and quick charging batteries that should be easily available in market.

Processing power – for remote work situations should able to process designing graphical images,
presentation, comfortable keypad, file sharing options.

Ease of use – for elderly or novice, helpful settings, and configuration.

Camera– with high-quality picture, zoom effects, large pixel resolution.

Accessories should include the charger, battery, hands free and screen guard

The warranty should include any online help in case of difficulty to use mobile, re pair of mobile due to
hardware fault or replacement of mobile set.

6) What do you mean by quality?

Answer: Quality of a product or service can be defined as a level of reliability that meets or exceeds
expectations of end-user. For Example, the taste of Amul ice cream or any of the dairy products available
in the market produced by Amul is reliable for the quality, new products introduced in market also exceed
the expectation.

7) What do you mean by performance?

Answer: Performance of a product or service is a measure of achieving continuously preferred results in the
most efficient and effective way. For Example, Toyota Motor Corporation produces cars that run more
mileage with less fuel consumption and produce lesser pollution.

8) Can you write possible test cases for a pencil?

Answer: Following are possible test cases for pencil
1. Check the length of a pencil, strength of the outer wooden body,
2. Check thickness and resilience of graphite material (one type of crystalline carbon black in color)
3. Check readability after writing text using pencil
4. Check if written on different types of paper, cloth, or wood.
5. Check how many meters can be written with the available graphite material in single pencil.
6. Check the written text on paper is erasable with a normal rubber eraser.
7. Check if a normal sharpener can sharpen the pencil or not
8. Check if you can write after graphite is dipped in water, oil or dust.
9. Check if the name of the company written has correct spelling printed on pencil or not .
10. Check if graphite are not broken already or brittle.
9) What do you test in One Time Password (OTP) creation application?
Answer: Before processing online financial transactions, a bank will send One Time password (OTP) on the
registered mobile number of the customer trying to send money to the payee. OTP sent on mobile or an email
address acts as a measure to verify that person is genuine.

The following are possible scenarios for OTP received on mobile. 1.

OTP should be received within the specific time period,
2. OTP must only be received over the registered mobile number or email address provided 3.
Previously sent OTP if used should not allow any transaction
4. Expired OTP should not be used in any transaction
5. Already used OTP cannot be reapplied for any other transactions.
6. There should be a facility to receive OTP again.
7. The resent OTP should not match with any of the previously sent or future OTP.

8. OTP should be case sensitive and should not be accepted if not used exactly as receive d on mobile or
email.

10) What are the essentials of software testing?

Answer: Following are important artifacts essential for testing any software application

Test strategy is high-level document that defines test approach for the software, what features are essential
to test (objective of testing), how to test (methodology), Types of testing to be carried out, and execution of
tests.

Test plan decides which tests are for manual testing and which one is for automated testing
(distribution of testing task), Who will test what(test schedule), and when to start testing and end testing
(duration within which testing should complete)

Test cases are scenarios with steps to be carried out, mapped to requirements with the expected output, to be
carried out during testing of an application with status for each scenario, based on the actual result. Test
cases can be executed manually or converted into scripts to be executed with the help of tools like selenium
or QTP.

Test Data is the valid values that are fed to an application as inputs while running an application in order to
test it. It is mandatory to design valid test data as per the scenario that results in expected output. In case
the actual output differs from the expected output, the deviation is reported as a bug in the defect
management system.

Test Environment is a system configured that mimic or match to system specifications at the client, in order
to run software on this system to verify how the system at client be have for the tests and use cases.

11) What is required for the tester to know before testing software applications?

Answer: In order to test, a tester should first understand

The requirements and output expected by using a software application and from software requirement
document approved by the customer and project owner

How software works, domain knowledge (software used in specific discipline or field such as e -
commerce, Banking, Insurance, Enterprise Resources planning, Gaming, Education or training, or Search -
based application)

Whether the software is desktop based or web based

What are the features and its functionality,

How many input forms to be filled in, what are the input fields and their valid values,

How user interface elements like text field, radio button, checkbox, drop -down list, buttons and their types
(submit, reset, cancel) functions.

What to expect in an output form.

Working of computer, types of networks.

In case of desktop application, what technology is used in developing a software How to

install the software?

What technology is used in building user interface? (HTML, XHTML, JSP, ASP, JavaScript, VBScript,
JQuery)

Where reference data gets stored, where data for analysis will be uploaded and then processed What

database type is used to store data?

12) What are desktop applications?

Answer: Desktop applications are those software that can be installed on standalone machine called as client
machine (desktop or laptop). These software use native resources of standalone machine such as network,
CPU, memory and storage, in order to perform specific task for which they are designed for.
Desktop applications are designed to run on standalone machine, by single user. Multiple users can access
the printer, scanners if they are LAN connected with desktop applications.

Some Examples of desktop application are Windows file explorer – to access files stored on hard drive of local
machine, Microsoft’s office applications such as word, excel, PowerPoint to write and access documents,
generate tabular reports on finance and design pres entations, Web browsers to access websites and searching
information on the internet.

13) How to test desktop applications?

Answer: Desktop applications are feature-based applications, where users should be proficient in operating such
applications, understand its features, accessing the menu, submenu. Software’s features can be tested with
Graphical user interface tests, end to end testing, and functional testing. Non - functional testing will depend on
stand-alone machine’s limited resources such as CPU, memory, storage, accessing files, or use features like
printer/scanner if desktop applications are connected in local network.
 14) What are web-based applications?

Answer: Web-based application need web server in order to host them, visitors need interne t connection
and need a browser to access the web site, and internally web sites process user requests and send
responses via hyper Text Transfer Protocol (HTTP). Multiple users can access same feature of web
application at same time simultaneously.

Examples of web-based application are e-commerce portals for online purchase of products of our choice
(amazon.com, Flipkart, bookmyshow.com), websites of most of the companies, universities, search engines
(google.com, altavista.com)

15) How to test web-based applications?

Answer: web-based applications require browsers such as (Internet Explorer, Chrome, Firefox, Safari,
Opera), and a reliable internet connection to explore. Web -based applications can be tested for
functionality testing for any invalid page redirects, broken links, page not displaying.

Working of web elements such as input field, drop-down list, checkbox, radio button, submit button. verify for
valid input data entered, methods used while data submits, compatibility tests for browsers used,
performance to test latency (time taken to access pages), delay in opening next pages or output, and Security
testing for verifying login for authentication.

16) What are anomalies in software?

Answer: Anomalies are something that deviates from normal, sta ndard or expected. Based on different
situations anomalies are termed as listed below

Error – When the developer identifies mistakes in his code, he says Error for the anomaly.

Defect – When Tester discovers and reports the anomaly, he says Defect to the a nomaly.

Bug – When the reported defect is accepted by the developer, it is called Bug.

Failure – When software build does not meet requirements, it is called a failure by the product owner.

Wrong – when there is a deviation from specification or requiremen ts not understood, the anomaly is termed
as wrong

Missing – when a feature is missing after the software is deployed at the client site, it is said features are
missing.

Extra – when the developer produces the feature more than the requirement, it is calle d an extra feature.
It will be termed as an anomaly as you are giving what is not asked for.

17) What are the types of defects in software applications?

Answer: Various defects found in the software are as listed below

Arithmetic defects – are numerical data related defects, like not displaying decimal points in case of banking,
scientific, or e-commerce sites, these defects occur due to mistakes from the developer side.

Logical defects – are due to not understanding business logic for the required output , like if age >=18 you will
get driving license, in case developer reverses the condition, even with age equal to or greater than 18, you
won’t get a license, but will get for age less than 18 years, that adversely affect real -time situation.

Syntax defects – occur if the condition required is not applied properly by developer, like in software that corrects
grammar in sentence, say to locate vowels in sentence i.e. word beginning with a, e, i, o, and u characters,
will be a vowel, and should proceed with l etter ‘an’. If developer forgets to enforce this condition, vowel can’t
be found or corrected if ‘an’ is not preceding it.

Multithreading defects – multithreading is an ability of CPU to execute multiple tasks simultaneously. If developer
cannot able to produce such ability programmatically, then application cannot execute multi - tasking, such as
downloading an image in web page and rendering it on screen.

Interface defects – If developer cannot maintain order in which data flow should follow or page displayed
after current displayed page, then it is called interface related defect.

Performance defects – If latency (delay in displaying page) is too high, if server crashes during multiuser access,
these are Examples of performance defect. This can affect adver sely and user will not return back to website.

18) How many different ways you can test software?

Answer: There are two possible way software can be tested, Manual and automation.

Manual testing – a tester will run the software and follows the steps desc ribed in test case in order to verify
the requirement, in manual testing tester has to sit in front of software and test it without any tool, as well
record test status manually.

Automation testing – a tester writes a script that gets executed with help of automation tool which follows the
steps described in test case in order to verify the requirement, the test results are also recorded
automatically without any manual intervention.

Automation tools like selenium, UFT, JUnit are used with script written in Java, Ruby, python, and C++ etc.
languages.

19) What is expected from the testing team on testing a software application?

Answer: It is expected while testing a software, tester should reveal all the defects and deviations from
requirements, while running an application such that it should break. Tester should understand domain
knowledge, able to design actual scenarios, conditions that are not thought of and not handled by developer,
able to configure specifications and preconditions to verify how appli cation performs. Have analytical knowledge
and logical thinking; think out of box while testing software.
20) What is Unit testing?

Answer: Unit testing is primary test level, one way is static testing, where code is verified for syntax, rules
followed by organization which is conducted by developer, second way is dynamic testing where small
snippet of code is debug (tested) with sample test data to validate the output. Various tools for unit testing
are JUnit, Hansel, and Testing are used to verify code coverage.

21) What is sanity testing?

Answer: When application build is released after bugs fixed from the developer, and or changes due to
additional requirement, the testing carried out is called sanity test, to verify that bugs are fixed, still
functionality is in place, and no new bugs or defects are observed. In case while running sanity tests, bugs
still exists, testers can reject the build.

Example of sanity test can be like remember me checkbox was installed against the bug raised, but forget
password link stops working, then it is a new bug.

22) What is smoke testing?

Answer: When software build is released, tester conducts primary tests like all the menus and submenus are
clickable, and display the corresponding page, tester make sure that mod ules and feature are present in
application, and there is absence of ‘Page Not found’ message while accessing any page, Forms and Pages
have all usable web elements and display stable pages.

Example, drop down list in all the input form does not display it ems for user to select, due to any reason,
this if found during the smoke test, then tester will stop testing and can reject the build by informing the
short coming to development team.

23) What is exploratory testing?

Answer: Tester use testing experience, while testing an application, explores the features and learn about
how the application works, during testing, he makes note of how the application be have s, and such tests are
called exploratory testing. The requirement document is absent, and testers are exposed to the application
first time, without any test cases created.
 What is

Answer
24) integration testing?

: Integration testing is the second level of testing after unit testing, where different modules are
combined together and then tested for verifying that data flow in sync between the modules and there
is no a broken page or failed functionality.

Example – During integration testing, IRCTC site can be checked where after searching train, booking seats
in particular train, when payment gateway , which is integrated in to application found not working.

25) What is system testing?

Answer: System testing is the third level of testing after integration testing, where the application under test
is tested for an end to end functionality, to confirm that it works as desired.

Example – matrimonial portal can be tested from registration, searching candidate, receiving contact details
and meet or fix appointments with prospects.

26) What is Interface testing?

Answer: Interface testing is a verifying communication and data transfer between two different systems,
where interface can be API or web services.

Example – Booking air tickets using ticketing portals like goibibo.com, where ticket is booked using web
service of the airlines showing flight time, destinations, availability of seats and fare to travel to destination
from starting point.

27) What is Regression testing?

Answer: Regression testing is conducted on the build after bugs are fixed build, to validate that code
change to fix bug has not adversely affected functionality and there should not be another defect.

28) What is Alpha testing?

Answer: Alpha testing is a type of acceptance testing, where testers are employees of an organization who has
built the application, these tests are conducte d to verify that all the issues found have been resolved and have
not reoccurred, before releasing to the client.

29) What is Beta testing?

 What is

Answer
Answer: Beta testing is tests conducted at the client’s site after application is deployed and handed over
to client. These tests include usability, functionality, and reliability of application.

30) What is performance testing?

Answer: Performance testing falls under non-functional testing type, where latency (speed or delay in accessing
or loading a page), responsiveness and stability of application, network, stress or load tests are carried out to
check efficiency/performance of application.

31) Load testing?

: Load testing is one form of non-functional testing, in which behavior of application is observed when it
is exposed to load.

Example, verifying behavior of Netflix portal during movie streaming by viewers between evening 7 pm to 9 pm
in any time zone.

32) What is Stress testing?

Answer: This non-functional testing is conducted by subjecting an application to overload in order to verify
till how long system is sustaining to the stress, hence the name – Stress testing.

Example – during amazon festive season sale, subjected to overload when users multifold times than
expected will access the portal and book a newly arrived mobile, there by website server may fail to handle
such a heavy load.

33) What is Security testing?

Answer: Security testing is a testing of an application against malpractice from hacker, how effective protective
software like firewall or antivirus installed are in data protection, and vulnerabilities of login system by sql
injection.

34) What is Static testing?

Answer: Software or an application is tested without executing code, such as Code Review, coverage
that business logic is properly taken care is called Static testing. Variable declared but not used in code,
undefined variables, unreachable code, syntax violations and code structure approved in organization.
Tools like code compare, coverity, parasoft are used for s tatic code analysis
 What is

Answer
35) What is dynamic testing?

Answer: For dynamic testing, application should have compiled code and executed in order to run
application, various parameters such as CPU, memory, latency or time taken for output, are analyzed and
recorded. Valid input values are prepared and expected output values are listed as requirement. Main test
types included in dynamic testing are functional and non -functional testing. test level included in dynamic
testing are Unit, integration, system and accep tance testing.

36) What is Compatibility testing?

Answer: Compatibility testing are conducted to verify that software runs on various environments, operating
systems without any conflicts. Compatibility of an application is tested across different
Hardware configuration, operating systems like Ubuntu, Linux, windows, MacOS, Network, Browsers like
firefox, chrome, opera, safari, various devices like desktop pc, laptop pc, mobile, etc.

37) What is Reliability testing?

Answer: Reliability testing is carried out in order to confirm that software display reliable output that is same
irrespective of test environment, operating system, browser etc.

38) Compliance testing?

: Compliance testing is a non-functional test that validates that the software designed meets all the
prescribed standards as described in requirement document. for Example Vehicles in North America are made
according to Canadian Environmental Protection Act 1999 (CEPA 1999), under this act Environment
Canada has an authority to regulate emission from on-road engines.

39) What is Localization testing?

Answer: Localization tests verify that application can be used in specific region. The test include user interface,
language, currency format, date and time format for that sp ecific continent or country having particular language
dominance.

Example, In case software developed specific for middle east, language will be Arabic, currency being riyal
and dirham for united arab emirates. date format in Saudi Arabia is dd/mm/yyyy.

40) What is test case?

Answer: test case is set of instructions and steps to be followed to validate particular feature should fulfill
 What is

Answer
requirement specified in software requirement document. test cases can be derived
from requirement traceability matrix, which is derived from requirement document.

41) What columns are present in test case template?

Answer: test case template should have details common across test case such as test case created by,
tested by, tested on, module name tested with their details. Test case template should contain columns as
listed and explained below

Test case id – unique identification of test case

Requirement Traceability Matrix id – test case scenarios or condition mapped with RTM id. Test scenario

– short description of what should be tested eg. user should able to log in

Pre Requisite – assumption for test to carry out, such as application log in page is already displayed in
browser or desktop.

Test steps – steps to follow in order to test the scenario, manually or using scri pt automatically

Test data used – valid test data created specific to the scenario eg. username – admin and password
test123 to be used

Expected Result – what is expected from the feature being tested e.g. welcome page with menus of other
features should be displayed after user successfully logged in to the application.

Actual Result- what is actual output or result after testing application, this is to be filled in by tester Status –
If there is difference between actual and expected result test will fail, else test will pass Remarks – In case
test fails, bug report details can be mentioned here.

42) What columns are important in testcase?

Answer: Important columns in test case common across IT industry are as below
test case id, test scenario, description, prerequisite, test steps, test data, expected result, actual result, status,
remarks

43) What test case management tool have you used? Answer: test case management tools I have used are
testlink, JIRA.

44) What is use case?

Answer: Use case describes how person utilizes system or process to achieve his goal. it helps to assess
entire process, which part of the process is error prone. Main elements of use case are Actor, System and
Goal. Stakeholders, preconditions, and triggers are additional element s of the use case.

45) Explain main elements of use case.

Answer: main elements of use case are Actor, System and Goal.

Actor in Use case – is an end user, single or group of people, interacting with a process

System is the process required to reach final outcome. Goal is successful user outcome.

46) What is test scenario?

Answer: Test scenario is functionality or feature that can be tested. It also provides high level idea of what
need to be tested, in order to create scenario we need set of test case s where we can understand features of
application and any short comings of application.

47) What is a positive test case?

Answer: positive test cases ensure that using valid data, application performs required output as expected
or not. With positive test case, tester decides that feature provided works if provided with valid test data.

48) What is a negative test case?

Answer: negative test cases are performed to try break the system, by providing invalid data, or following
path not proposed, main intension here is to uncover hidden defects, that are otherwise remain in the
software.
 49) What is Behavior Driven Testing?

Answer: behavior driven testing focuses more on user behavior in certain conditions (say how printing a document
in case he receives a message for “page area out of margin” =- how will he reacts…, normally) rather than technical
functionality of software.

50) What is Acceptance Testing?

Answer: Acceptance testing is final level in software testing, where purpose of test is to anal yze if
software features are in compliance with business requirement, and can we deliver to the client, does all
features functions as expected, and with the features can we deploy software on production environment.

51) What is Vulnerability testing?

Answer: vulnerability testing are assessment of software and underlined infrastructure, to reveal security
loopholes or risks that are critical present in software due to which some loss should be incurred.

Example – some application requires end user’s email address as username as log in credential, registering
email can offer a risk of receiving unsolicited mails.

52) What is black box testing?

Answer: When we test application without worrying or having knowledge about details of implementation, how
internal code structure applied to software to achieve required output. it is called black box testing. This type of
testing is carried out mainly by testers. Some of the testing techniques for black box testing are Equivalence
Partitioning, Boundary Value An alysis, and Cause Effect Testing.

53) What is white box testing?

Answer: when internal implementation and internal code structure are known to the tester, while
testing an application, it is called white box testing. White box testing involves code veri fication for security
holes, poorly structured code process path, data flow of inputs in code, conditional loop, testing of
statement, object, and functions in each code class. Some of the testing techniques for white box testing
are Statement Coverage, Branch Coverage, Decision, Condition, Control flow and Data flow testing.

54) What is grey box testing?

Answer: When tester has partial knowledge of internal working and features of an application. Grey box testing
is conducted to find defects due to code structure, improper functionality and missing condition in the feature.
Various techniques used in grey box testing are Matrix testing, regression testing, orthogonal array testing,
pattern testing.

55) What are the different levels of testing?

Answer: In Software Development Life Cycle, there are mainly four testing levels –starting from Unit testing,
followed by Integration testing, System testing, and finally user Acceptance testing.

56) Explain integration testing of modules in real life Example ?

Answer: When testers testing of various modules that are linked together in order to accomplish features
expected to accomplish. Testing modules in combination are called integration tests.

Example – After log in to Amazon portal, user can view his orders history, pending orders, Amazon wallet
details, Prime videos streamed from where he can re order already procured item using his wallet
balance amount as well as check video or movies already streamed. Integration tests require tester to
check log in details of a user, that has placed orders and has purchased from amazon in past, also
should be a prime member to avail facility like music, movie and free of charge deliveries.

57) What is Top Down Approach?

Answer: Top Down Approach of testing is breaking down complex module into smaller portions till it becomes
easy for assessment.

Example – Top management forms rules for organization, middle level management and lower level
employees has to follow the rules enforced.

58) What is Stub in Top Down Approach of integration testing?

Answer: Stubs are the called programs that temporarily replace the missing modules, help in testing
integration testing, where flow of data is takes place from Top to down approach.

59) What is Bottom Up Approach?

Answer: Bottom Up Approach of testing is combining smaller modules which are easy to test, into larger
single complex module.
Example – Small group of students assess the situation or problem, find solution to resolve it. The solution
is discussed with teachers and then applied to other groups, and on successful outcome, becomes appeal
to higher management, who can make it implementation.

60) What is Driver in Bottom Up Approach of integration testing?

Answer: Test Drivers are calling modules that are temporary replac ement of upper level module that are not yet
integrated. Drivers fill the gap of absence of modules to verify flow of data to higher level modules.

61) What is GUI or UI testing?

Answer: GUI ie. Graphical User interface, relates to frame or screen displ ayed to end user as an interface that
makes them easier to access an application or software. In case of desktop application, Microsoft office or
paint opens up user interface when paint.exe file gets executed, In case of web based application, all the
portals that opens index.html page where user can check all general information about the website, and has
login and signup links, allowing new user to register and existing user to log in.

62) What is functional testing?

Answer: Functional testing is test working of web elements; drop down, buttons, check box or radio button,
and features of an application. Functional testing is categorized into various types such as unit test,
integration tests, GUI tests, localization tests, usability tests, regression te sts, system tests.

Example: on clicking print button, a pop menu should display showing existing page and print configuration
window, with print button. On clicking on print button, contents such as text, images or spreadsheets on
selected page should be sent for printing.

63) What is non-functional testing?

Answer: Nonfunctional testing deals with testing parameters other than features of an application, these
include performance, reliability, security, integrity, scalability, portability, etc.

Example: In case of desktop software say calculator, how quickly it displays an output, for multiplication of four
digit numerals. In web based application, how quickly an image is rendered on the webpage, or if site is available
24×7 or is subjected to frequent ma intenance, making it non-available to end users.

64) What is requirement traceability matrix?

Answer: requirement traceability matrix (RTM) is a document that maps test cases with the requirements
discussed in software requirement document. RTM is a sing le document that make sure that all the
requirements are mapped and are covered and has test cases corresponding to the requirement.
 65) What is the defect traceability matrix?

Answer: Defect traceability matrix is a document that maps defects if any wit h corresponding test cases, this
document helps to trace defects, test cases and requirements thereby gives an idea of whether defects have
been resolved or not, if resolved and build is received, then test cases selected for regression tests corresponding
to this defect and some integration test cases to make sure defect has been resolved.

66) What are the techniques used in test design?

Answer: Following are few techniques used in test case design i)

Equivalence Partitioning ii) Boundary Value Analysis iii) Decision

Table iv) State Transition

v) Error Guessing

67) Give Example of Equivalence Class Partition.

Answer:

Test Scenario- In order to get a driving license the age of applicant should be between 18 to 49 years.

There will be 3 (three) partition where tester should check possibility i) If

applicant’s age is less than or equal to 17 years – Invalid ii) If applicant’s

age is between 18 to 49 years. – Valid iii) If applicant’s age is greater

than or equal to 50 – Invalid

So there will be 3 possible scenarios where only one valid group of applicant having age is between 18 to 49
years, will get driving license.

68) Give Example of Boundary value analysis

Test Scenario- In order to get a driver’s license, the age range should be between 18 to 49 years.

Boundary values to be verified here is

First Boundary value

Minimum age – 1 i.e. 18-1 = 17 years – invalid age

Second Boundary value

Minimum i.e. 18 years, minimum +1 i.e. 19 years, maximum -1 i.e. 48 years, and maximum i.e. 49 years (18,
19, 48, 49) – Valid values for age criteria

Third Boundary value

Maximum +1 = 50 years – invalid age

69) Give Example of Decision Table

Answer:

Scenario – You want to buy headphone and have budget Rs.1000 You

have following buying options

i) Vijay Sales ii)

Reliance Digital iii)

Chroma iv)

Amazon

Based on Answers to the following queries, we will be able to decide

Where should we buy headphone from

Can take trials before purchase

Have EMI options

Accepts Credit Cards

Accepts Cash on Delivery Do

they have return policy

Have Item in your budget?

Find Decision table

Vijay Sales Reliance

Conditions Digital Chroma Amazon.in

Can take trials before purchase Yes Yes Yes No

Have EMI options Yes No No Yes

Accepts Credit Cards Yes Yes Yes Yes

 Accepts Cash on Delivery No No No Yes

Do they have return policy Yes No Yes No

Have Item in your budget? Yes Yes No

Yes

70) Can you explain Defect Life Cycle?

Answer: When tester finds a defect while testing application, he will confirm deviation with expected result,
registers defect (bug) in bug management tool like Bugzilla or JIRA. Bug status will be ‘New’, If defect is not
agreed by product team or developer, its status will become ‘Rejected’.

When developer agrees with the defect in application, when assigned to developer, bug status will be ‘Open’,
If Developer does not agree to the defect; its status will be ‘Deferred’.

‘Open’ bugs when resolved by developer its status becomes ‘Fixed’, once the bugs are fixed and build is
retested for regression testing, defect is verified, i f defect is not resolved, bug will be ‘Reopen’, which will
be reassigned to the developer for fixing. if defect is resolved and confirmed by tester then Bug status will
be ‘Closed’.
71) What is Defect severity?

Answer: Severity of bug is an extreme level of damage like financial loss, company’s reputation and loss of
life, due to presence of the bug. Example such as if point of sales machine does not function as expected,
and does not dispense bill, thereby customer may not pay the amount for the purchases, in such situation, the
defect due to which bills are not displaying amount of purchase, is termed as severe test case, as due to such
defect, there will be huge financial loss. Further say, infrared machine that used for removing decay in the
teeth malfunction and damages the jaw of patient, it may result into loss of life.

Defect severity are categorized into following levels

Blocker – Due to this defect type, it becomes impossible to further run the application, there for the name –
Blocker

Critical – There are some workarounds to accomplish the task, e.g. pdf format of file type is not downloaded,
whereas word type is possible.

Major – some error may lead to understanding the title or content by end user, e.g. software display s title and
content in English, but does not display some of the title in Arabic language, but display it in English only.

Minor – there are some defects which has very minor impact on functionality of application, e.g. missing
space between words, commas are missed in sentences.

Low -These defects does not impact at all, however if fixed it will be aesthetically pleasing, eg. Size of button,
form border go out of screen and need to scroll in order to view the content.

72) What is Defect priority?

Answer: Priority gives a need of urgency to fix or resolve the defect,

Example can be if a reputed pen manufactures company while printing the pen model or company name will
wrong spellings, then such bugs should be fixed on priority basis.

Defect priority are categorized into following levels

Urgent – this must be fixed immediately e.g. payment gateway pages not displaying, or conformance of order
processed not sent via email or sms, or transaction records not printed in account details in banking
software.

High – this should be resolved in subsequent releases, e.g. presentation or video does not have company
logo or has written content, but does not have voice that narrates above content.

Medium – should be fixed based on the level of severity- eg. Error occurring while user updates his mobile
number, while communication has options such as his email and mobile.
 Low – May or may not be fixed e.g. spelling or grammar mistake in introductory page of portal, as long as
meaning is conveyed to the audience.

73) Difference between quality assurance and quality control.

Answer: Quality assurance (QA) is targeted for avoiding defect, whereas quality control (QC) is aimed at identify
defect and fix these defects. QA is process focused whereas QC is end product focused. Quality
Assurance team usually in manufacturing industry gathers certification related to quality of raw

materials used, machineries used in processing the end product and final product. Whereas
Quality Control team is software testers inspects by running or analyzing steps followed in products
and services to make sure that it is working fine as per expected standards.

74) What is difference between inspection and audit?

Answer: Inspection is an observation where a site is expected to perform or follow sta ndards as compliance
obligations, whereas audit is a process of checking if obligations are met or not.

Inspections are simple, quantitative and help create actions, whereas audits are complex, qualitative and
forms recommendations.

75) What is Quality assessment measurement?

Answer: It is a analysis to observe deviation between actual performance and expected performance. Basis
of assessment is an improvement in actual performance, whether new hardware, or additional storage
capacity or memory improvement or line of code that does not consume processing power, but quickly
display output.

76) What is test management measurement?

Answer: It is important for test managers to keep an account of test procedures followed, test plan, test
methodology, justification of number of test cases required to be conducted manually in order to verify
complete feature coverage, and why these manual test case not able to be carried out using script,
automatically, and finally after executing said number of tests both manua l and automatically, how many
defects have been captured. There are various test management tools that help manager with reports on
what is optimum effort put in testing and what is final outcome. These tools have built-in test ware
management; test scheduling, test tracking, incident management, and test reporting.

77) What is test maturity model?

Answer: Based on the level of maturity model i.e. implementation of various processes of software life cycle,
adherence of procedures even during critical and crisis situation is called test maturity model.

78) How is level of software development organizations decided?

Answer: Based on Capability Maturity Model (CMM), software development organization’s level are decided.
There are five levels

Level 1 – there is an ad hoc testing, chaotic work culture and no adherence to process during time of crisis,
they always use new and undocumented repeat process during software life cycle.

Level 2 – The processes are defined and same steps are repeated during each new p roject.

Level 3 – There is standard business process in each of the defined processes followed without any
alterations.

Level 4 – The mapping of the processes are managed accordance with agreed upon metrics.

Level 5 – there is regular and frequent process optimization and improvement during process management.

79) What is Process Capability Measurement?

Answer: There is a measure of process capability calculated using specification limits and standard deviation
of the process, which is Cp index. Most comp anies require Process Cp = 1.33 or greater.

80) What is difference between Corrective actions and preventive actions?

Answer: The term used in short is CAPA, stands for Corrective Action Preventive Action.

Corrective Action Preventive Action (CAPA) is a process

which investigates and solves problems, identifies causes,

takes corrective action and

Prevents recurrence of the root causes.

Example – when we fall sick, we seek medical attention, and health care specialist offer us remedy and relief,
but what if we do not get relief or do not recover. We ask for corrective actions and we think of preventive action
as well.

81) What is Software Testing Life Cycle?

Answer: Software Testing Life Cycle (STLC) is a sequence of activities performed by testers such as
Requirement & Analysis – Understanding the client’s requirement and what actually requires, How to test the
requirements,

Test Planning – what should be tested in an application, How and who will test the application

Test Case Design – test scenarios, mapping with requirement traceability matrix, test case creation, and test
data used

Test Environment Setup – what hardware and software need to install or configure to build test environment.

Test Execution – running the application in order to verify features as per test case designed, reporting bugs,
track the bugs and regression test till it gets resolved.

Test Closure – Creation of test reports, total bugs pending, critical bugs if any, justification for releasing
application to client.

82) What is Requirement Specification Document?

Answer: Document approved by customers and project owners that describe, what is expected from the software
to perform, how many features and functionality, what is requirement ( what to verify/validate). In short, Software
requirement specification document has a purpose for software to be built, description of software to accomplish
and requirement in specific required to fulfill using the software.

83) What documents will you refer to understand about features in the software?

Answer: In order to understand features and their functionality we refer requirement document (SRS).

In order to understand overview of data flow, integration between systems, we should refer design
document, For understanding documentation on code, algorithms, interfaces and APIs used in software
technical documents or process documentation containing UML diagrams, How end user will use the
software we can find from user manual, and finally how to install the software can be found from installation
guide of the software.

84) What is a virus?

Answer: computer virus is a type of computer program that if found in network and get installed in our
computer, it will infect all other software present in our computer, and make them malfunction (does not
function as expected, or stop to work). It is compulsory to remove this virus from the computer, in order to
safely execute and perform our tasks as desired.

85) How antivirus program works?

Answer: Antivirus programs prevent, detect, and remove malware, including computer viruses, worms, and
Trojan horses. Various Antivirus programs available in market are Norton Antivirus Plus 2020, McAfee
Total protection, Quick Heal etc.

86) Give few Examples of sensitive information can be shared across network?

Answer: There are many incidents where we unknowingly share our information across network; they are our
email address- we may receive spam messages i.e. messages for which we have not granted permission to
receive. they may contain, files attached that if op ened may contain virus, or may have damaging software.
Our mobile number is second confidential information, we may receive calls from persons we don’t know, they
may harass us by calling at any time, demanding donations, or try to send sms messages, may use our email
and mobile number against our knowledge in criminal and unlawful
activities. Our credit card details like 16 digits number, pin number – this will drain our all the money from our
account and we will be unaware until collection agencies knock our doors, or we receive the withdrawal notice
via mail or mobile number. Our pictures or anything that may be used against our self esteem over Social
media platform like Facebook or Instagram are sensitive information.

87) What is IDE and their use ?

Answer: Integrated development environment (IDE) is a tool that facilitates code creation, building the program
and debug (test) the code. IDE brings together text editor, integration of code libraries, compilers, debugging
facility and running the code. ID E supports various languages and their libraries so that developers can write
code and test their code in IDE itself. Web based IDEs help creation of web based application using HTML and
JavaScript.

88) List name of IDE made of Java.

Answer: Eclipse, IntelliJ IDEA and NetBeans are some Examples of IDE made from using Java
programming language.

89) Give some Examples of use of Java applets used in your application

Answer: Java applets were used to select local files from client machine in order to proces s them, HTTP
protocol sends these files over to server location.

90) What is required to run Java applet in a browser?

Answer: The Java Runtime environment, JRE is required as plug in in order to run Java applet in a firefox
browser.
91) Can you explain methods used in applet life cycle?

Answer: When applet begins following methods are called

init() – init() is first method being called, we can initialize our variables here, init() is called only once during
run time of an applet.

start() – start() method is called after init() has been called, start() is called everytime HTML page is displayed
on screen. start() method help to restart stopped applet.

paint() – paint() method is called when applet begins its execution.paint() method has Graphics param, with
Graphics object, we can draw Shapes.

When an Applet is terminated following methods are called

stop() – stop() method is called by browser or appletviewer to suspect execution of applet destroy()

– destroy() method is called once before browser unloads the applet.

92) What is JRE?

Answer: Java Runtime Environment contains Java Virtual machine, libraries and other components to run
applets and applications written in Java. JVM + libraries+other components= JRE

93) What is JVM?

Answer: Java virtual machine helps run java bytecodes. when .java file are compiled using javac compiler
into .class file. These .class file contain bytecode understood by Java virtual machine.

94) Why do we need JDK?

Answer: Java Development Kit (JDK) contains JRE and compile rs and debuggers for developing applets and
applications.

95) How JRE, JVM and JDK related?

Answer:

JVM help run java byte codes created by compiling .java files into .class files.
JRE contains JVM (Java Virtual Machine), libraries and other components t o run Java applets and
applications

JDK contains JRE, compilers and debugger (development environment for applications using Java
programming language)

96) List types of class loaders in Java

Answer: Java has 3 kind of class loaders Bootstrap, extension and application class loader.

97) What is a difference between JRE and JVM?

Answer: (Java Runtime Environment) JRE contains Java Virtual Machine (JVM) + Java packages (util, math,
lang, awt, etc) + runtime libraries You need to install JRE on your machine in order to run Java applications
or applets.

Java compiler Javac converts .java file into .class files which contain bytecode, (Java Virtual Machine) JVM
converts bytecode into machine language. JVM is platform dependent, there are different JVM for different
OS, Bytecode converted into machine language for particular machine, executes depending on its kernel.
Without JVM you cannot run Java Applications.

98) What is difference between interpreter and compiler?

Answer: Both compilers and interpreters are used to convert program written in high level language into
machine code understood by computers.

Interpreter converts program one statement at a time, takes less time in analyzing source code, slower than
compiler, there is no intermediate object forme d, hence memory efficient

Compilers scans entire program and then converts it as a whole into machine language, takes more time
analyzing source code, however it is faster than interpreter, generates intermediate object code hence takes
more memory.

Programming languages like JavaScript, Python and Ruby use interpreters

Programming languages like C, C++ and Java use compilers.

99) What exe stands for?

Answer: exe is a filename extension for program that gets executed on Microsoft Windows operating
system. Executable file can be run by a program in Microsoft DOS or Windows through command line or by
double clicking over .exe file using mouse. COM and BAT are other executable file types in Windows.
 100) Give some Examples of executables in Windows

Answer: various programs like mspaint.exe runs paint application on windows machine, forefox.exe runs firefox
browser, MS word exe run document editing software for windows Adobe Acrobat reader exe file runs to read
pdf files in windows.

101) Give name of four Java framework

Answer: Spring, Hibernate, Struts, JSF are some well-known Java framework

102) Can you explain Hibernate framework?

Answer: Hibernate is Object Relational Mapping tool (ORM) that simplifies java application development and
interacts with database. It implements Java Persistence API for data persistence.

103) A type of testing in order to expose defects in the interfaces and in the interaction between integrated
components is? Answer: Integration Level Testing

104) Identify type of testing wherein we subject the target of the test, to varying workloads to measure and evaluate
the performance behaviors and the ability of the target and the test to continue to function properly under
these different workloads?

Answer: Load Testing

105) What do you ask for in order to purchase computer?

Answer: There are few questions listed below we should ask ourselves and find their Answers before deciding
on purchase of computer,

Desktop or Laptop? – If you get same performance from laptop as well as des ktop, it would be cheaper to
purchase desktop, in case you can manage steady workstation and space where you can concentrate on your
study or work. Otherwise if you are required to carry your machine under BYOD (Bring your own device) policy,
able to manage power cables along with you to and from the work on daily basis, laptop may be right choice.

What is a processor you are looking for? – What Processing power are you looking for, number of cores,
speed of processer, data handled, etc. What is a main purpose of purchasing a computer, for study, some
assignments, or remote work as a developer or tester? or for searching over an internet, for watching
movies or play games.
How much RAM and why? – Random Access Memory or RAM help to speed up the things, multi tasking like
loading applications, browsing internet, image editing or experience graphics effect in gaming.

Hard Drive and their capacity, how much you really want? – In order to store more files, you need more
storage, desktop will have more storage capacity than laptop. Based on Gigabytes of Hard drive you install,
you pay more.

Peripherals – Peripherals like USB ports – how many do you need? For keyboard, headphone, printer etc.

HDMI for viewing Television with TV tuner if you want to view it over your computer,

SD slot – SD card in case you want to keep your pictures, process these photos etc. you may need them, with
extra price.

Wi Fi – In case you want to connect your pc with wifi for internet or wifi enabled speakers Bluetooth

– In case you are looking for connecting various appliances using Bluetooth.

What Operating System Mac OS, Windows or Linux – What operating system you are comfortable using your
computer in, type of software loaded, remote work like tech support will only require Linux

operating system, whereas windows may be helpful for various User friendly applications, but may get virus if
not protected with antivirus software.

Play Game, or watch movies or Search internet? What is your purpose of purchasing will matter on how much
you should spend after it.

106) What is a Difference between Regression and Retesting?

Answer: The difference between Regression and Retesting is explained below

Regression testing is the testing of an application that verifies that there is no adverse effect of the changes
made due to defect fix or change request to other areas of application. regression testing involves test cases
other than those that are related to defect or change as per client request, but it also tests features that
directly or indirectly c onnected with the feature that was rectified by developer against the defect raised, such
as integration tests, test case related to web components and their functions along with those involved directly
with defect raised. Regression testing is usually car ried out using automated scripts by selecting test cases
and re executing the scripts to run those test cases.

Retesting is a testing to make sure that previously failed test cases due to defect are passed and the defect
has been resolved. The test cases i nvolved in retesting focus only on the failed test cases due to the defect or
the scenarios or steps followed result in failed functionality. It is better to carry out manual testing in case of
retesting to make sure that defect has actually been resolved.

107) What is a difference between Debugging and Unit testing?

Answer: Debugging and unit testing are both carried out by developers, but in case of debugging, code in
focus is verified by debugging tool line by line for any syntax or programming level i ssues such as runtime
or compile-time exceptions or capturing and transferring data through lines of code.
Unit testing is a testing of a unit or program for validating functionality carried out by developer, essential
to carry out to minimize bugs found at later stage like integration or system testing. These testing are
known as White Box testing.

108) What are Unit testing techniques?

Answer: The various unit testing techniques are listed below

Statement Coverage

Decision Coverage

Branch Coverage

Condition Coverage

Control Flow Data

Flow

109) How do you decide which test cases to consider for Regression Testing?

Answer: selection of test cases for regression testing for the build received from release, should based on
following scenario priority for testing those test cases that were failed due to defect, on testing if they are
passed. All integration tests, boundary value scenarios, testing functionality of components related to
defect, end to end tests that involve change request or resolved test cas es after release, should be
considered for regression.

110) What is a Difference between Integration Testing and System Testing?

Answer: The difference between system testing and integration testing is listed below

System testing is a test level after unit tests and integration tests in software testing life cycle, where application
as a whole is tested end to end for functional as well as non -functional requirements. It is performed after
integration testing. Usability, performance, scalability and secu rity testing are involved.

Integration testing is testing of interconnected units and their interfaces, the data flow between these units
and to make sure that feature is working as per expected. it is carried out after unit testing. Various test
approach like top down, bottom up or hybrid integration are carried out during testing.

111) What are the various contents of a Test Plan?

Answer: Test plan document should include following details

Features to be tested

Features not to be tested

Approach like should we test manually, automated scripts, test techniques (white,black or grey box)

Criteria for Failed tests / pass tests

What condition for suspending test activities

Test environment such as hardware, software, network etc.

Man hours estimated while testing specific training required, Risks involved,
any assumptions or dependencies

112) Do you know Exploratory Testing?

Answer: Tests that are carried out while exploring an application, and learning about the business
requirements are called exploratory testing. These tests are carried out by manual testers without referring
to any test cases or test scripts. Exploratory tests are carried out by experienced Software testers based on
their previous testing expertise thereby test cases are designed during test execution. Test steps carried out
should be noted In case of any defect found during exploratory testing, as there is no test cases and test
steps written to carry out exploratory testing.

113) What is Prototyping? What are the various types?

Answer: software prototype is an application with limited features. prototype gives an idea of how software is
going to look like, input pages, output reports, ready to get feedback from end users for any flaws and
usability issues.

Software prototype types are listed below

Horizontal prototype

Vertical prototype

Throwaway prototype

Evolutionary prototype

Incremental prototype Extreme

prototype

114) What are SDLC phases?

Answer: The Software Development Life Cycle consists of following phases

Requirement Gathering and Analysis

Design

Coding

Testing

Deployment

Support

115) List some of the SDLC models used in software development?

Answer: famous SDLC models usually followed by companies depend on the requirement. Waterfall,

Iterative, V-model, Spiral, Big Bang, Agile

116) What kinds of reviews are conducted during SDLC phase?

Answer: Types of software reviews are

Software Peer Review is a detailed examination of low level and high level design documents by one or more
individuals working on the project to find and resolve errors or defects in application during early stages of
SDLC.

Code Review – review of code by peer developer will ensure that functionality is met with as expected; there
are no memory leaks or dead code which is not utilized while coding.

Pair Programming – Is a process where same portion of code is developed by pair of developers individually
and then most efficient code is finalized.

Software Management Review – The project head verifies project progress, status of plans and their status,
infrastructure allocation to test and develop the application during management review.

Software Audit Reviews is an independent examination of product, process, assessment with compliance to
specifications.

117) What is the role of Metrics in Testing?

Answer: Software Testing Metrics is a quantitative measure that helps in estimating progress, quality and
well being of software testing efforts. This helps in improving efficiency and effectiveness of software
testing processes.

118) What are key challenges while testing a software application?

Answer: Some of the challenges of testing a software applications are listed below
Test entire application – It is virtually impossible to test and verify entire application with each and every
scenario. Even one of the seven principles of software testing says, “Exhaustive Testing is Not Possible”.
Relationship with developers: Tester’s responsibility to check for any defects in the software and how to break
an application, it becomes tough to keep amicable relations hip with developers

Regression testing: In every build released from developer, tester has to check entire application for end to
end functionality every time along with resolved defect and components or units that are integrated that
may get affected due to change request or resolved defect.

Testing always under time constraint: All the stack holders keep an eye on how the built has came out,
testers has to quickly start testing the build with sanity test, smoke test and regression tests as send their
observations as soon as possible.

Which tests to execute first? – Based on available timeline, and complexity of modules, test lead has to
distribute testing like user interface or feature testing using script automatically and regression and
integration tests manually. Non functional testing using tools like load runner, API testing using Postman
or REST assured. Regression tests using selenium and mobile testing using Appium.

Understanding the requirements: There should be a walkthrough and review of software , domain knowledge,
how to test features etc. is mandatory for each member of tester.

Decision to stop the testing: Testing manager should explain testers when should testing be stopped, based
on what critical bugs should get resolved, any blockers affecting feature pending by developers.

119) Explain your views about Quality.

Answer: Software Quality work begins before the testing phase and continues after the software is delivered.
It is utmost important to deliver quality product to the end user, this will impart confidence, reliability, long term
partnership regards to the quality of product.

Quality is doing the right thing, doing it the right way, doing it right the first time, and doing it on time without
exceeding cost.

120) What is the advantage of using any bug tracking tool?

Answer: Main objective for using bug tracking tool is to deliver high quality software product by keeping track of
defect discovered and track these defects till it gets resolved, Improve Return on Investment (ROI) by reducing
cost of development, when quality product is developed, so that it will have more reliable quality product,
satisfied customers with long loyalty. Product and Project team can keep a track of detect Issues Earlier and
understand defect trends in ongoin g software development. Better Communication, Teamwork and
connectivity amongst stack holders about software quality.

121) Explain about website Usability testing.

Answer: website usability testing is to measure and understand how web visitor would exper ience navigating
website to verify its features, accomplish their tasks and any pain points in doing so.
 122) What are defect attributes?

Answer: various properties in order to measure defect quality or nature in software can be known as defect
attributes, Defect attribute are properties that determine extent of damage due to the defect on the
software application. for Example severity, priority, type of defect are some of the Examples.

123) What is pesticide paradox?

Answer: pesticide paradox is a principle wherein same set of test case if executed again and again over
interval of time, then these test cases are not capable of identifying any new defects in the system. in order to
overcome this effect, the set of test cases are regularly reviewed and re vised to make them effective.

124) Explain V model.

Answer: V model is a SDLC methodology where software development instead of moving downwards like
waterfall model, moves downwards and then back upwards in V shape, starting with requirement
analysis, system design, module design, unit testing, integration testing, system testing, user acceptance
testing

125) What is the difference between Web application and Client Server Application?

Answer: Client Server application is distributed on at least two sy stems, Client and Server where client has
visual pages like input forms, validation for valid data before sending requests to server and output pages as
response from server. Server has all business logic, database storage where request received from client
machines are responded back after processing through logic and database tables, procedures. Client Server
applications require LAN connection and Database Drivers so that they are connected whenever request is sent
for response. Some Examples are ATM mac hine, Banking software, and Stock Trading etc.

Web application are built in one server with all front end files, back end and processing logic placed on single
web server, various technologies such as HTML or ASP with JavaScript or JS libraries are used fo r front end
design, whereas back end storage and processing is done on server in class files and DB procedures and
tables. web application are accessed using web browser, hence it require internet in
addition to web application files placed on web server. Examples of web applications are
Amazon, Flipkart and Snapdeal online portal, Gmail, Saavn online music streaming services

126) What is Localization testing?

Answer: Localization testing is validating software that is customized for users for specific la nguage or country.
Where user interface will be displayed in english are translated into the country specific local known language,
in addition the currency and time denomination and any instructions are displayed in locale language. in
 addition the software should support entering language specific text using virtual keyboard. e.g. tamil for andhra
pradesh state. or mandarine for china country specific.

127) What is difference between Black box testing and White box testing?

Answer: In case of White box testing it is mandatory to know internals of software applications, such as
structure, program functions, and implementation of how data flows between components. The tests covers
white box testing are unit testing and integration testing. These tests are performed by developers, and it is
mandatory to know programming and implementation knowledge, the test is based on design document
provided by design team. Various testing techniques used in White box testing are Statement Coverage,
Branch coverage, decision coverage, path coverage.

Black box testing does not need any understanding about internal structure of application, the tests
coveres black box testing are system and acceptance testing, testing is based on requirement document
received from product team. Various testing techniques used in Black box testing are Equivalence
partitioning, Boundary value analysis, Decision table testing, and Error Guessing.

128) What is the difference between Authentication and Authorization give an Example.

Answer: Authentication is verify logged in user’s genuineness, in real world you were required to show photo
identity documents such as Aadhar card, Driving license, PAN card or Passport in order to receive documents
addressed to you from courier, know your account ba lance at your bank.

whereas authorization is verifies what module access rights the logged in user has. real life Examples are
You are allowed to explore feature of an application based on your trial period, once you become registered
user by paying the registration fees, you can access more features of the software.

129) Other than functionality what else you should test in Web Application?

Answer: In addition to functionality and feature testing, we should test browser compatibility, security tests for
authentication and authorization rights, latency – how long it takes to load a web page, or request to come
back as a response, load testing based on number of users logged in during peak hours, and scalability
testing.

130) How you know that testing is enough?

Answer: The criteria and conditions are specified in exit document that guides us on when testing should be
stopped. When most of blockers and critical bugs have been resolved and application has performance in
acceptable limits, we can stop testin g. This is however based on some risk that have to be undertaken and
time limit.
 131) How will you test the reports?

Answer: It is important to prepare report on the testing activities and their end result on regular basis to the
management. It helps to analyze quality of tested product, and based on the end result, the decision to
release the product or hold back till its quality improves, can be taken.

Instead of oral confirmation or denial about the software quality discussions, the report will give written
evidence of test status, summary of defects logged into bug tracking system. Number of tests carried
out, test method, what steps taken, deviation observed between actual and desired expectation.

132) What is Database? Which database you are aware of?

Answer: Collection of data that can be accessed referred and manipulated in order to use in an application.
Relational database, nosql database, cloud database, distributed database, object -oriented database, graph
database are database types. You can inform the interviewer about name of database you have worked on
or are aware of.

133) Can you name some of Relational database? Answer: some Examples of relational databases are

sqlserver, oracle, mysql, IBM DB2, postgreSQL.

134) Can you name some of nosql database? Answer: some Examples of Nosql databases are – ElasticSearch,

Mongodb, Couchdb, Cassandra db, HBase.

135) Can you name some of cloud database?

Answer: some Examples of cloud databases are – amazon S3,RDS, dynamoDB,Redshift,SAP, Azure

136) Can you name some of distributed database?

Answer: some Examples of distributed databases are – teradata, exadata,SAP Hana

137) Can you name some of object-oriented database?

Answer: object-oriented database – smalltalk, LISP in Gbase, COP in Vbase

 138) Can you name some of graph database? Answer: graph database- Neo4j, amazon neptune,

139) What is Database Testing?

Answer: Database testing is a testing of database entities such as schema, tables, views, triggers, stored
procedures, partitions created on tables, indexing. We should be proficient in SQL queries.

140) What do you mean by Cookies?

Answer: cookies are small text files that contain web visitor information such as websites explored,
pages visited, visitor’s ip address to identify alrea dy visited user.

141) How do you test Cookies?

Answer: cookies are small text files that contain web visitor information such as websites explored, pages
visited, visitor’s ip address to identify already visited user. There are various types of cookies,

Session cookies – user navigating websites actively, once they leave particular site, session cookie
disappears.

Tracking cookies – are used to keep record of multiple visits that was made to same particular web site.

Authentication cookies – whether a a valid registered user has logged in again and if so with what name?

142) What are Stored Procedures?

Answer: In relational databases, use of parameters, variables and output parameters to design procedure
which has data processing in order to incorporate business logic for expected result.

143) How many types of Joins are in sql?

Answer: the Joins are of following types in SQL

Inner Join

Left Join

Right Join

Full Join Self

Join
144) What are DML and DDL commands give Example.

Answer: Data Definition Language (DDL) commands in SQL are create database, schema, constraints, users,
tables etc. DDL commands are CREATE, DROP, RENAME and ALTER

Data Manipulation Language (DML) commands in SQL are insert, update, and delete records from database
tables. DML commands are INSERT, UPDATE and DELETE

145) What is Normalization?

Answer: Normalization in SQL is a process of eliminating useless repeated data from tables, ensuring data
dependency makes sense in final tables.

146) What is Primary key and Foreign key?

Answer: Primary key is a type of constraint applied on particular column values in order to uniquely identify
a record (row) in the table. A column value should be unique ( cannot repeat), and cannot hold null values.
There can only be single primary key per database table.

Foreign key is a type of constraint applied on the column value which already exist as a column in another
table with primary key constraint applied on. Foreign key value can accept multiple null values. There can be
multiple foreign key in single database table.

147) What is RDBMS?

Answer: RDBMS stands for relational database management system, where relational database refers to
storage of data in structured manner in row and column format.

148) What is difference between delete & truncate?

Answer: Delete is a DML command whereas Truncate is a DDL command, with delete command applied on
table record(s) records will get removed, records removed using Delete command can be recovered with
Rollback command.
Using truncate command, records along with table structure gets removed from database schema, WITHOUT
recovering the table again.

149) What design documents you receive from PM?

Answer: Low level Design and High level Design documents are received from Project manager.
150) What are documents are created in Design phase?

Answer: Design Documents such as Low Level Design, High Level Design documents created by
developers and design team explaining data flow in application or modules using UML diagram.

151) What challenges you have faced in testing so far?

Answer: This one is a tricky question; interviewer wants to know firsthand information from you about your
weakness in handling difficult or crisis situation. Answering this question like what is your weakness – you
need to keep yourself specific and not to lament problem or difficulties or show any kind of annoyance or
hatred for particular stack holder or reporting manager, colleague or developer or some process. You can
explain situation however, but should end your statement expla ining how you were successful in controlling
the situation.

152) Realizing you won’t be able to test everything – how do you decide what to test first?

Answer: There are a situation where testing a new build is allotted a bare minimum time, or you are given
several tasks or projects to look into. In such case, where you cannot able to completely cover all the
scenarios of testing, you can focus on main functionality and features released and check if any critical or
blocking defect should not be present in an application during regression tests. Usability, functionality,
security, performance are few testing that should be carried out either using scripts automatically or test
manually.

153) What is SQA?

Answer: Software Quality Assurance (SQA) is a set of activities that validates that the software being
designed or built, meets desired quality measures and specifications. Test Assurance team has tasks like
auditing and training the stack holders about standards for quality that software should satisfy as per user
expectations.

154) What are the contents of defect report?

Answer: A defect report should inform description about the defect.

Which version or build of software release being tested during which defect occured
Which is the module name, how to access this module (path), what were the steps carried out What was

the functionality affected, how severe you think the defect is

Name of the tester who discovered the defect, name of the developer to whom defect has been assigned,

Test case affected mapped to requirement specification document ids and number of test cases that may not
be tested due to the defect.

155) What is Big Bang type of testing?

Answer: Big Bang test type is an integration tests where multiple modules are being tested
simultaneously which may get affected due to change request or defect if any. This helps exploring
software with end to end functionality and gives tester an idea about features included and functionality
carried out using the software.

156) What is Traceability Matrix & Coverage Matrix?

Answer: Traceability Matrix & Coverage Matrix is a document that is mapped with software requirement
documents and test case or scenarios all in single document. The purpose of such document will ensure that
the entire requirements have been covered by test cases and there is no feature or functionality that has
been left unchecked.

157) What is UAT and Alpha and Beta Testing?

Answer: User Acceptance Test (UAT) is a final test by end user or client’s representative before software is
handed over to production environment. It is an end to end functionality testing and verify that
proposed features have been included in the software. User Acceptance test are essential as end user will
test and verify the application, to make sure tha t the developer has incorporated the features and
functionality expected by end user in the software. In addition change requests asked for have been properly
incorporated by developers.

158) List OOPS features?

Answer: The OOPs features are as listed below

Inheritance

Polymorphism

Encapsulation Abstraction
159) What is Hot fix?

Answer: HotFix is a workaround which can be some sort of configuration change in order to resolve an issue
that could occure in running application or server, with minimum downt ime.

160) Where Exit and Entry Criteria are written in Test Plan?

Answer: Entry criteria are written document without referring to which one cannot begin any of the SDLC
phases. In order to begin SDLC phase Requirement document and complete flow diagram of the
application as well as Test Plan should be ready and available. An exit criterion is the detailed document that
decides moving from current phase of SDLC to the next phase. In order to exit SDLC phases test

cases should be written and reviewed, test data has been identified and ready to use, scripts for automate
the execution of test cases must be ready.

161) What are different scenarios for verifying Email address?

Answer: In order to verify email address, the front end tester should consider foll owing criteria Email

address may contain alphanumeric characters as initial portion, special character allowed are dot (.),

underscore (_), in initial portion, there should only be single @ symbol separating local part and domain

Domain name may end separating dot (.) with net, org, com and edu as well as country specific characters
eg. In for india, ca for canada.

162) What is the query for update table?

Answer: in order to change column value in the table based on condition, the query is as given below

UPDATE table_name

SET column1 = value1, column2 = value2, …

WHERE condition;

163) if there is mistake in company Logo, what is Priority and Severity Justify your Answer?

Answer: Mistake in company logo on a product, does not impact its functionality or working , as well as buying
or selling activities of product, the defect has low severity. But, this defect will impact greatly brand identity
and impact how user will interact or may take as duplicate product, hence such defect is of high priority.

164) What is A/B testing?

Answer: A/B testing is comparing two version of same product, for difference in user experience, performance
and any changes that are evident during tests. E.g. comparison of features of microsoft’s word 95 and word
97.

165) What is Test driven development?

Answer: When requirements are specific to test cases, such that code can be improved or defect in code can
be fixed in order to meet with the requirements, such kind of development is known as test driven
development. The test cases are designed around various scenarios to cover the expected requirements.

166) Explain error guessing with an Example.

Answer: Based on testing experience, testers design their test cases or scenarios, such method or tests
which are exploratory in nature, in order to locate defect in software, are called error guessing.

167) In bug life cycle, who opens the bug?

Answer: In Bug Life Cycle, Developer opens the bug which was logged in bug management tool by a tester,
and assigned to respective developer by development head for fix.

168) What is Compatibility, Multiplatform and Configuration testing?

Answer: Compatibility testing involves testing software and their compatibility with standards, platforms,
transfer of data, and all possible combinations can be verified using different operating systems, web
browsers for same hardware, how functional and non-functional features behave . Multiple platforms
such as operating systems, network and hardware and their combination used as test environment and
how performance of software will behave can be tested.

Configuration testing involves verifying parameter set up for various computer components such as PC,
components, peripherals, interfaces, graphic cards, device drivers are composed of variety of
configurations. With help of installation guide and manual we can verify configuration of various parameters
in various hardware and infrastructures.

169) What are Session and Cookies and what is difference between them?

Answer: Cookies and Sessions are small text files that store information.

Cookies Sessions
 Sessions get stored at both client machine as
Cookies are stored only at client machines well as server.

Cookies are independent of session Session is dependent on cookies.

Session ends when user closes web

browser.
Cookie expires based on lifetime set by user

As HTTP is stateless protocol, cookies track Sessions store important information such
application state using small text files on as user id on the server and are used to pass
user’s computer i.e. client. data values from one page to another.

170) What is Mutation testing?

Answer: Mutation testing is white box testing usually conducted in unit testing level, by changing few
statements in source code and validate using debugger. Objective of mutation testing is to assess test case
quality based on fault based test strategy that fails mutant code while debugging.

171) Difference between Ad-hoc & Exploratory testing

Answer: Exploratory as well as Ad-hoc testing should be carried out by experienced testers for validating
critical application that requires early iteration so to test if the application satisfies essential functionality
or not.

Following is the difference between Ad-hoc and exploratory testing

Adhoc Testing Exploratory Testing

Exploratory is formal tests are carried out by

experienced Software testers based on their
Ad-hoc is an informal test that can be carried previous testing expertise thereby test cases are
out without referring to requirement designed during test execution. There is no test
specification documents for the application case or scenario created during exploratory
being tested. testing.

While exploratory tests, both positive as well

as negative tests should be tested thoroughly,

Ad-hoc tests primarily tests negative scenarios

 You can learn more about exploratory testing please visit https://www.qafox.com/importance -of- exploratory-
testing/

172) Difference between HTTP and HTTPS, Explain how the data is secured in HTTPS?

Answer: HTTP is short for Hypertext Transfer Protocol, when you enter http:// in your browser, you inform
browser to allow connection via http protocol which is TCP (transmission control protocol), in order to send
and receive data packets over the web.

HTTPS is short for Hypertext Transfer Protocol Secure, when you enter http:// in your browser, you inform
browser to allow connection via http protocol over secured connection encrypted by transport layer
security.

173) Have you heard of Agile Methodology? Explain?

Answer: Agile is a process or a framework where a small team develops and tests customer requirement
assigned to them in their order of priorities to be accomplished in the small interval in agreement with client
representative from the team.

To learn more about Agile terminologies please visit https://www.qafox.com/agile-environment-and-

terminologies/

174) What is scrum?

Answer: Scrum is a term used in agile environment of software development where stack holders that
develop product meet daily to discuss about Work and its Progress like what task is done, what is being
worked upon, what are the difficulties delaying the progress. Scrum meet ensures the team member
especially product owner about the status of the w ork completed and backlog.

175) What is sprint?

Answer: Sprint is usually period of 3 to 4 weeks in which team members have to complete their assigned
tasks along with any change request. This is spread across entire software development life cycle, with every
new sprint starting after completing task of previous sprint.

176) What is epic?

Answer: Epic is product feature which are broken down into achievable smaller tasks known as user stories
in sprint interval. Epic are completed on incremental order of user stories achieved in sprints.
177) What is product backlog?

Answer: The product backlog comprises a list of new product features, changes in any of the features or
functionalities, bug or defect fixes, changes in hardware infrastructure in order t o enable the team to achieve a
specific outcome. A close eye on product backlog is kept by the scrum master and product owner. This helps in
defining burn down reports. Product backlog results in a count of pending tasks that are recurring over a couple
of sprints.

178) What is burn down report?

Answer: Burn down Report is A pending task from user stories during sprint interval due to any reasonable
reasons specified by developer, against the time interval. Product owner help to remove impediments due
to which tasks are being delayed or left pending.

179) Have you used any Configuration Management tool?

Answer: I have assisted DevOps team occasionally and have used Chef and Puppet tools for Configuration
Management of their infrastructure.

180) Do we always need to do regression after retesting?

Answer: Retesting is required to verify that the test cases failed in previous release, are passed after the
defects are fixed.

Regression is mandatory to verify all relative or dependent modules and integration tests that are intact even
after defect is fixed or after change request.

You need to retest the portion of application where defect was fixed. This may be a portion of tests in regression
testing. Experience says, it is safe to do regression after retest ing as to make sure that other portions of software
are intact and not affected after defect fix.

181) What is Web server, which web servers you know?

Answer: Web server is an infrastructure that uses hypertext transfer protocol to respond client request s over
internet. Its main function is to store, process and deliver web pages requested to web site
visitors. In addition web server also supports Simple Mail Transfer Protocol (SMTP) and File Transfer
Protocol (FTP) protocols for email, file transfer and storage. Microsoft Internet Information Services (IIS) and
Apache Tomcat are some Examples of a web server.
 182) What is Inter-system testing? Have you done that?

Answer: When various systems are internally connected with each other and can access or exc hange
information as well as process one system with another system as interface. Real Life Example is ATM
machines, if you have account in State Bank of India of any branch and you have SBI debit card. You need
to withdraw cash immediately, you have ICICI bank ATM machine near you. You insert SBI debit card in
ICICI bank ATM machine, you enter your credential, the system will internally access SBI server and verify
your authentication details along with account balance. When you request the amount to be withdrawn,
ICICI bank ATM machine will dispense the cash requested for. with amount remaining in your SBI account.
Another Example is you can access and use all banking related functionality from different branch of SBI
bank across India.

183) What is a build? What is the release?

Answer: The software build is application compiled and integrated in order to get tested by software testers.
Release is deploying software with new version deployed to the customer, it has additional features
that were absent in previous release, and change request requested by customers using previous
release.

184) What is production server?

Answer: production server is a server used to host website contents such as front end pages, css files, javascript
files, backend tables, sql files, procedures etc. integrated and deployed so that end users can access them
through their website address using browser and internet, or download on their mobile for using the features of
application.

185) What is Recovery Testing?

Answer: Recovery testing is to test how quick the application is recovered after it has gone through system
crash or hardware failure. Tester can change interface, protocol, firmware, hardware, and
software configurations as close as the actual conditions. Recovery tests after hardware restored will be
tested for getting application again coming back and start running as before. The expense and risk to carry out
recovery testing may be substantial and prohibitive for smaller startup companies.

186) What are the properties of a good Requirements Document?

Answer: The requirement should be feasible, completely explained in requirement specification document.
There should be single requirement, easily read and understood by non-technical people, should not contain
definitions, reasons for need of requirement. The requirement should not have any guess work or any confusion
(e.g. for how long, 50% or more) should not conflict with other requirements, must include same terminology
across document, Can be achieved with exist ing technologies, met within the schedule.
187) What is Accessibility Testing?

Answer: Accessibility testing is a subset of usability testing, is a process of testing an amount of ease of using
the application by disabled individuals. Based on the type of disability various tests are carried out on
software to check accessibility features designed specifically for disabled either manually or automatically
using tools.

The objective of accessibility testing is listed below

To make sure that application or software can be used by a disabled individual with ease,

To verify that the software is in compliance with the laws formed over requirements for accessing software
by disabled individuals.

To make sure that there is no legal action against the software pr ovider in the future

188) How can you make your software ready for accessibility?

Answer: Screen Readers like JAWS, NVDA, VoiceOver, Window -Eyes, and Digital voice recorders of brands
like EVISTR, OLYMPUS WS-852, Zoom, Tascam and SONY can be integrated with software to add accessibility
feature for disabled individuals

To learn more about accessibility testing visit https://www.qafox.com/importance -of-accessibility- testing-for-

disabled/

189) What is Jenkins?

Answer: Jenkins is an open source automation tool that help devops to automate build, test and deploy,
integration and delivery of software, whenever multiple developer tries to commit his/her source code and code
is built, build status will be notified to developers such as which commit has defect i n case, next when the build
is deployed over to test server any integration issue if any will be reported to developer for any drawback or failed
build. Jenkins a tool that automates Continuous Integration, Deployment, feedback to developers, defect in build
can be resolved immediately.

190) What is an Insurance?

Answer: Insurance is a protection or risk management against any unforeseen events such as theft,
accidents, illness, damages of properties, due to loss of life in the form of sum total of the am ount by paying
the premium for the coverage and claim in case of incident or after maturity

191) What are some of the types of insurance?

Answer: Some of the insurance types are Life Insurance, Term Life Insurance, Retirement plans, Health
insurance, Home Insurance, Automobile Insurance, Travel Insurance, Commercial Assets Insurance, and
Mobile insurance.
192) How many types of banking have you heard of?

Answer: Banking is divided largely into Retail banking, Corporate banking, Investment Banking, Inte rnet or
net banking, and Mobile banking.

193) What is retail banking?

Answer: Retail banks provide liquidity, an amount of money for spending and investment in form of
treasury bills(currency). In addition to save and invest individual and their families finances, offer credit (loans)
to purchase homes, cars, and other expenses. They also offer credit cards based on their repayment
history. debit card so that people can withdraw cash from ATM machines, or shop groceries, clothing or
things of need at point of sales using debit or credit cards and cash management such as demand draft,
ECS, RTGS/NEFT, cheques payment.

194) What is NetBanking?

Answer: Digital Banking – customers who have their accounts in banks can access various financial services
offered by retail banks any time using the internet. Viewing account statement, fund transfer, online shopping by
payments and confirming OTP (one -time-password) in order to verify the transaction is authenticated by the
account holder, apply for loan, credit card s, investments like mutual funds, cumulative investments etc. various
other services like cheque book request, online password changes, credit card payments, viewing transactions
statements.

195) Name some digital payment platform

Answer: Users can make cashless payments with global digital payment platforms such as PayPal, Visa,
MasterCard, Amazon, E-wallets, Bancontact, and Indian payment platforms such as CCAvenue, PayTM,
Google Pay, PhonePe, BHIM, etc.

196) What entities are present in health care domain?

Answer: Following are the entities in health care domain applications

Insurer– health insurance policy providers who look after all the medical treatment expenses for policyholder.

Policy holder– one who is covered for the sum insured amount of medical expenses by paying the premium
to the insurer
Provider– healthcare professional, a registered doctor or physician treating a patient, a policyholder for his
illness.

TPA– is an interface between policyholder and Insurer Company, who processes the claim for the medical
treatment charges and reimburse them to the facility, hospital, and medical doctor.

Broker– is an agent that sells the health insurance policy to the customer against the premium amount for the
sum insured healthcare expenses covered under the policy.

197) What are the seven layers of OSI model in network?

Answer: OSI model contains 7 layers starting with Physical, Data Link, Network, Transport, Session,
Presentation, and Application Layer

198) What do you mean by protocol?

Answer: Protocols are set of rules or procedures that are already agreed by the software industry, for
transmission of data between resistors, capacitors, inductors, diodes, and transistors of electronic devices
like desktop, laptop computers, mobile phones, printers, electronic devices like digital cameras, DVD
players, smart televisions etc

199) What are various types of e-commerce sites?

Answer: The various types of ecommerce sites are Business to Business (B2B), Business to Consumer
(B2C), Consumer to Consumer ( C2C).

200) What are system integration test types?

Answer: System Integration test types are Big Bang Integration, Top Down Integration, Bottom Up Integration,
and Sandwich /Hybrid Integration.

201) Name few of System integration testing tools.

Answer: The different Testing tools to verify system integration that are used across industry are Citrus,

FitNesse,

Jasmine,

LDRA,

Protractor,

Rational Integration Tester from IBM,

 SITA(Smart Integration Test Accelerator),

Tessy,

Validata

VectorCAST(C++/Ada),

202) What is Defect cascading?

Answer: Defect cascading is defects that are encountered by software testers, which further uncover another
defect in the system while integration testing takes place. In order to locate defects that are primary this may
further realize other defects in the application.

203) Give some Test Management Tools you are aware of.

Answer: TestRail, Zephyr,TestFlo, JIRA, TestComplete, and TestLink are some of the industry recognized
test management tools.

204) Where are Jenkins files stored?

Answer: Jenkins stores the configuration for each job within an eponymous directory in jobs/ . The job
configuration file is config. xml , the builds are stored in builds/ , and the working directory is workspace/

205) Have you heard about GIT?

Answer: GIT is an open source version control system used as a depository to save code base of multiple
developers, which will be integrated after compiling and build using continuous integration tool such as Jenkins.

206) Have you worked on SQL query? What you have done?

Answer: Yes, I have worked on SQL select commands where I queried on the database tables to view and
compare records present in tables and that displayed on application’s output.

207) Explain REST API.

Answer: REST API is a set of rules in order to receive data or information from internet when you request
about this information using URL. API is application programming interface, created by developers and client
or end user can use them in order to fetch information, such as weath er reports for next 5 days of particular
location, Share market updates for particular company,Book movie or flight tickets
using third party applications like bookmyshow.com or goibibo.com, with REST API payment gateways
of banks can also be integrated with the ecommerce sites so that buyer can purchase product online.

208) What are tools used in software industry for API testing?

Answer: Some of the industry famous API testing tools are

SOAPUI

Postman

REST Assured

209) How to upload data in Jenkins?

Answer: Steps to upload file in Jenkins.

After login to Jenkins, select left hand side menu title ‘Jenkins’ and submenus – ‘Manage Jenkins’. A list of
options will display.

Select -‘Configure System’ by clicking on it. Configuration page will open. You can check menus, ‘Maven Info
Plugin Configuration’. In Maven Info Plugin Configuration click on the checkbox that reads “This project is
parameterized”. You will get ‘Add Parameter’ drop down. Where in you will get a window with title ‘file
parameter’, where f ile location should be copied and click on save button. There is another option known as
‘Build with Parameters’ , click it to find location of file entered along with Choose file button, clicking this will
allow you to select local file to be selected for uploading. You should click Build button to build with uploaded
file.

210) Have you heard about GIT?

Answer: Git is a version control software used for uploading and hence managing worked files among
programmers in software development projects. GitHub is cloud based hosting service that lets devops team
manage Git repositories.

211) Have you worked on SQL query? What you have done?

Answer: SQL query are english like statements used to access and manipulating database. You can create
new databases, create views in database, set permissions on tables, procedures, views, create new
tables, update table with constraints, insert, view, modify or delete records in tables, execute queries
against a database tables.
212) What is Primary Key please explain.

Answer: Primary Key is a constraint or a condition on table columns. There is only one primary key per table,
It is a criteria to uniquely identify a record in table. Primary key constraint on table column makes sure that
there is unique value in column, (i .e. it should not allow duplicate value in the column), column should not
allow null value, (i.e. it will not allow empty value)

213) If there are same multiple entry in the table, how to find Unique element in the table?

Answer: Using ‘Distinct’ keyword in sql statement make sure displaying unique value in the table. eg. select
distinct (state) from customers.

214) How to get 3rd Highest Salary from employee table?

Answer: SELECT MIN(EmpSalary) from (SELECT EmpSalary from Employee ORDER BY EmpSalary DE
SC LIMIT 3); You can here just change the nth value after the LIMIT constraint.

Here in this the Sub query Select EmpSalary from Employee Order by EmpSalary DESC Limit 3; would return
the top 3 salaries of the Employees.

215) How to find any particular date of joining of employee from Employees table, date is in number format then
how to change it to date format?

Answer: The Date of employee joining an organization is in number format, say 01/02/2001, It can be
converted into date format DD/MM/YYYY as fol lows

TO_CHAR (TO_DATE(‘01022001′,’DD/MM/YYYY’), ‘DD/MM/YYYY’)

216) What is end to end testing?

Answer: End to End (E2E) testing validates application flow from start to end. A main criterion of E2E testing is
to recreate user scenario and validate system unde r test, components for integration and data integrity. eg.
Accessing website using browser and its web address (URL), Login to application with valid credentials, for
ecommerce portal, the user should able to view his account details, delivery address, past orders, current order
(in case), default payment instructions (like his credit card registered for easy payment method), in addition to
this user should able to view all other items on sale, wish list, adding items to shopping cart, and paying for the
item selected with his preferred way of payment options and finally logout of the software.
 217) Arrange the following testing types in sequence in which we test any application

Functional Smoke Integration System Sanity Retesting Regression

Answer: Following is the order in which respective tests are carried out during STLC.

Smoke à Sanity à Integration à System à Functional à Retesting à Regression

218) List Name of HTTP methods for RESTful services

Answer: The HTTP methods used for RESTful services are POST, GET, PUT, PATCH, and DELETE.

219) What are status codes in HTTP?

Answer: HTTP status code is 3 digit integers displayed as a response from the server, the first digit defines
a class of response are as explained below

1xx – informational
2xx – Success
3xx – Redirection 4xx
– Client Error
5xx – Server Error

220) Have you used SOAPUI?

Answer: SOAPUI is an open source tool for web services testing. This tool can be used for RESTful API and
SOAP web service testing, GraphQL and microservices and other backend services. The API testing tool is
used to validate communication between software made from different technologies, supports REST, JSON,
XML, SOAP, JDBC, JMS, and other protocols in a single test case.

221) Have you used Postman?

Answer: Postman is a scalable open source API testing tool, API is an interface that communicate between
applications using HTTP protocols using data formats like JSON.

222) Have you used REST Assured?

Answer: REST Assured tests REST APIs using Java libraries, integrates with maven. REST Assured has
methods that fetch data from all requests and responses from any complex JSON structure. Developers with
Java development background can implement REST Assured methods to test API and integration tests
using automation scripts.
 223) What is Installation Testing?

Answer: Installation testing is to verify that the application has been successfully installed on
environment as per the steps and order of installation listed in installation guide and is working as user
acceptance tests and expected as requirement document. During every build deployed by software
testers on test servers installation testing is carried out. The steps written in installation guide for
different operating system can be verified and application is run to check that installation is successful.

224) Have you come across any severe bugs in your application and did you contribute so that it gets resolved?

Answer: There were severe, critical and blockers defects that were found during ev ery build. I sat with
developer and product owner and explained the expected behavior of system and feature and functionality.
I tried understanding code and functions used to achieve the functionality and pointed out shortcomings,
there by rectifying the defect.

225) What is Application Server? Give Example.

Answer: Application server is connected with network and database, web applications are hosted on application
server and are connected via network and request from client and response to client reach this server with the
help of HTTP protocol. Database connected to this application server validates logged in user’s authenticity and
requests asked for from the respective tables to fetch information and send them in form of response to the
client.
Application server platforms are J2EE, WebLogic, Glassfish, JBoss Enterprise Application Platform, Apache
Tomcat.

226) If any bug is reproducible at client-side (in production environment) not in the test environment what are the
different possibilities that this scenario occurs?

Answer: There are various scenarios like additional load of uploaded files for processing, logged in users,
time taken to receive response back due to which bug are reproduced at client side (production
environment) and not in the test environment.

227) If any bug is reproducible only on Testing server and not on Development server, how you make sure that the
developer fixes that bug?

Answer: The steps or scenario carried out to reproduce defect at test environment but the same steps carried
out at development server if does not produce defect. It may happen that there can be some files missing at
test environment, code changes at development server due to update on build. Tester has to reproduce the
defect carefully conducting steps at development server and advice developer to fix the defect.
228) What is Data Migration Testing? What are the different approaches followed in Data Migration?

Answer: Migration testing validates migration of application from old system to new system wi th data
integrity, no loss of data, and minimal downtime, with functional and non-functional aspects are met post
migration. Pre migration, migration and post migration tests are phases of migration test. In addition
backward compatibility and rollback tes ts are executed along with.

229) What are broken links?

Answer: broken links are the reason when website are no longer available giving 404 error (Page not found),
as webpage was moved without any redirect added, URL structure of website modified or moved.

230) What is ETL testing / Data warehousing testing?

Answer: ETL testing is for Extract required data or information from data warehouse, Transform data in order
to make it suitable so that it can be loaded into the database.

231) What is Closer Report?

Answer: Summary of tests conducted during software development life cycle, build wise results, status of
defect resolution, final critical or major defect still pending in an application is called test closure document.
This report also display number of test cases executed, number of defects and their types, defect density
etc.

232) write test cases on online software product for free?

Answer: There are many software companies that introduce their software to end user on limited trial base, in
order to explore the features offered and validate functionality. In order to test such software there are few
test cases listed.

Verification of features offered in free trial software.

Once executable files for the software are downloaded on user’s machine, it is asked to enter user credit
card information, in order to start remitting amount after trial period. Once trial period is over, the
software should ask for activation key.

iv)In order to continue using the software, user should either get valid activa tion key or purchase the software
which provide activation key for lifetime use.
 The feature working in trial period should continue to work after purchasing software, without
any limitations that might were imposed during trial period. The feature offered during trial period
should work reliably during trial period.

233) write test cases on company web portal (say ACC cement)

Answer: various companies have their online presence in the form of web portal and social media. The web
portal should provide following information

The URL or web address provided should be browser compatible and should display the similar content on all
the browsers namely, Internet explorer, mozilla firefox, google chrome, safari, opera etc.

Web site should by default display his home page on page load, without any delay.

The company information such as offerings, products, services are the links provided on clicking which should
display web pages with relevant information.

Company location, current contact information, like phone/ mobile, email address and current head of
operations name should be displayed.

In Contact form, user can enter his details and on clicking submit button, a reply from the company should
be received and customer care department should speak with the visitor in order to provide services asked
for.

The product or services page should display their area of expertise, product range, zone wise dealer’s
address where visitor can get product or services via these dealers.

The web portal should also provide link for any current openings available or product information so that
visitor can avail these facilities.

234) write test cases on gaming software

Answer: Test cases or scenarios for gaming software should consider following points

Background music, camera (zoom in and out) in case of remote players, compatibility with different screen
sizes.

Advancement in Game, Rules, prerequisites to attain next level.

Event triggers, scores, logic to calculate points, what makes games stop.

Special effects, use of buttons, touch screen mobiles, mouse, keyboard, and joysticks

Required minimum configuration of mobile in order to get the best gaming experience.

235) write test cases on image editing software

Answer: Test case or scenarios for image editing software are listed below.
Verify acceptable image formats are allowed for uploading image editing software Validate

uploaded image are converted into complete and usable image after processing.

Verify the software has preview feature after editing an image online.

Validate a software has drag and drop feature for image to be uploaded.

Validate a software can able to include more than one image in single pane.

Verify the image developed as a result of merging and modification should not include any patches.

Validate the font inserted while image editing software should not blur out the text.

Verify the font along with image gets expanded or reduced while using zoom function without any blur or
breaks.

Verify it should not accept any document other than that of image format.

Validate that the image should be converted into final modified form as soon as possible. Verify that

the modified image is sent in email supplied.

Verify that to have image size limitation in order to quickly upload, process and send back processed image.

236) write test cases on online file format conversion

Answer: Test case or scenarios for online file format conversion are listed below.

Online file format conversion software should have a registration button.

Online file format conversion software should have login button for registered users.

Online conversion of Audio format of files should only accept audio file formats for conversion.

Online conversion of Document format of files should only accept document formats for conversion. Online

conversion of videos should only accept video file formats for conversion.

Online conversion of images should only accept image file formats for conversion.

Online conversion of PDF to word should only accept PDF format only. Online

conversion of PDF to JPG should only accept PDF format only.

237) what is captcha? Where did you see captcha?

Answer: A CAPTCHA is a type of challenge–response test used in computing to determine whether or not the
user is human. e.g. of captcha are sum of two digits, selection of charact ers containing symbols, numerals,
and alphabets which are distorted for user to identify and write in text field provided. Selection of pictures
that contain some of the images asked for. The pages where sensitive user information may get revealed
CAPTCHA can be installed, They prevent hackers from performing attacks where they try to break into an
 account by guessing every possible password combination, and they can also prevent fraudulent
sweepstakes entries or illegitimate contest votes.

238) explain functionality of captcha.

Answer: CAPTCHA makes sure that the end user visiting website is human and not a script that automatically
enters predefined password or sensitive credentials and tries explore the software. They prevent hackers from
performing attacks where they try to break into an account by guessing every possible password combination,
and they can also prevent fraudulent sweepstakes entries or illegitimate contest votes. Captcha can be sum of
two digits, selection of characters containing symb ols, numerals, and alphabets which are distorted for user to
identify and write in text field provided, or selection of pictures that contain some of the images asked for.

239) Why all websites visited want to have your consent to use cookies?

Answer: Many websites have changed their privacy policies after the law and the recent developments
of user data breaches in the tech industry. This will help make the users understand what data are
collected using cookies and what happens to it after they are collected.

240) Give Example of Statement coverage.

Answer: Statement coverage is white box testing method where quality of code as well as different path flow
is verified. Limitation of statement coverage is we cannot test false condition in it.

Formulae to calculate statement coverage is as below

Statement coverage = No of statements Executed/Total no of statements in the source code * 100 Example:

Read Akshay’s marks Ak_mks

Read Binoy’s marks Bn_mks

if Ak_mks > Bn_mks

Print “Akshay has secured better marks than Binoy” else

Print “Binoy has secured better marks than Akshay” endif

Set1 :If A =75, B =62

No of statements Executed: 5

Total no of statements in the source code: 7

Statement coverage =5/7*100 = 71.00 %

Set1 :If A =82, B =95

No of statements Executed: 6

Total no of statements in the source code: 7

Statement coverage =6/7*100 = 85.20 %

241) Give Example of Decision coverage.

Answer: Decision coverage is white box testing method where scenarios or condition reports boolean value
true or false as output. It is very hard to achieve 100% coverage.

Decision coverage = Number of Decision outcomes exercised/Total number of Decision Outcomes

Example:

function eligible(var htinft) { if

(htinft > 5)

htinft = htinft * 30.48 document.write(“You are eligible to

appear military exams”); document.write(“Your height is” +

htinf +”cms”);

scenario 1

value of htinft is 4.8

Here boolean value – No when if (htinft > 5) is checked

highlighted code will be executed, function eligible(var

htinft) { if

(htinft > 5)

htinft = htinft * 30.48 document.write(“You are eligible to

appear military exams”); document.write(“Your height is” +

htinf +”cms”);

Decision coverage = 50%

scenario 1

value of htinft is 5.4

Here boolean value – Yes when if (htinft > 5) is checked

highlighted code will be executed, function eligible(var

htinft) { if

(htinft > 5)
 htinft = htinft * 30.48 document.write(“You are eligible to

appear military exams”); document.write(“Your height is” +

htinf +”cms”);

Decision coverage = 50%

242) Give Example of Branch coverage.

Answer: Branch coverage is same as Decision coverage, hence you can give Example given in Decision
coverage for branch coverage.

Branch coverage = Number of executed Branches/ Total number of branches

243) What is Testing?

Answer: Testing is a testing framework that covers unit, functional, integration, end to end testing categories.
It tests java project testing, Testing supports Annotations, uses Java and Object -Oriented features, supports
multi-threaded testing and has flexible plugin API.

244) What is Test Driven Testing?

Answer: The development is governed by test cases designed for each of the features. Development
team starts developing their code base and functions so that the tests pass. Testing considers various
aspects such as valid/invalid inputs, errors, exceptions, boundary conditions, events handled and
everything that may break resulting defect. Due to test driven development, it takes much less debug time,
code designed to meet requirement, shorter development cycles and ne ar zero defects.

245) What is Behavior Driven Testing?

Answer: Behavior Driven Development (BDD) is a branch of Test Driven Development (TDD). BDD uses human-
readable descriptions of software user requirements as the basis for software tests. Like Domai n Driven Design
(DDD), an early step in BDD is the definition of a shared vocabulary between stakeholders, domain experts, and
engineers. This process involves the definition of entities, events, and outputs that the users care about, and
giving them names that everybody can agree on.

246) What is Latent Defect?

Answer: Latent Defect is a hidden defect in software still unknown to end user until particular task or operation
is not performed by running the application. this type of defect are difficult to identify, pass through all testing,
remains hidden even after production, occurs only in certain scenario, can surface after release of the
product.

247) What is fault-masking?

Answer: fault masking is a technique wherein one defect prevents the detection of another. there are many
features that may have defects but remain hidden until these feature are utilized. For eg. In case of login
page, developer has provided option to log in with email address and mobile number, until user logs in with
valid credentials, the defect as below, wherein forgot password when registered mobile number is entered
OTP is not received on mobile (unhandled task by developer), remains un noticed. This is known as fault
masking.

248) Explain what the difference between latent and masked defects is?

Answer: Latent defect is a failure that is still hidden as the set of condition were never met that can uncover
a defect.

Masked defect is a defect that has not yet caused because another defect has prevented the area of code
from being executed so that masked defect can be found.

When set of condition or scenario are executed, latent defect will be discovered. Masked defect can be found
once the defect preventing to execute area of application is resolved.

249) Explain what LCSAJ is?

Answer: LCSAJ is a short for Linear Code Sequence and Jump is a white box testing techniq ue and etermines
code coverage LCSAJ contains start and end of linear sequence of executable statements as well as target
line where control of flow is transfe rred at the end of linear sequence. 100% LCSAJ coverage denotes 100%
decision coverage.

250) What is Fuzz testing and when it is used?

Answer: Fuzz testing is an automatic test technique where invalid, random and unexpected data is sent as an
input that may result into exceptions like crash, memory leaks or fails to build -in code assertions.
fuzz testing tools for web security testing are Burp Suite, Peach Fuzzer, Spike Proxy.

251) what is test planning?

Answer: Test plan document is designed by test l ead managers per every product under test is a document
that explains scope, approach, resources, and schedule of testing activities. This document covers test
strategies, objective for testing, exit or closure criteria, resource schedule planning, as well as test deliverables
to be included

252) What are commonly used testing types across industries?

Answer: Unit testing, API testing, Integration testing, web services testing, security testing, automation testing
are commonly used testing types across industries.

253) what are the steps to follow when you discover defect?

Answer: Once tester finds a defect in an application, he should complete following steps in order to register
the defect.

Verify and validate the steps followed and try reproducing the defect.

Repeat the test steps and ensure that the defect occurs repeatedly.

Attach screenshots, backend server logs and/or database logs,

Understand the requirement and analyze the deviation from expected output for the scenario.

Include the scenario or test case in case, the scenario tested is not covered.

Report the bug in bug tracking system like Bugzilla or JIRA, Analyze

the defect and rank it based on its severity.

254) How would you resolve conflict amongst team members?

Answer: It is essential to work in team environment for software development industries. Team
members may face challenges amongst their colleagues while communicating, exchanging their views,
mentoring or allocating the work. Team member conflicts are common while delivering tasks i n high
pressure environment.

To resolve conflict amongst team members as a test lead you should

Talk individually to each person and note their concerns

Find a solution to the common problems raised by team members

Arrange a team meeting, reveal the solution and ask people to co-operate

255) What is Charles Proxy testing?

Answer: Charles Proxy testing is a testing for decrypting web traffic on computers and mobile devices. It is a
cross platform HTTP debugging proxy server application that enables user to view HTTP, HTTPS, and enabled
TCP port traffic from and to local computer or mobile device. In addition, it also records requests and responses
along with HTTP headers and metadata (e.g. cookies, caching and encoding information) during web traffic.

256) What is meaning of Code Walk Through?

Answer: Code Walk Through is a review meeting lead by a developer who has designed the program code,
walks through his/her written code to other member of his team. The purpose of such review is to impart
knowledge transfer to the new team members as well as find defects in the code, based on the requirement
use case scenarios.

257) What things to consider while project monitoring?

Answer: During project monitoring, a manager responsible analyzes all the tasks carr ied out are as per plan?
Due these tasks any unforeseen consequences that may occur, what is performance of your project team at
given time period, Any change in project elements desired, what could be an impact on processes due to these
changes, After all the actions, will that lead to expected result?

258) List common pit holes or mistakes that creates issues in project delivery?

Answer: There can be various mistakes that may create issues in project delivery.

Assigning incompetent resource to manage the project

Lack of resources and skills

Doing everything myself approach instead of distribution of work as per resource and their skills Lack of

proper communication and failure to pass the message across the stack holders

Project initiation or start up is poorly managed

uncertain or unclear objective of project and processes

Wrong Estimation of time and budget

Failure to manage scope described in project

Over micro managing of projects like police and enforcing the pressure in order to achieve the tasks

Daily or weekly meets amongst team to update and understand the progress. Not following

the Processes

These are few of the mistakes that may result in delays in project delivery and there by losing the project
259) What the basic components of defect report format are?

Answer: The defect report consists of unique identification number by which the defect is registered in bug
tracking software, project, product name, released version, product build, and module of a software where this
defect was observed. Defect report will have summary of defect, description and steps followed that will
reproduce the defect, Actual result and expected result, defect severity, ie. degree of negative impact on
quality of software due to the defect – critical, major, minor or trivial, priority of defect is the urgency of fixing
the defect, name of tester who has identified the defect, name of
developer to whom the defect has been assigned to resolve. Current status of defect whether it is still new,
assigned, open, resolved by developer, under test by tester, fixed or closed, based on bug life cycle.

260) What is risk-based testing?

Answer: Risk based testing starts with accessing risks related to complexity of logic, business criticality, defect
prone areas in application, fre quency of use of sensitive computation of application features. This involves
priority of testing those areas of an software that involve critical features and functionalities that are likely to fail.
Such type of testing involves experienced testers that have understanding of possible risks involved in mission
critical applications.

positive impact of risk based testing are opportunity to learn and improve business sustainability when you
test application based on the risks involved

negative impact of risk based testing are threat of customer dissatisfaction, impact of overall project cost due
to detailed testing, bad or negative user experience, and possible loss of customers.

261) When is used Decision table testing?

Answer: Decision table testing are used to validate system behavior with different input combinations. Best
Example of such tests can be login to the application where there are two input values, namely username
and password and possible output can either be an error with not allowing to ent er in application or
allowed to enter the welcome page.

scenario 1 – username and password both can be wrong, resulting in error scenario 2 – username

can be correct, but password could be wrong, resulting in error Scenario 3 – username can be wrong,

but password could be right, resulting in error. Scenario 4 – username and password both can be

right and valid, allowing user to the welcome page.

262) What is a Proxy server?

 Answer: Proxy servers acts as a gateway between your client machine’s browser and internet, offering
varying level of security, and good privacy from the threats from hackers and protect any data loss.
Proxy server masks your IP address, thereby gives you additional security.

One can use proxy to access those sites that are otherwise bl ocked eg. Your school library, or accessing
website back home while travelling abroad, posting comments on websites keeping your identity hidden.

263) what is test environment?

Answer: Test environment is a setting software and hardware similar to that o f production environment in
order to execute test cases and scenarios in order to test and verify the feature and functionality
developed in software results and there by check the quality of software, find defects in application.

264) what is test execution?

Answer: test execution begin as entry criteria that starts during software testing life cycle, in order to verify
application under test for any defect or deviation between actual and expected behavior of an application, by
following test steps as per test cases and run application to find bugs.

265) what is the difference between test scenarios, test cases, and test script?

Answer: Following are the definition that differentiate between them

Test scenario can be a description of test objective, tes ter can accomplish by testing an application in
multiple ways to ensure that the scenario has been covered with satisfaction.

Test case is summary of test scenario with steps or procedure to carry out with test data to the application
in order to validate that the application behave s as expected, or reproducing the defect by following the
steps written in test case, there by validate that the actual result deviate from expected result.

Test script is steps in order to mimic test case to validate applicatio n’s behavior as expected or behave s
differently to locate defect.

266) What all things you should consider before selecting automation tools for the AUT?

Answer: Following are few points to be considered before selecting automation tool for application under test.

Suitability of tool to accomplish types of tests to be carried out.

Skills require configuring and designing scripts to execute in order to run application as per test scripts.

Ability to capture reports, status of tests by the tool.

Availability of resources that can understand the technology used in designing the scripts and tool. Price of

the tool and its implications on project cost.

267) How will you conduct Risk Analysis?

Answer: Risk analysis can be conducted by analyzing the testing me thods and selection of tests and way in
which it is carried out by testers, skills in identifying risks, prioritize their impact, and create mitigation plans
where appropriate in case those risks become real issues.
There are various aspects of project that impact risk such as estimation of resources and duration of
activities, schedule, cost estimates, budget, quality and decision of either rent cloud services or procurement
of infrastructure.

268) How would you allocate responsibilities to your team members?

Answer: Team manager or test lead should allocate responsibilities to your team members to achieve the
team’s goals. Roles or responsibility assigned to the team member based on his/her skills, experience and
abilities, in such a way that it increase s his morale and motivation.

269) What Is Docker?

Docker describes themselves as “an open platform for developers and sysadmins to build, ship, and run
distributed applications”. Docker container image is standalone, lightweight, executable package that includes
code, runtime, system tools, libraries and settings required to run the software. This can be quickly deployed
and run on different computing environments.

270) What is ETL testing / Data warehousing testing?

Answer: ETL testing is for Extract required data or information from data warehouse, Transform data in order to
make it suitable so that it can be loaded into the database. ETL testing is process of validating, verifying and
qualifying data preventing data duplication and data loss.

271) What steps would you verify in case your desktop takes too long to start up?

Answer: In case slower Microsoft Windows startup (boot up) are due to various reasons

Disable startup programs by observing by starting Windows task manager

Running ScanDisk and Defrag utility tools in order to free up hard drive from any errors

Check if hard drive space is insufficient, by removing any junk files or unused programs

Verify if computer is running with corrupt, incorrect, or out of data drivers as well as older versio n of windows
operating system required to upgrade.
Try clean system registry

Try considering format and reinstall Windows on the computer.

272) What do you mean by Defect Triage?

Answer: Defect triage is process of analyzing defect priority based on fact ors such as severity, risk, and time
required to fix /resolve the defect. During defect triage meet, stack holders discuss and decide the priority of
fixing the defects.

273) What is a test harness? Why do we need a test harness?

Answer: Test harness is collection of test data, software and scripts that drive software to execute test case or
steps in order to verify its behavior and output. Test execution engine and test script repository

are two main parts of test harness. Usually exists while unit and i ntegration testing, it involves stubs and
drivers that are required for testing software modules and integrated components.

274) Why software has bugs?

Answer: Defects occur in software due to various reasons such as

Software complexity – making developer difficult to understand requirement, or how to design the desired
output.

Miscommunication between product team and customer in knowing the exact requirement.

Programming errors during runtime or compile time of code base during integration process.

Timeline pressure that limits unit testing of all possible scenarios on design codes or programs

Change in requirements by customer that can introduce defect in already running application code.

275) What is Cause Effect Graph?

Answer: Cause Effect Graph is a black box test technique that represents graphically relation between
outcome and factors that affect the outcome, which assist in designing test cases.

276) What are the different strategies for roll out to end users?

Answer: Software Roll out to end users has following strategies

Pilot: The actual production system is installed at a single or limited number of users. Pilot basically means
that the product is actually rolled out to limited users for real work.

Gradual Implementation: In this implementation we ship the entire product to the limited users or all users at
the customer end. Here, the developers get instant feedback from the recipients which allow them to make
changes before the product is available. But the downside is that developers and t esters maintain more
than one version at one time.

Phased Implementation: In this implementation the product is rolled out to all users in incrementally. That
means each successive rollout has some added functionality. So as new functionality comes in, new
installations occur and the customer tests them progressively. The benefit of this kind of rollout is that
customers can start using the functionality and provide valuable feedback progressively. The only issue here is
that with each rollout and added functionality the integration becomes more complicated.

Parallel Implementation: In these types of rollouts the existing application is run side by side with the new
application. If there are any issues with the new application we again move back to the old application.
One of the biggest problems with parallel implementation is we need extra hardware, software, and
resources.

277) What are error guessing and error seeding?

Answer: Description between Error Guessing and Error Seeding as details below.

Error Guessing – It is a test case design technique in which testers have to imagine the defects that might
occur and write test cases to represent them.

Error Seeding – It is the process of adding known bugs in a program for tracking the rate of detection &
removal. It also helps to estimate the number of faults remaining in the program.

278) Do you feel comfortable standing up to developers who disagree with your results?

Answer: In some situations, reporting failures can be a delicate process. Perhaps a deve loper spent a lot of time
on some code which does not exactly meet specifications. QA engineers need to be able to stand up for what
they know is right.

279) Are you willing to cut corners to save time?

Answer: The correct Answer is NO. All test cases need to be run, and making assumptions frequently leads
to issues down the road, because as a Software quality tester it is your duty to cover all the scenarios for
the application for test coverage. It may happen that in case some area of test uncovered may contain error
at client side, and you can fall on your face by not testing that area.

280) what is validation in software testing?

Answer: The meaning of validation is to confirm if application or system designed is in compliance with the
client’s requirements and its feature functions as desired and thereby meets goals and needs of end user. In
short it is to verify the software build is right product.

281) what is verification in software testing?

Answer: The meaning of verification is to confirm tha t the designed product delivers and satisfies all the
functionalities expected to fulfill as expected by end user. In short it is to test whether the product build is right
(functions as expected)?

282) what is API testing?

Answer: API testing is a part of integration tests that verifies that the application programming interface
communicates between two different systems and meets functionality, reliability, performance, and security
as expected by client. Various API testing tools are SOAPUI, Postman an d REST Assured.

283) what is web service testing?

Answer: Web service testing validates web services build on API works as expected. The functionality,
reliability, performance, and security of application programming interface (API) provided to communicate in
order to receive response of requests sent via HTTP protocol over an internet. Web services can be tested by
asking requests over internet via HTTP protocol and receives response. Various web service testing tools are
SOAPUI, Postman and Meter, vest

284) what is Postman?

Answer: Postman is open source API client that sends REST, SOAP and GraphQL requests and used to
test RESTful API that have been created. It uses GET, PUT, POST and other HTTP methods in order to
verify API functionality.

285) what is REST Assure?

Answer: REST assured is a java based library used to test RESTful API and web services, HTTP responses,
status code, status messages and headers and body of responses.

286) what is Cucumber?

 Answer: Cucumber is a tool that supports Behavior driven development, allowing expected software behavior
specified into logical language a customer can understand. This tool is developed using Ruby, and Gherkin
which is the format for cucumber specifications.

287) what is Capybara?

Answer: Capybara is a web-based automation framework used for creating functional tests that simulate how
users would interact with your application. It supports selenium web driver, JavaScript, HTTP resources
outside of application, used in running automated functional tests for web based application.

288) What is Salesforce?

Answer: Salesforce is a cloud based customer relationship management service, designed to help you sell,
service, market, analyze, and connect with your customers. This is software that stores cu stomer contact
information like names, addresses, and phone numbers, as well as keeps track of customer activity like
website visits, phone calls, email, and more.

289) What is Testing?

Answer: Testing is an automation testing framework used to cover a w ider range of test categories: unit,
functional, end-to-end, integration, etc., with more powerful and easy -to-use functionalities such as use of
annotations, parallel testing etc. for application developed using java programming language.

290) What is TeamCity?

Answer: TeamCity is continuous integration servers that help integrate the code, build an application in
premise and over the cloud.

291) What is Gradle?

Answer: Gradle is a build automation tool for multi-language software development. It helps to compile,
package, test, and deploy an application.

292) What is Framework?

Answer: Software framework is a structured way in which certain type of files are saved at particular folders,
making it uniform to use and search for by end users and develo pment team, eg. Eclipse is an integrated
 development Environment where various project can be designed by keeping together compiled code and
reference classes in such a way that their integration is taken care by eclipse internally making developers
free from integration of these files. Eg. JavaScript framework, Application framework, web framework and
Ajax framework.

293) have you heard about Teradata?

Answer: Teradata is one of the relational database management systems, suitable for building large scale
data warehousing applications for large volumes of data. Used in telecom, social platforms like twitter, face
book, and online marketplace such as amazon, flipkart, and other ecommerce sites.

294) Have you heard about Hadoop?

Answer: Hadoop is an open source framework or collection of software utilities that stores data and runs
applications on clusters, providing massive storage for any kind of data, processing power and limitless
concurrent tasks.

295) Have you heard about Hansoft agile planning tool?

Answer: Hansoft is an agile planning tool providing single platform for decision making at project, program
and portfolio level, can be extended to diverse and dispersed teams across the globe for various projects.

296) what is JIRA Issue and project tracking tool?

Answer: Jira help create user stories and issues, plan sprints, and distribute tasks across software teams,
prioritize and discuss team’s work with complete visibility; keep track of latest release related information and
real time visual data on team’s performance.

297) What do you think our company could do better?

Answer: This interview question helps you to uncover how much research the candidate did before meeting
with you, and it demonstrates their ability to think on the spot.

298) What experience do you have with developing corner cases?

Answer: This question will help you to figure out if your tester is willing to dig for different test case scenarios
that might not be as intuitive or clear up front.
299) Explain any of bug tracking tool,

Answer: I have used Bugzilla, to log bugs and track their status during software development life cycle, Once
the bug and its description and steps carried out to reproduce it is logged in, and assigned to developer. The
defect can be searched using advanced search, it is very easy to use, and is lightweight open source
software for bug management.

300) What is DevTrack cloud based development?

Answer: DevTrack is a cloud based software development tracking software that keep connected with all the
stackholders, interact, communicate and thus manage, prioritize and track tasks, and bugs during
development lifecycle. create projects, sprints and user stories on the fly, view and share real time reports
and data to analyze project status.

301) Did you use TestRail Test case management tool?

Answer: TestRail is powerful test management, test execution, and results tracking, as well as project and
quality planning. It helps capture test results, attach files and logs, screenshots as a proof of testing, and
link with bugs registered.

302) What is configuration management?

Answer: configuration management is to maintain optimum state of product such as hardware, software and
network as an infrastructure’s performance, functional and physical attribu tes in line with its requirement,
design and operations in order for their best performance throughout its life.

303) What are popular configuration management tools you have heard of?

Answer: Popular configuration management tools are Ansible, Chef, Pu ppet Enterprise, Terraform to name a
few which are industry famous configuration management tools for infrastructure maintenance.

304) What is scalability testing?

Answer: Scalability testing is test methodology where performance of application is tested by measuring scale
up and scale down the number of user requests and cope up with the load accordingly. eg. Amazon cloud
services offer best real time Example where during peak hours amazon an online shopping web portal handles
extreme load of user’s accessing the site and in normal case very few customers accessing the site.
305) What is concurrency testing?

Answer: Concurrency testing is verifying the performance and load bearing capacity of application when multiple
users accessing the website and performing same action such as accessing the pages, searching the products,
checking the review and shop the selected products online. concurrency testing checks latency of page load,
and quick response rate during peak hours with multiple users logged in to the web portal.

306) What is endurance testing?

Answer: Endurance testing is nonfunctional testing of an application where the behavior of application is
analyzed with a significant load extended over significant interval / period of time. It differs fro m load testing
where load bearing capacity of an application is measured. In endurance testing the goal is to check any
memory leaks and how system performs under sustained usage.

307) Have you appeared for ISTQB foundation test?

Answer: Many companies have hiring criteria of to hire someone who has passed ISTQB foundation exam as a
tester, as it validates ability to understand testing related terms and principles in software
industry. ISTQB foundation test is a universally accepted online exam to assessment of knowledge on
fundamentals of software testing for testing professionals. If you have already appeared for the exam and
passed this exam you can mention it. But if you have been thinking of appearing for this exam, you
should convince the interviewer that you will sooner appear for the same.

308) When should you stop software testing activities?

Answer: Software testing activities can be stopped based on following factors

How many Test case execution completed and bugs occurred fixed during the regression testing

Based on the Testing deadline decided in test plan by project manager

Mean Time between Failures (MTBF) rate if reduced and is within the acceptable rate.

Code Coverage Ratio can be calculated based on various tests like statement coverage, branch coverage
etc.

309) Can you explain in short 7 principles of software testing?

Answer: Seven principles of software Testing are as below

Testing shows presence of defects – testing any software will uncover defects in it Early Testing

is essential and will help defect in the initial stage of development.

 Exhaustive testing is not possible – It is not possible to check each and every condition and criteria of
application.

Testing is context Dependent – Different domains are tested differently, thus testing is purely based on the
context of the domain or application.

Defect clustering – 80% of the problems are found in 20% of the modules.

Pesticide paradox – the set of test cases needs to be regularly reviewed and revised.
Absence of Error is fallacy as it will be impossible to imagine software without a defect.

310) what is Defect Clustering?

Answer: Defect clustering is accumulation of most of the defects are found in just few modules. It is said that
80% of defects are found in 20% of modules.

Defect clustering occures in following scenarios

1) When defects surface even after testing with multiple test cases and scenarios. 2) These

defects show up only around some application features.

311) What is Defect Density?

Answer: Defect Density is number of confirmed defects identified in software/module during a

development period divided by the size of the software. It is calculated as defect count/size of the release,
where size of release is total line of code in release.

e.g. if module1 has 25 bugs, module2 has 15 bugs, and module3 has 50 bugs, total number of code per
modules are module1 has 1250 LOC (lines of code), module2 has 2575 LOC , and module3 has 7500 LOC,
then Total bugs = 25+15+50 = 90, and size = 1250+2575+7500 = 11325, Defect density will be = 90/11325 =
0.00794 defects/loc = 7.94 defects/Kloc.

312) what is Age of Defect?

Answer: Age of Defect is the difference of time from date when defect was detected till the date defect
was fixed or a current date if defect is still open (not resolv ed).

313) What is Build?

Answer: software build is a process that converts code files by compiling these files and with all dependent
files forms an application which accomplishes the features and functionality expected by the end user. The
build contains compiled source files compressed formats such as jar or zip formats.
314) What is release?

Answer: Software release is a deployable software package after several iterations, where all defects have
been fixed to be installed at Production environment.

315) What is a difference between Build and release?

Answer: DevOps team gives Build to the testing team, release is tested and accepted version of product to
their customers. Build is tested by testing team and after all the major and critical bugs have been resolved
then this build becomes a release for the customers. Build can be rejected by testing team if it does not
meet client’s requirements.

316) Can you list some Continuous integration tools?

Answer: Jenkins, TeamCity, Bamboo CI, GitLab CI, and Cruise Control are some of famous continuous
integration tools used across software industries.

317) Can you list some Continuous Deployment tools?

Answer: Jenkins, TeamCity, Bamboo, GitLab, and Octopus Deploy are some of famous continuous
deployment tools used across software industries.

318) What tools for version control have you used?

Answer: CSV, SVN and GIT are some very famous version control tools/ software’s used across software
DevOps community.

319) What API testing tools you are aware of? Answer: SOAPUI, Postman, and REST Assure are some of the

well-known API testing tools.

320) What Test management tools did you use?

Answer: Zephyr, JIRA, TestLink and TestRail are few test management tools, to know more about test
management tools refer link https://www.qafox.com/test-management-tools/
321) What is CRUD stands for?

Answer: CRUD stands for CREATE, READ, UPDATE, DELETE. In relational database applications these are
major functions that are implemented.

322) What important web browsers do you know?

Answer: You can very well have known that Mozilla Firefox, Google Chrome, Opera and Safari along with
Internet Explorer are important browsers accepted and used by end users and clients as approved browser
for application under test.

323) What Operating systems you are aware of?

Answer: You may have worked on various operating systems such as Windows 7 or Windows XP, Ubuntu,
Linux or Unix.

For Windows operating system in desktop computer, select

Computer icon,

right click and select Properties,

will open You will come to know what windows version / edition etc.

For Unix or Linux operating system, open

terminal,

type For remote server login using the ssh:ssh user@server-name

Type any one of the following command to find os name and version in Linux: cat

/etc/os-release. OR lsb_release -a. OR hostnamectl. Type the following

command to find Linux kernel version:

uname -r

324) What is CRM software?

Answer: CRM stands for customer relationship management, improves enhanced communication,
managing sales team and customer opportunities, determining high quality sales leads, sales analytics,
reports and dashboards, integration over email and mobile phones.
325) List few of CRM software used for customer relationship management.

Answer: Salesforce, Pipedrive, Insightly, Zoho CRM, and Hubspot CRM are some of the CRM softwares
utilized in sales and customer relationship management activities.

326) What Is Cyclomatic Complexity in software testing?

Answer: Cyclomatic complexity for a section of code i s measure of number of independent linear path taken
by it. This is a standard of measurement of complexity of a program or code. For eg. There are multiple if
statement in a program code, then total number of path will be equal to number of if statements.

327) mention the categories of debugging?

Answer: There are mainly four categories of debugging

Brute force

Backtracking

Cause elimination

Program slicing

328) How do you go about learning a new product?

Answer: It is essential for all IT professionals to update his/her skills with new technologies, languages,
software, tools and keep pace with new advancements in technologies. In order to learn new product, one
should start researching about it on product’s website under introduction or documentation, understand
installation and install the software on his/her machine. Configure it and follow ‘Getting Started’.

This will give you confidence as you are doing and accomplishing on newer areas which you have not
explored. In case of new languages, read tutorials and watch you-tube videos.

329) How you coped with having to learn any new skills?

Answer: You should Answer above question by showing how passionate you are about knowing, learning and
updating your skills.

You may say as, during my initial days with previous job as software developer trainee, It was a challenge
to prove myself in 6 month of probationary period.
I began learning UNIX commands, took a course where basics of computer peripherals was taught. Lab
training and surprise tests helped me a lot. My team lead and managers have supported and encouraged me to
pursue various courses and certifications. This helped me gain solid background in basic knowledge.

330) What is performance testing?

Answer: performance testing is non-functional testing type to determine the speed, responsiveness and
stability of computer, network, desktop or web based applications under load. Superset of load and stress
tests are spike, volume, endurance, and scalability testing. During performance testing attributes like
speed, response time, throughput, resource usage, and stability are tested.

331) What is Load testing?

Answer: A subset of performance testing, is nonfunctional type where analysis of system behavior during
normal and peak conditions where highest number of logged in users as well as first time visitors
exploring the site. Some of the load testing tools are Load Runner, Apache JMeter, NeoLoad and
LoadNinja used in industry.

332) What is Stress Testing?

Answer: Stress Testing is nonfunctional testing to measure limit till software withstands the load, or limit at
which system or software or hardware breaks.

333) What is Spike Testing?

Answer: Spike Testing is nonfunctional testing where application under test are tested against sudden and
extreme increase or decrease in load, the extreme variations are measured in such type of performance
tests.

334) What is Volume Testing?

Answer: when software is subjected to high value of data, the performance test is known as volume testing.

335) How well do you work with others?

 Answer: It is important and essential to work with others and usually in groups with people of different likes,
dislikes, beliefs and expertise. Team work is a basis to achieve shared goal or outcome in an effective way.
You as an individual have to listen to other team members, share your view, discuss and come with best way
to bring the best work output from team shared efforts. This question is asked to understand you as a team
player, ability to work in team, share your opinion a nd convince your group for best results, and find out how
good communicator you are?

336) What motivates you?

Answer: This is a tricky question asked where if you have not prepared cannot Answer such questions. Interview
here want to know you are honest about your motivations and how would it benefit with the job offered to you.
Various factors like meeting deadlines, targets or goals,

mentoring and coaching others, learning new things and

Finding a way to solve a problem, or overcome a challenge.

337) Have you worked as independent contributor?

Answer: In this interviewer want to know that are you able to manage your task without any supervision? How
reliable you are if given position which needs your own decisions and instincts to drive yourself. In such position,
co-workers from other department may rely on your work to complete their work. For eg. if you are accounts
receivable clerk, your making invoices will help product dispatch department, your collection of payments from
customers will bring in s alary for entire staff.

338) Explain PDCA Cycle (Plan-Do-Check-Act).

Answer: PDCA OR Plan Do Check Act is an iterative four step management method to control and
continuously improve processes and products. PDCA cycle are used while starting a new projec t,
repetitive work by analyzing following

What is a core problem need to solve,

Resources we need, what resources we already have ,

Best optimum solution to fix the problem, How to bring success to your plan.

339) Give one Example of High priority and high severity

Answer: The Design software gets stuck or hangs often when enter key have been pressed to review the final
draft. This is defect of high priority and high severity and should be resolved and corrected as such product
cannot be shipped to client.
 340) Give one Example of High priority and low severity

Answer: If a Company name is misspelled on the home page of web portal, is an Example of high priority to
be fixed as it may impact company reputation or may represent as fake product with misspel led company
name. However other functionality in the web portal will function perfectly.

341) Give one Example of Low priority and high severity

Answer: A printer printing multiple copies instead of single copy has a high severity as the customer will
experience wastage, due to printing task still pending. This can be fixed in next release of the product.

342) Give one Example of Low priority and low severity

Answer: The Example of Low priority and low severity can be Spelling, Grammatical, punctuation marks not
properly placed, and such mistakes in product labels.

343) Describe a situation where you successfully collaborated with developers to deploy a program or application.

Answer: Interviewer wants to understand how do you handle your tasks in day to day basis, Are you
motivated by accomplishing tasks that needs collaboration with other team members from different
department? Can you convey your message to someone who is not from your team? Finally you’re convincing
and ability to drive or influence others is measured by this question.

344) Describe a time when you acted proactively to increase system performance.

Answer: In this question, interviewer wants to ascertain your reactiveness towards standards accepted and
required by organization. You can narrate a story where you have proved your mattel by convincing your
team lead, managers and product head to improve upon system performance by replacing hardware
configuration and suggesting better alternatives hardware to install supplied software fo r better performance.

345) How do you keep up-to-date with industry developments? Are there specific blogs or forums you read?

Answer: This is a question where you can Answer based on your reading and being upgrade with latest
technologies and industry developments, Where in you may be receiving emails from various domain experts,
blogs, read articles and tutorials on various technologies in demand.

346) What process are you using for testing currently? Can you describe how you might improve it?
Answer: As a software tester, you may be working on black box testing like functional, regression,
smoke, database testing, API testing, web services testing etc. These are functional tests, then
integration tests and then nonfunctional i.e. performance testing. Use of automation in API and database
testing using scripts can improve the testing efforts.

347) What is your favorite testing tool? Why? If some technical constraint meant you were unable to use it, what
would you do instead?

Answer: You mayAnswer this question only when you are aware of testing tools and what test types these tools
are used for. You can explain why tool is favorite, as what special features make this tool unique from other tools
testing same type of testing. Interviewer wish to underst and, how is your view with finding alternative solution or
workaround, to what extent you are dependent to the environment, circumstances, teammates, tools, personal
computer etc. Or you can quickly adapt the change. You should be well versed with the testing tool that is
favorites, you should able to substitute in case it is not available.

348) How to handle a situation when you don’t have time for complete testing?

Answer: Interviewer wants to know, how do you react real time scenario when there is a de livery and
acceptance testing is on the way, what tests will you take on priority? The Answer to this question will depend
on how did you work and perform under pressure environment. The most critical feature that was not working
and have been send with a defect, It is mandatory to check if the critical and major bugs have been resolved
or not, The regression tests should be carried out and integration tests that validates feature, end to end
testing should be carried out. Based on the test results, we can decide to release the build or not.

349) Do you measure how effective (or not) your testing is? What metrics do you use?

Answer: You need to organize things first – You need to plan testing procedure, how will you divide the testing
process, various types, test cases based on the test types, how will you test cases – using automation scripts
or manual? Will you keep updating spreadsheets during testing application over version control software OR
use test management tools like JIRA or Bugzilla so that all the testing execution, the date of execution, test
cases executed, test status, registered bugs etc. can be accessed by everyone on central location.

Writing detailed bug reports with clarity, backend logs captured during reproducing the defect.

Test cases should be written clearly, with all steps and expected results, attend daily meets between team
members and share concerns regarding any issues if any. Ask question to our self to understand better.
Exploration of application to know the features, ultima tely find out various bugs in it.

350) How well do you work under pressure and with deadlines?

Answer: In Agile environment where requirements change frequently, development and testing activities are
carried out in 2 weeks of interval where user stori es need to be converted as working features in the software
under development, testers need to verify that these features are designed as required by the end user.
Regression tests are required to be carried out to verify resolved defects are fixed and no new bugs gets
uncovered.

351) What different software testing methods are used by a software company?

Answer: There are mainly three software testing methods used during testing of their application
namely black box, white box and grey box

352) Name some of the test cases that you can automate.

Answer: Types of test cases that can be automated are

Smoke test cases,

Regression test cases. Data-

driven test cases and Non-

functional test cases.

353) Name some roll out strategies for end-users.

Answer: There are multiple strategies to choose from, you can select either of these according to your
requirements-

Pilot

Gradual Implementation

Parallel Implementation

Staged Execution

354) What is Application Binary Interface (ABI)?

Answer: Portability of applications in binary forms across different systems, platforms and environments being
the requirement defined in specifications of an interface known as Application Binary Interface
(ABI). For conformation to an ABI specification, testing of an executable appl ication is mandatory for
portability across system platforms and environments.

355) What is a interruption testing?

Answer: In telecom industries mobiles and landlines call drop has been a common cause of interruption, which
may have adverse effect on application in use, testing an application for interruption for behavior of application
during interruption and then back to the point of start without any error or not?.

356) What is CMM – Capability Maturity Model for a software?

Answer: Capability Maturity Model for software is a model for judging the maturity of the software processes
of an organization and for identifying the key practices that are required to increase the maturity of these
processes.

357) When is a case where automating a test case is not viable solution?

There are many advantages of test automation and test cases should be automated when possible and when
appropriate. However, there are certain scenarios when test automation is not preferable and manual testing
is a better option:

When the validation depends on the person performing the test (UI/UX, usability, look -and-feel)

When the feature is being developed with constant changes and automating the test cases would mean a
waste of resources

When the test cases have extreme complexity and automating them would be a waste of resources

When the requirement is for testers to perform manual sessions in order to gain deeper insight into the
system

358) How well do you deal with Ambiguity?

Answer: Ambiguity is scenario which is open to m ore than one criterion, making it unclear to decide, there
are various use cases or test cases are not generally straightforward and QA Engineers should follow up on
their own judgment. They have to feel great with ambiguity.

359) What is Emulator?

Answer: Emulator A device, computer program, or system that be have s like another system and accepts the
same inputs and produces the same outputs as a given system, it be have s as translator.

360) What is Simulator?

Answer: A simulator is designed to create an environment that contains all of the software variables and
configurations that will exist in an application’s actual production environment.
361) What is CAST?

Answer: CAST is a short for Computer Aided Software Testing, refers to the computing -based processes,
techniques and tools for testing software applications or programs carried out using combination of software and
hardware based tools.

362) What is Race Condition?

Answer: RACE is a problem caused due to multiple accesses to a shared resource , one of which is a write
privilege, undesirable situation that occurs when a device or system attempts to perform two or more operations
at the same time.

363) What is Binary Portability Testing?

Answer: Binary Portability Testing is a test to verify po rtability across different platforms and environments,
these tests validates Application Binary Interface specifications; it is carried out on various Windows
flavors of operating systems, Linux, Mac OS, Java, Solaris and Android operating systems

364) What are the challenges that you face as a software tester in the current/previous company?

Answer: Interviewer wants to dig into your sentimental area of mind, where in case you out of excitement
reveal pain areas and tough situations you are facing at pr esent, it will be an input for the recruiter to assess
your potential or limit of stress that you can handle during pressured environment and deal with people with
discipline.

365) What is a difference between functional and nonfunctional testing?

Answer: Following are the difference between functional testing and non-functional testing

Functional Testing Non Functional Testing

Verifies operations and actions on application Verifies behavior of application when subjected
under test to load or stress
 These tests checks if features functions as expected These type of tests checks applications are
by end user’s requirements developed as per expectations of end user

Functional tests helps enhance user experience Nonfunctional tests improves performance of an
application

Types of nonfunctional tests are

performance, load, stress, and scalability tests
Types of functional tests are unit testing, smoke
tests, integration tests, regression tests

366) List REST constraints that describe basis of RESTful style? Answer: The six constraints that describes basis

of RESTful style are

Uniform Interface

Stateless

Cacheable

Client-Server

Layered System

Code on Demand

367) What 201 HTTP response codes describes? Answer: 201 – means HTTP Request is successful creation via

either POST or PUT – HTTP methods.

368) What is a status code for internal server error? Answer: HTTP status code for internal server error is 500

369) Have you come across 404 response code?

Answer: Yes, The meaning of 404 response code displayed on web page is – The server cannot find the
requested page. i.e. There is no page found at server for the URL search.

370) What is a difference between PUT and POST in case of REST API?

Answer: PUT updates a specific resource or collection of resources, whereas POST creates a new resource.
 371) What is expected for a manual tester to master automation testing?

Answer: It is mandatory for manual tester to have understanding on following for executing automation script
for testing an application.

Understanding and hands-on working using Unix commands

Installation of selenium on a client machine having various operating system – Windows and Unix

Understand the automation framework and installation of automation related build / patch on client machine.

How to capture and locate xPath of various web elements

Create test data for the automation script in order to execute test cases

Understanding shell script to automate execution in Windows or UNIX operating system.

Analysis of test status

Understanding of errors, exceptions, or assert statement that may stop execution of script.

372) What could go wrong during execution of automation script to test application?

Answer: There can be various scenarios which may stop execution of test cases.

Automation execution of bulk test cases may stop, if any of the web element takes longer than implicit wait
period set by script.

xPath of element wrongly defined would fail locating web element

Network connection may get lost while executing application that was accessed fr om web server

Assert command may fail further execution

If execution of script failure gets identified, tester has to remotely analyze, how many test cases
have successfully executed, from which test case id execution should start again. Setting of flag so
that already executed test cases do not again gets executed.

373) What is a unix command to read contents of file?

Answer: In order to read content of a file, unix command used is cat, command line code to type after
opening a terminal is cat filename, alternatively, you can use vi command or vim command like vi
filename or vim filename.

374) What is a Unix command to run programs with security privileges?

 Answer: In order to execute or run program or read, write or execute files with security privileg e, unix
command used is sudo.

375) What is a unix command to copy file from remote machine? Answer: scp is a unix command used, In order

to copy file from remote machine to a local machine.

376) How multiple inheritance feature can be used in Java?

Answer: Multiple inheritance is a feature from object oriented concept, where class can implement
properties of more than one parent class. this can be done using syntax as class childclass implements
parentclass1, parentclass2

377) What is an interface in Java?

Answer: Java interface may have methods and variables, interface methods are without body i.e. abstract
methods or methods should be inside abstract class. Interface are used to achieve abstraction and multiple
inheritance.

378) What are various permissions to access file?

Answer: There are three permissions to access file

Read – File with read permission, can be viewed and copied from, but cannot modify contents of a file. Write
– File with write permission, can be modify, rename, move as well as create new files. Execute – File with
execute permission can run the file by any user.

379) What is a Unix command to change the access mode of a file? Answer: chmod is a unix command is to change

access mode of a file.

380) What is silk test?

Answer: Silk test is a regression testing tool used for testing application based on Java, Windows and Web
based client server applications.
381) What is an error seeding?

Answer: Error seeding is a process of intentionally adding a defect in an application to identify the pace of error
detection as well as tester’s understanding of functionality of an application.

382) What is a data driven testing?

Answer: Data driven testing usually carried out while executing automation scripts, where user inputs are
captured from Excel, CSV, file formats or ODBC database connection.

383) What is desired by a project head as a candidate while taking an interview?

Answer: It is observed that a candidate is responsive, quick learner, has a passion to understand, can
exceed expectations, problem solver and able to handle pressure. As software projects demands quick
responses when client requests a demo, requests discussion on requirement, need help trouble shoot his
issues with existing infrastructure or application bought fr om your organization. This will create a lasting
image of your organization and after sales service, it will also give you an opportunity to showcase the
skills and problem solving abilities.

384) List classes and interfaces from Java collection framework.

Answer: Java Collection framework consists of 4 interfaces and 7 classes as listed below

Collection Interface in Java Set, List, Queue and Deque

ArrayList, Vector, LinkedList, PriorityQueue,

Hashset, LinkedHashSet, TreeSet
Collection Classes in Java

385) what is a difference between SVN and GIT

Answer: SVN and Git are both version control software, with a difference as SVN is centralized version control
software without centralized server or repository, whereas Git is distributed version control that utilize multiple
repositories like centralized repository, server as well as local repositories.
386) What is Git? Answer: Git is open source version control software to manage small to complex software

projects.

387) Can you explain how a page of any web portal would display that sell software online allowing free downloads

Answer: I can give details about Techsmith’s Camtasia web portal.

Left side corner display company icon with name of company, with menu titles such as Products, Solutions,
Support, Resources, About and Store

Right side corner display search icon where in user can click it and search product/software for download
or tutorials or installation guide

contact information icon will display how to connect with Sales, Customer service, d istributor and link to
renew the software

Product menus display list of softwares offered by the company

Solution menus display where and how can we use the software

Support menus display tutorials, videos, online help of the software

Resources menus display media, customer reviews,

About menus display company information

Store menus displays software download links

388) What is Artificial Intelligence?

Answer: Artificial Intelligence (AI) is making instruments that can think and act like human. Machine learning
and statistical techniques with available data are used to make this simple task progressively better.

There are two categories of Artificial Intelligence

Narrow Artificial Intelligence where single task is performed extremely well and rationally, some Examples
are Google search, Image recognition software, Siri, Alexa, self driving automobiles.

Artificial General Intelligence is a machine with intelligence like a human, and solve problems just like humans.
Some Examples are Disease mapping, drone robots, Song or TV show recommendations from Spotify and
Netflix.

389) Have you heard of (IoT)Internet of Things?

Answer: The internet of Things (IoT) is a network of physical objects such as sensors, softwares that
connects with each other and exchange data that can be collected or analyzed to bring out and understand
pattern that help identifying such pattern which gives results or conclusion.
 For Example – weather report of particular geographic location can be collected for past 10 years
to cultivate particular variety of vegetation. From the medical history of a group of people and the
medicines treatment will bring us for better treatment alternatives.

390) Explain how can IoT can be used in advantage?

Answer: Common uses of internet of Things (IoT) are smart manufacturing, power grid, smart cities, and
preventive and predictive maintenance.

391) In order to check the condition frequently, what do you use in a program?

Answer: We look loop to check particular condition repeatedly until it is satisfie d.

392) what various loop types are you aware of, say in Java?

Answer: there is for loop with syntax

for (initialization, condition, iteration) { some action} while

loop with syntax while (condition) { some action}, do

(some action) while (condition) For (type var : array) { statements using var;}, this syntax is used
to iterate each element of array.

393) What are the steps you take when things does not work?

Answer: This question is asked to understand your response to adverse conditions, how you reac t, and how
do you resolve the situation. In Software industries, people always work between next deadlines, and hence
work under continuous pressure of delivery and limited time line. At times browsers freeze, software fail to
perform, you don’t get result after repeatedly trying various solutions, and then first thing you should do is to
try ask help from the superiors or experienced group member who can give you quick workaround. TheAnswer
will display your ability to remain open to discussion, seek solut ion and prove you to have determination to
bring results in adverse situations.

394) What is your approach when automation script does not work?

Answer: There are many reasons for automation script not working as expected. Some scenarios can be as
listed below

The bu
 ild might miss essential libraries, driver files or reference files. Java version or

browser type/version may not be compatible

Application may have web element moved to different place or missing due to change request Xpath

may have not working for the element, need customized xpath that identify the element Newer browser

like chrome may not support the drivers that help execute script Either data provided or event fired

may not perform as expected Exception not handled properly leaving script stop intermittently Wait

applied may not able to locate element due to network issue

DOM structure not being uploaded properly resulting in assert or verify fail the script.

Application may not be stable yet, making script fail due to dynamic xpath of ele ment.

395) How would you approach your seniors and request them to help you resolve the issue?

Answer: Experience makes person perfect in the ways he perform. Seniors have experience with working in
software industry, dealing with people, communicating, implementing things in most efficient way. You have to
respect your seniors and approach them in case you need help to resolve the issue, you can take their time due
in advance, respect their time, explain all the queries they ask. Seniors are always eager to help new comers
and welcome them.

396) Have you done test environment set up yourself?

Answer: It is usually testers who have to install new build or patch releases on incremental base. It is essential
to create test environment similar to that of pr oduction. Tester should able to install entire build released to
clients by connecting remotely to their servers and give demo as well as acceptance test with test data. Tester
will refer installation guide published along with the build with list of bugs fixed and assigned back to testers to
test/verify. Testers undergo regression tests using automation script for functionality, performance, API and
security tests. Tester follows steps to install released build which comes in JAR format web application des
igned using java programming language. In case he/she finds difficulty or error installing build, he can
communicate with operations team and take help of system admin/database admin or developer. Installation
document should steps for installing build on servers that usually have UNIX operating system. But from the
client system that operate on Windows or UNIX operating system. Testers should be well versed with Unix as
well as Windows commands to go to file location, create new folder, save, rename, copy downloaded JAR
build at remote server, Use Servers like Tomcat, AWS, IIS servers, IDEs like Eclipse, NetBeans. Once
Installation is done Testers have to smoke test application to verify that application pages are stable and display
all the pages and database connection works fine.

397) How do you configure Tomcat server?

Answer: We need to install JDK into client machine, download tomcat from tomcat.apache.org as per System
type (usually 64 bit operating system for Windows), and set CATALINA_HOME as location. We need to
configure server.xml, web.xml and context.xml, from bin folder double click on startup.bat to start tomcat
server. Open browser and type, http://localhost:8080 and press enter. Welcome Tomcat page should display.
 398) Where do you gather test data from to test social networking site prototype?

Answer: Social networking sites like face book, twitter, WhatsApp are used to communicate between two or
more friends or group of people. User can send messages, share files, image files, audio and video files.
There should be various test data in each of the formats for testing transferring these files.

399) What is a sentiment analysis?

Answer: For social networking sites like face book and twitter people share personal pictures, videos and
comments or famous quotes as well as send videos and images of news trending (currently popular) becomes
test data. Viewers can either like, dislike or write comments. Number of likes is positive sentiments; numbers of
dislikes are negative sentiments, further from viewer’s comments. These texts are analyzed and synonyms
extract subjective information and help business to understand social sentiment of brand, product or service
during online conversations.

400) How would you list features from the requirements?

Answer: Requirement is capability of a product or services to satisfy customer need and features are set of
requirements that are bundled in an application so that user gets satisfy by using application’s features.

Example – Requirement is on click of a button documents or image should be printed.

Feature Microsoft word software has a Print feature, which on clicking a print icon will send the content of a
document to attached printer.

401) What is a difference between multi-tasking and multi threading

Answer: Following are the major differences between multitasking and multithreading

Multitasking Multithreading

CPU perform many tasks during multitasking Multiple threads are created from a process with
multithreading

CPU keep switching the task in multitasking

CPU switch threads during multithreading

In multitasking, each process is allocated separate In multithreading, each process share same
resources resource.
 Termination of process takes more time in Termination of process takes less time in
multitasking. multithreading.

402) What are differences between collection types eg enumeration and iterator?

Answer: Iterator and enumeration both are cursors that are used to access an element from collection, both
are interfaces from java.util package, however there are differences between them as listed below

Iterator Enumeration

Element can only be read with enumeration,

Reading and removing element while traversing while traversing elements during
elements is possible with Iterator enumeration

Enumeration can be used with legacy class like

Iterator can be used with any class of collection Vector and HashTable of collection framework
framework

Any changes in collection like removing Enumeration is fail safe and does not throw
elements throw concurrent modification any concurrent modification exception
exception during iterating collection.

Methods used iterator Methods used by enumeration are

are hasNext(), next(), remove() hasMoreElements(), nextElement()

403) Why do we use Joins?

Answer: Joins are commands used to combine records from two or more tables based on related column and
have one-to-many or many-to-may relationship between these tables. Based on relation between columns of
multiple tables, records common from these tables can be retrieved using join commands.

404) What is a penetration testing?

Answer: Penetration testing is done in order to reveal security weakness of systems or software, where a query
is created that tries to break the security and enter into the system and can steal valuable information. Pen
testing is of various types like External, Internal, Blind, Double Blind, and Targeted Testing. Various pen testing
tools are Metasploit, Burp Suite, and Nessus vulnerability Assessment.
405) What can one track with history of changes using version control software?

Answer: Devops team can keep track of activities from the list of commands executed from the history folder
of version control software. It is possible to revert back the clock by comparing code of earlier version with
current version.

406) How would you test application related to Payments domain?

Answer: Payments domain deals with all online transactions that can be carried out to avail services or purchase
products from the seller. There are many ways payments can be made through an interface called payment
gateway. It is essential to understand what inputs are required in order to pay through credit or debit card, UPI
transaction, paying through bank transfers, Payment in international curren cies like dollars etc. How quickly the
transaction gets verified, in case of failed transaction, reason of failure, in case of successful transaction, report
of transaction via email or SMS to registered mobile number. In case of any delay or network issue, refund of
transaction should take place. These integration tests should be carried out with all possible scenarios.

407) What do you know about iOS and mobile testing?

Answer: Mobile testing is mainly divided into Android and iOS operating system, as A ndroid or iOS mobiles
are most popularly used and purchased by general public. The testing of mobile applications can be tested for
web based applications, native applications on mobile or hybrid (web based as well as native apps). The
testing is usually done using Appium as mobile testing tool.

408) Explain what do you mean by UML diagram?

Answer: UML diagram is a modeling language to design and explain business processes and workflow involved
in software modules that can be either done before coding th e application (Forward Design) or after writing the
code (Backward Design) for activities, roles, actors and workflows. UML diagrams are further divided into
behavioral and structural categories. Behavioral UML include Activity and Use Case diagram, whereas
Structural UML include class or object diagram.

409) How would you configure any open source software into your system?

Answer: There are two main operating systems being installed on systems in any organization,
Linux/Unix OR Windows. In order to install any open source software,

For UNIX or Linux Operating system, we need to go to download section of the open source web page, install
pre-built binary package,

Run “./configure” from command line to configure the software Run

“make” to compile the software

Run “make install” to install the software.

for Windows operating system, go to download page of open software site, select port specific to your client
machine, run the installer and install the application.

410) Have you heard of Oracle PL / SQL,

Answer: PL/SQL is an extension to structured query language to accomplish more comprehensive solution
for building mission critical applications running on oracle database. It has various functions, procedures,
triggers, cursors and conditional looping fo r designing solutions using database records.

411) What are stored procedures?

Answer: Stored procedures are functions or procedures that are compiled and stored in oracle database, these
are PL/SQL functions that accepts parameters and return a value wh ereas procedures does not return a value,
PL/SQL block structure are like

DECLARE

BEGIN

EXECUTION

END;

412) Give a situation where Triggers are used

Answer: Triggers are similar to stored procedure defined such that these triggers run as soon as spec ific actions
occur within a database. Triggers are run after DML actions such as INSERT, UPDATE and DELETE. They can
be INSTEAD OF or AFTER Triggers.

413) What is the difference between XML and JSON?

Answer: JSON (JavaScript Object Notation) is a lightwe ight data interchange format easy to understand and
generate whereas XML is textual data format that support Unicode for different human languages, designed to
carry data, not to display data.

414) What do you mean by protocol testing?

Answer: Protocol testing validates the structure of packets sent over a network in domains OD switching,
wireless, VoIP and Routing using protocol testing tools.

415) How would you test free online video making software?

Answer: video making software that help create vide os online, the features are written on the website. Testers
can verify these features by creating use cases and scenarios that cover these features and executing them.

416) Write test cases for PDF to PNG converter software

Answer: Following are few test cases for converting pdf document into png document.

Document with pdf format should only allowed to upload

The conversion should instantly take place and should have preview option so that one can view converted
image and font inside the document properly converted.

The png document should be immediately downloadable

The downloaded image should open instantly and should have all content converted as image.

417) Write test cases on WhatsApp application

Answer: WhatsApp are mobile application to communicate between two friends or more group of people by
sharing text, image, video or audio files.

WhatsApp application should able to quickly download in mobile

WhatsApp numbers should be present in Contact List to send messages to that number from mobile via
whatsapp.

The message received should be from whatsapp number may not be present in contact list of mobile.

WhatsApp should allow typing text

WhatsApp should allow attaching image(s)

WhatsApp should allow video and audio file(s)

WhatsApp should able to send or receive text, image, video or audio files.

The received files should able to download to the mobile’s storage and viewer should able to read or view
these files

WhatsApp should have notification of receipt of new files, give status of time of receipt a nd provide status of
read files to the sender.

WhatsApp web application should be accessible on scanning the image using registered mobile on which
WhatsApp application has been installed.
418) Write test cases on Google Drive

Answer: Google Drive allow you to save, share and exchange files or documents with click of a button.

In order to access Google Drive, you should have Google account

User should able to upload file to Google Drive and should store the file instantly

User should able to share file to particular person by adding their email addresses

The sharable link of file on Drive should able to be sent via email On clicking

shared link, the file should able to open in read only format The shared file

should able to get downloaded.

419) What is a difference between Arrays and collection in Java?

Answer: The differences between Arrays and Collection in Java are listed below

Array Collection

Collections are dynamic in size, its size increases

or decreases based on entered elements
Arrays are fixed in size

Arrays are not recommended to use as it runs Collection are recommended to use as it does
on computer’s memory not utilize computer’s memory

Arrays are recommended to use as it gives good Collection are not recommended to use as
performance performance is reduced on use of collection

Arrays are able to hold homogeneous data types Collection uses both homogeneous and
heterogeneous elements

There is no underlying data structure for arrays Collection has standard data structure and
and no supporting methods methods support.

Arrays can hold both object and primitive type Collection can hold only objects not primitive
of elements. type of data
420) Write test cases on Sharefile / Fileshare software

Answer: ShareFile is a file sharing application that help share maximum document size upto 100 GB, for web
based as well as mobile

ShareFile should allow access to software and use its features for free for first 30 days after to registered
users

During trial period the number of document accepted for sharing will be limited

File should be shared and received successfully to recipient even during trial period

On expiration of free trial period the ShareFile should not allow sharing of any document

Once you pay the per month or per annum fees, the Share File should allow sharing of files and size upto 100
GB as agreed by conditions

Registered User should able to change password as well as retrieve forgotten password via mobile or
registered email instantly.

User should receive a reminder in email as well as mobile sms before 15 days of expiration of plan period.

421) What is an advantage of using collection over arrays?

Answer: Array are fixed in size, whereas Collection are dynamic in size, allowing additional elements or removal
of elements, Collection are preferred to use over Array as consume more computer’s memory. Array only hold
homogeneous data types whereas Collection handles both homogeneous and
heterogeneous data as well. Collection has standard data structure and methods to support compared to
Array which does not have any data structure or methods.

422) What are differences between class and interface?

Answer: Following are the differences between Class and Interface

Class contains attributes and behaviors of an object, whereas Interface contains behaviors that a class
implements.

Class may contain abstract as well as concrete methods, whereas Interface contains only abstract methods.

Class can be instantiated whereas Interface can never be instantiated

423) How would you plot a pie chart between two parameters SalesAmt vs Years using spreadsheet say MS Excel?

Answer: Charts are used to give pictorial / graphical representation of item vs price.

In excel spreadsheet where you will have a list of items and corresponding price or rate in two columns.
Hence select Item and price columns, then select Insert (next to Home tab) from menu tab, select Pie – &
select 2D Pie.

A Pie Chart will display circle divided into arcs of different colours,

Right click this chart & select “Add Data Labels”,

It will display Prices labels to each of the coloured arc in circle

424) Have you heard of Headless Testing?

Answer: Headless testing bypass or ignore GUI and communicates directly with application’s backend or
service by sending request and receives response back using HTTP protocol using internet. Some Examples
of headless technology are HTTP databases, web services and Java Messaging services.

425) Why API testing is so important over Graphical user interface testing?

Answer: Pre-agile, time spent after automation to validate functional and graphical user interface element
locating and verifying their features in handling input data in variety of types like text, radio button, drop
down, in form of arrays with radio button and multiple values selection l ike comma separated values etc. It
is extremely frustrating when with user requirement change, element are changed from single value
selection as in drop down replaced with multiple value selection from dropdown list, xpath does change and
locating DOM ele ments again becomes tough.

API tests bypass GUI tests and verify sent request communicating with database and received response
using HTTP protocol making sure integration tests communicate efficiently and data transfer is seamless.
Hence API tests are important.

426) Give name of API testing tools other than SOAPUI and Postman

Answer: Apache JMeter, Katalon Studio and Citrus few API testing tools

427) What are few important queries to enquire before automating a web service?

Answer: There are few important points to consider before automating a web service

Web service to be tested responds with correct values – i.e. the values returned as a response are valid and
expected as response output?

Sending a request and receiving a response is that what is expected as communication across client and
server or client and database?

Response time taken by service to send back a response to the user - this is extremely important in case of
online transactions done via mobile and links clicks from sms.
How capable web service is in handling unexpected user loads? Say if multiple requests are handled properly
or not.

In case, bad or invalid corrupt data, how service be have s?

428) Explain web service terminologies

Answer: web service terminologies are as listed below

XML – xml allow user to share structured data across various systems over internet

WSDL – wsdl provides information how to access web services

SOAP – soap is a protocol to exchange information or data to and from web services using xml format

SOA – Service oriented architecture (SOA) is way in which software can be organized to respond
marketplace requirement. REST – REST is a light weight option that is used along with HTTP
protocol to develop web service.

429) What are elements of SOAP message?

Answer: SAOP message is in xml format and is made up of SOAP envelope, Header and Body

430) What is an importance of Cookies ?

Answer: Although web services use HTTP protocol to communicate between client and server, or various
applications. HTTP is stateless and is independent of previous requests i.e. it does not remember the state
of request.

Cookies keep track of state from previous request for a session, when visitor revisits the website, his/her
info stored in cookies is sent back to browser, thereby help website identify returning visitor to their
websites.

431) What are main requirement for web service to be RESTful?

Answer: For web service to be Restful, there should be a separate client and server, and use stateless
protocol like HTTP.

432) What is phishing?

Answer: It is way of stealing confidential information such as Addhar Card, PAN card, credit card, 4 digit PIN,
in pretext of an give away lucrative offer of in exchange of these information.

Scammer contacts the prey via email and gives very attractive offer such as lottery, by clicking a link which
transmits confidential information which is directed to device that deducts amount from banking account. It
is essential to use HTTPS (S stands for Secured) sites while accessing online shopping.

433) What is test driven testing?

Answer: Test Driven testing involves creating scenarios and real world Examples as test case or use case in
collaboration with testers, developers and end users of an application even before code is created.
The test data required based on these scenarios, Unit tests should be created systematically. TDD helps test
application with automation script.

434) What is task scheduler in Windows? Answer: Task scheduler is a utility that allow schedule and run
automated tasks on w indows machine.

435) How gaming software is tested?

Answer: Tester plays gaming software on gaming platforms and explores all menus and modes of play, such
as beginner, intermediate, advanced from beginning to end to uncover any hidden defects in gaming
software.

436) What gaming platforms are used to test gaming software?

Answer: various gaming platform like PlayStation, Xbox, Nintendo Wii and desktop are used to play games.

437) What are test techniques for testing gaming software?

Answer: To test gaming software testers can test functionality, combinatorial, Ad Hoc, compatibility, clean
room and tree testing, regression and performance testing of gaming software.

438) What is visual testing?

Answer: Unlike functional testing visual testing is automated type of testing of software from visual standpoint.
439) What are the requirements of ETL testing?

Answer: ETL tester should have clear understanding of ETL mapping and trasformations, state of source data,
diagnose correct data and clean or remov e bad data from source, creation of multiple tests for data validation,
selection of good data source supporting ETL tool, monitoring ETL jobs and exception handling, capturing logs
and keep alert messages, and performance in ETL processes are key requirement for ETL testing.

440) Can you think of some areas where very huge data exchange take place?

Answer: Best Examples of huge data exchange are

Video on-demand streaming services you can subscribe like Amazon Prime, Disney plus Hotstar, NetFlix,
Voot etc.

Big Data like 3G, 4G, voice and data providers like Jio, Airtel, Vodafone etc.

Traffic, Health industry, census, transportation and Logistics are few other Examples of big data exchange
in form of information.

441) Give Examples of some of the Big Data databases Answer: Casandra, Hive, HBase, MongoDB are few

Examples that are open source big data database.

442) Give some Example of unstructured data?

Answer: Examples of unstructured data are log files, social media posts, audio, video and image files.

443) What is log4j use in Java program?

Answer: log4j is a tool that provide log statement for java program which helps debug the unit of code and to
locate any exception during execution of program.

444) Name few cloud service providers

Answer: Amazon Web Services ( AWS ) is the top cloud service provider, followed by Google Cloud services,
IBM Cloud, Verizon, Microsoft Azure are top players in cloud services.
445) What are the components of AWS?

Answer: main components of AWS are listed below

Route 53 is a DNS web service

Amazon S3 is data storage interface

Simple Email service a hosted email service using Restful API calls

Identity and Access Management (IAM) – create and manage users access permission

Elastic Compute Cloud (EC2) provide virtual se rver, configure security, storage and network and on- demand
computing resources

Elastic Block Store (EBS) creates storage volumes and attaches to EC2 instance CloudWatch

– help monitor multiple instances such as EC2, RDS, S3, etc. remotely

446) Do you know any Java web services framework? Answer: Apache Axis2, Jersey, Jetty, Jackson are some

of the Java web services framework.

447) Give an Example for simple join.

Answer: Simple or inner join condition in case of multiple tables, there exists at least o ne column common
in both tables, matches the join condition and return only those records that match with records of other
table.

Example for Simple Join or Inner join is as given below

Student Table

Std_id first_name last_name course_id class_id

1 Ajit Mohan 101 First_Year

2 Anil Jhave ri 101 First_Year

3 Shanaya Sharma 102 First_Year

4 Shrikant Vyas 101 Second_Year

 5 Yashashvi Maheta 103 Second_Year

6 Madhav Shah 102 Second_Year

Course Table

course_id Course_name Course_startdate

101 English Grammer 01/07/2019

102 Business English Speaking 05/07/2019

103 11/07/2019
French and English

Select first_name, last_name, course_name from Student Inner

Join Course

On Student.course_id = Course.course_id;

first_name last_name Course_name

Ajit Mohan English Grammer

Anil Jhave ri English Grammer

Shanaya Sharma Business English Speaking

Shrikant Vyas English Grammer

Yashashvi Maheta French and English

Madhav Shah Business English Speaking

448) where will you use left join

Answer: Use of Left Join can be done in certain scenarios like say which department has no employee. For
that take a look at following records in department and employee table.

Department Table

dept_id
dept_name
emp_id

1000
Sales 1000

2000
Human Resources
1002

3000
Accounts
1003

4000
Operations
1004

Employee Table

emp_id hiredOn
emp_Name

1000 Satish Mane 2010-08-15

1001 2012-01-31
Suchitra Shah

1002 2015-05-25
Ashok Pandey

1003 2011-09-20
Nayana Jadhav

Select department.dept_name, Employee.emp_name from Department

Left Join Employee On Department.emp_id = Employee.emp_id;

dept_name emp_name
 Sales Satish Mane

Human Resources Ashok Pandey

Accounts Nayana Jadhav

Operations NULL

Left join in above scenario gives information about which department has no employee!

449) where will you use right join

Answer: Use of Right Join can be done in certain scenarios like say which employee has no department. For
that take a look at following records in department and employee table.

Department Table

dept_id
dept_name
emp_id

1000
Sales
1000

2000
Human Resources
1002

3000
Accounts
1003

4000
Operations
1004

Employee Table

emp_id hiredOn
emp_Name
 1000 Satish Mane 2010-08-15

1001 2012-01-31
Suchitra Shah

1002 2015-05-25
Ashok Pandey

1003 2011-09-20
Nayana Jadhav

Select department.dept_name, Employee.emp_name from Department

Right Join Employee On Department.emp_id = Employee.emp_id;

dept_name emp_name

Sales Satish Mane

NULL Suchitra Shah

Human Resources Ashok Pandey

Accounts Nayana Jadhav

Right join in above scenario gives information about which employee has no department!!

450) Give an Example for full join

Answer: Full Join condition gives information from multiple table, In this case we have department and
employee tables.

Department Table

dept_id
dept_name
emp_id

1000
Sales
 1000

2000
Human Resources
1002

3000
Accounts
1003

4000 1004
Operations

Employee Table

emp_id hiredOn
emp_Name

1000 2010-08-15
Satish Mane

1001 2012-01-31
Suchitra Shah

1002 2015-05-25
Ashok Pandey

2011-09-20
Nayana Jadhav
1003

Select department.dept_name, Employee.emp_name from Department

Full Join Employee On Department.emp_id = Employee.emp_id;

dept_name emp_name

Sales Satish Mane

NULL Suchitra Shah

Human Resources Ashok Pandey

 Accounts Nayana Jadhav

Operations NULL

Full join in above scenario gives information about Who is an employee without department and which
department has no employee in it.

451) What Java Script is used for?

Answer: JavaScript is a scripting language which was primarily used for form leve l validation, but has been
used in various other areas like DOM element handling, visualization, server side scripting and online exams
to verifyAnswers selected by students, and other JavaScript libraries such as JQuery, Dojo, Angular JS,
MooTools, and D3 .js In unit testing namely Jasmine, Mocha etc.

452) Name some of the JS libraries used in client side programs Answer: Various JavaScript libraries used in

Client side programs are Dojo jQuery MooTools js

AngularJS

453) What are Apache Tomcat components Answer: It has Servlet container called Catalina, HTTP connector

called Coyote and Jasper is a JSP engine.

454) What is Catalina in Tomcat?

Answer: Catalina is tomcat’s servlet container that implements microsystem specifications for servlets and
java server pages

455) what can be used to handle multiple elements, in absence of Collection classes and interfaces?

Answer: We can use Arrays, Vectors or Hashtables, before Java 1.2 introduced Collection classes and
interfaces.
456) What is List?

Answer: List interface in Collection framework is an ordered collection of objects, where duplicate values
are allowed. List keeps track of order of insertion, it is easier to insert new elements or access the
elements present in the list.

457) What is Set?

Answer: Set interface from java.util package, extends Collection framework is an unordered collection of
objects, in which duplicate elements are not allowed.

458) Difference between List and Set

Answer: List and Set both are collection interface from java.u til package. List is an ordered collection of objects
that may contain duplicate values. Whereas Set is unordered collection of objects which are unique as set does
not allow duplicates.

459) What is Array List?

Answer: ArrayList are dynamic arrays in Java, allowing us to randomly access the list. They cannot be applied
on primitive data types, we need to use wrapper class for such cases.

460) What is Linked List?

Answer: Linked List is a linear data structure, the elements are linked using pointers, be nefit of using linked
list over arrays is Linked List are of Dynamic size, and it is easier in linked list to insert new elements or
remove elements.

461) What is similarities and difference between class and interface

Answer: Like class, interface can have methods and variables, but methods in interface are always abstract
(i.e. has only signature, without any body). Interface is blue print of class, and specifies how class should
work and not be doing.

462) what is a command to print out comments information in Linux?

Answer: command to print out comments in linux or Ubuntu is echo.

463) How would you view file kept in machine having Linux operating system?

Answer: command to view file over Linux operating system is cat.

464) I want to read a file one page at a time in Linux, what command should I use?

Answer: In order to read one page at a time, the command is less

465) I want to find out what were the first 10 lines of text file, what command should I use in Linux?

Answer: the linux command to read first 10 lines of text file is Head.

466) Tell me a command to read last 10 lines of say log file in Linux

Answer: the command to real last 10 lines of log file would be Tail.

467) I want to create an empty text file, what command you think I should use in Linux?

Answer: In order to create empty text file, Linux command would be touch filename.

468) I want to copy all files and directories to the destination directory, tell me Linux command Answer: cp –r

path_till_file path_to_destination

469) What is a command to display ip address of your system?

Answer: you can use a command to display ip address of system hostname -i

 470) I tried using ifconfig command to find out my ip address, but it did not display, how can I still get IP address
using ifconfig.

Answer: As ifconfig command has been deprecated, you still can use it on Ubuntu by installing net - tools,
sudo apt install net-tools, now you can use ifconfig command.

471) What is ping command in Linux?

Answer: ping command in Linux is a utility used to check status of connectivity between the source and
destination, eg. ping google.com, will check if there is a network connected between client machine
and google.com web site, there by what is a latency i.e. time it takes for the requests from client
machine to access Google site for searching is sent and response are received properly or not.

472) How would you resolve the issue, if your chrome browser stops working?

Answer: You should verify following steps recommended, if chrome stop s working

Check the Chrome is up to date by entering chrome://settings/help in browser address bar to find out the
version

Check Chrome Task Manager, by pressing Shift + Esc key, that display open tabs, and memory each tab is
utilizing.

Close the tab, and select the URL from the address bar, copy it and paste it in browser opened afresh.

Restart the Chrome browser – by pressing Alt+F4 on windows

Delete the cache and other browser data by going to Chrome Setting, Privacy and Security and click on
Clear browsing data, select Time range as All time, delete browsing history and check other selected items
and click on Clear data button

Check your computer for any malware, install antivirus software to protect your system Check

with your system admin if problem still persists.

473) what is nslookup command in windows used for?

Answer: nslookup domain_name, say yahoo.com. nslookup is a windows command to know IP address
associated with the domain name, or reverse eg nslookup 74.6.231.20 will give domain name linked with the IP
address, i.e. yahoo.

474) What is Regex and where can you use them?

Answer: Letters, digits, punctuation and symbols like !@#$% etc. as well as Unicode characters all listed in
ASCII tables. Regular expressions are writing patterns that match specific sequence of characters.
They can be used to extract information from text from log files, spreadsheets, documents or code.
475) Have you used JMeter before and what did you test using JMeter?

Answer: If youAnswer No being honest in case you have not used JMeter before, but then in that case you
are notAnswering the question. You can instead say I know about JMeter that it is open source load and
performance testing tool.

476) Why do you use Thread Group in JMeter?

Answer: Thread groups are used to simulate user behavior with an application, as well to determine flow or
steps carried out by user to accomplish some features.

477) Why we use timer in JMeter?

Answer: When user manually use an application or web site, by clicking the mouse on bu ttons, entering
information into the text field etc. there are pauses and delays. These pauses or delays can be simulated using
Timers.

478) How would you achieve page refresh by press of a single key?

Answer: When we press F5 key, page gets refresh or reloaded. This is often used when a browser kept
running for a long, may get freeze. It is required to refresh the browser page.

479) What is a difference between Alt+Tab and Ctrl+Tab?

Answer: Pressing Alt+Tab switches between open programs like switching between an open browser and
another program say document processing software.

Ctrl+Tab will switch between tabs in a program. For Example multiple tabs opened in your chrome or firefox
browser, Ctrl+Tab switch between these tabs.

480) What are features?

Answer: features are characteristics or nature of software in which it be have s. in order to perform certain
task or actions features are used. In case of car the features offered can be radial tyres, Kappa Engine,
Power brakes, power steering etc. thereby increases product ratings and salability.
 481) What is a functionality of software or any product?

Answer: Functionality of a software or any other product is fulfilling a requirement expected by a user.
Example, an electric geyser is supposed to supply hot water within few seconds of opening a tap.
Functionality is often compared as performance.

482) What is root cause analysis?

Answer: In software testing, to analyze or evaluate the reason for the particular defect is known as root cause.
The brain storming or discussion is carried out to identify root cause for the defect. The root cause analysis is
also applied to understand and go in depth of a problem and find out ways in which such defects are
avoided. Identifying problem area and understanding the reason for its occurrence are often called root
cause analysis.

483) What preventive measures should be taken to design defect free software?

Answer: Unit testing is an essential task where all possible scenarios should be listed and test cases
designed even before coding begins. Each unit of code and integration of various systems should be
repeatedly tested by developers and testers to verify that the software developed is a right one for the
expected solution.

484) What is Data warehousing Testing?

Answer: Testing data for integrity, reliability, accuracy and consistency as per Organization’s data framework.

485) What is an importance of BI?

Answer: BI or Business Intelligence is a process of collecting raw data and turning it into meaningful business
information, that can be stored and useful analysis can be derived using various reports, data mining and
interpretation known as Predictive Analysis.

486) What are the benefits of data warehouse as a solution to store and gather data across various department?

Answer: ToAnswer above question, take an Example of Retail store, different departments like sales,
marketing, logistics, if act independently, there will be data is distributed in each of the departments and
duplicates adding into database, instead. Storing information from different department and bringing a
common platform and convert these data into valuable information is called as Data ware housing.
 487) What is ETL process

Answer: ETL is extraction of data, Transforming a data and Lo ading a data from source to data
warehouse. Data is extracted from various sources, getting clean, normalized and transformed or
converted using tools, and inserted into data warehouse as valuable information to be utilized in analytical
reports in known as ETL process.

488) What is a data structure?

Answer: data structure is a technique to organize data so that it can be used efficiently.

489) What operations can be performed on various data structures? Answer: Following operations can be

performed on data structures Add new data item in to data item collection

delete existing data item from data item collection

access each data item at least once in order to process it

find out location of data item if that item exists in data item collection

Arranging data item in some order like ascending or descending for numeric data

490) What are basic types of data structure?

Answer: Data structure is divided into two types

Linear and Non Linear

When elements of data structure form linear list or sequence like Array, List, Stack and
Queues, computer memory is arranged in linear way. When nodes traverse is of nonlinear
nature, like Graph and Trees.

491) What would you test zoom before an interview?

Answer: There are few very essential feature of zoom that needs to be verified before going ahead with a
zoom interview or meeting

Availability of Desktop or laptop computer

Arrangement of external internet like sharing mobile data, hotspot or wifi connectivity, in case there is an issue
with network connection
 Check your headphone settings like can you listen what is asked to you and be heard clearly by caller In case

of power failure, can you transfer the meet in your mobile or not?

Do you have web cam display clear image of yours?

Do you have Hi speed broadband connection where you can reconnect if connection is lost Are you

aware of screen sharing and video capturing features?

492) What are requirements for testing Electronics medical reports or equipments related to healthcare industries?

Answer: In addition to software testing experience, HIPAA compliance and other understanding of medical
healthcare industry like human safety and hygiene related knowledge is mandatory.

493) What file sharing software you know that are available in market?

Answer: There are few very good file sharing software that are free to use available on Google Playlist,

Google Drive,

WhatsApp,

OneDrive,

DropBox, ShareIt

494) What role does UX and UI play in an application?

Answer: Role played by user experience designer in implementing u ser interface, such a way that exploring
software will be an interesting and wonderful experience. The interfaces should be user friendly, with not more
than 3 input elements like text field, checkbox/radio button, dropdown in order to fetch records, The page should
remain stable after final report has been displayed, There should not be long wait to connect or receiving
response. API used should be extremely efficient and complete the task quickly and acknowledge the transaction.

495) What online education sites you know that are available in market?

Answer: There are few sites that offer school subject courses like maths, science and language, competitive
exams like JEE, NEET, GRE and GMAT

Byju’s,

Khan Academy,

Vedantu, Meritnation
496) What online video streaming platforms in India you have used or aware of? Answer: Netflix, Amazon Prime,

Disney+Hotstar, Zee5, Voot are some of the OTT platforms I am aware of.

497) What are common video formats and when to use them?

Answer: Following are the video formats and their use AVI

– Audio Video Interleave used in TV and computers FLV

/SWF – Flash Video Format

MOV – Apple’s QuickTime Movie format, used on Canon DSLR cameras

MP4 – developed for low-bandwidth compression, supported by YouTube, Face Book, Instagra m. WMV –

Windows Media Video, is smallest size video format, suitable for sharing it on email

498) What is the use of Grep command in linux ?

Answer: Grep command in Linux help to search particular string in the file. The command can be used as
below grep http filename

Where http is a word that is searched

Filename is the name of file in which word is being searched

499) How will you justify your position as Quality Engineer?

Answer: Such a question are usually asked by an interviewer who can be your im mediate reporting manager,
if hired. You shouldAnswer this question as Why should we hire you as Quality Engineer. You can list your
positive points so that you justify your position as quality engineer.

500) What would you feel when your product is appreciated by clients?

Answer: I would feel as rewarded on being appreciated, for all the effort I have put in making product as
expected by end users, standing out and exceeds their expectation. Client or end user experience is a
valuable input for product or services.
 JMETER-FAQ

1) Explain what is JMeter?

JMeter is a Java tool, which is used for performance Load Testing.

2) Explain how JMeter works?

JMeter acts like a group of users sending requests to a target server. It collects response from
target server and other statistics which show the performance of the application or server via
graphs or tables.

3) Explain where you can use functions and variables?

Variables and functions can be written into any field of any test component

4) Mention what are regular expressions in JMeter?

Based on the pattern, regular expression are used to search and manipulate text. JMeter is useful
in interpreting forms of regular expression or patterns being used throughout a JMeter test plan.

5) Explain what is Samplers and Thread groups?

• Thread group: For any test plan, JMeter is the beginning part of thread group elements. It is
an important element of JMeter, where you can set number of users and time to load all
the users given in the thread group
• Samplers: Sampler generates one or more sample results; these sample results have many
attributes like elapsed time, data size, etc. Samplers allow JMeter to send specific types of
requests to the server, through samplers, thread group decides which type of request it
need to make. Some of the useful samplers are HTTP request, FTP request, JDBC request
and so on.

6) Whether the test plans built using JMeter are OS dependent?

Usually, Test Plan are saved in their XML format, so there is nothing to do with any particular O.S.
It can be run on any OS where JMeter can run.

7) Mention what are the types of processor in JMeter?

The types of processor in JMeter are
• Pre-processor
• Post processor
8) Explain what are Pre-processor Elements? List some of the pre-processor elements?
A pre-processor is something that will happen before sampler executes. To configure the sample

request prior to its execution or to update variables that are not extracted from response text preprocessor
elements are used.

Some of the pre-processor elements are

• HTTP URL re-writing modifier

• HTTP user parameter modifier

• HTML link parser

• BeanShell PreProcessor

9) Mention the execution order of Test Elements?

The test plans elements execution order is

• Configuration elements

• Pre-processors

• Timers

• Samplers

• Post-processors

• Assertions

• Listeners

10) What does “contain” and “matches” indicates in the regular expression?

In the regular expression, contains indicates that the regular expression matched at least some

part of the target. While matches means the regular expression matched the whole target. So,

‘alphabet’ is “matched” by ‘al.*t.’

11) Explain what is configuration elements?

A configuration element works parallel with a Sampler. To set up defaults and variables for later

use by samplers configuration elements can be used. At the start of the scope, these elements are

processed before any samplers in the same scope.

12) Explain what is a timer in JMeter and what are the types of it?

A JMeter thread by default will send requests continuously without any pause. To get a pause
between the request, Timers are used. Some of the Timers used are Constant Timer, Gaussian

Random Timer, Synchronizing Timer, Uniform Random Timer and so on.

13) Explain what is Test Fragment?

Test fragment is also a type of element like Thread Group element. The only difference is test

fragment is not implemented unless it is referenced by either a Module controller or an Include

controller.

14) Explain what is Assertion in JMeter? What are the types of assertion?
Assertion helps to verify that your server under test returns the expected results
Some commonly used Assertion in JMeter are
• Response Assertion
• Duration Assertion
• Size Assertion
• XML Assertion
• HTML Assertion

15) Explain how you can reduce the resource requirement in JMeter?
To reduce the resource requirements in JMeter
• Use non-GUI mode: jmeter –n –t test.jmx –l test.jtl
• During the load, test doesn’t use “view results tree” or “view results in table” listeners, use
them only during scripting phase
• Don’t use functional mode
• Instead of using lots of similar samplers, use the same sampler in loop and use variable to
vary the sample

16) Explain how you can perform spike testing in JMeter?

By synchronizing, timer JMeter spike Testing can be achieved. Synchronizing timer, blocks thread
until a specific amount of threads has been blocked and then release them all together thus
creating large instantaneous load.

17) Explain how you can capture the script of the authentication window in JMeter?
Normally, you can capture script by recording.
• First you have to Threadgroup in Testplan and then make HTTPProxyServer in Workbench
• After that, set port number in Global Setting box (e.g., 8911) and modify your connection
setting in IE as local host in address 8911 as in port Then you can start http proxy server in
JMeter and run your application for login
 18) List out few JMeter Listeners?
Some of the JMeter Listeners are
• Spline Visualizer
• Aggregate Report
• View Result Tree
• View Result in Table

Monitor Results
Distribution Graph
BeanShell Listener
Summary Report and so on

19) What is distributed load testing? How it can be achieved?

Distributed load testing is the process through which numerous systems can be used for
simulating load of a large number of users. By using the master-slave configuration, JMeter can do
distribute load testing.

20) In JMeter is it necessary to call embedded resources explicitly?

You can eliminate all embedded resources from being explicitly called. Requests have a checkbox
at the bottom that says “retrieve embedded resources.” It would grab all CSS, JPG, etc. It is a
brilliant way to find resources and broken link in a web App.

21) Explain what is the role of Timer in JMeter?

With the help of timer, JMeter can delay the time between each request, which a thread makes. It
can solve the overload problem of the server.

22) Explain what is Post-processor?

To perform any action after making a request, Post- processor is used. For example, if JMeter
sends an http request to the web server, and if you want JMeter to stop sending the request if the
web server shows an error, then you will use post-processor to perform this action.

23) What are the benefits that JMeter offers for performance testing?
JMeter offers benefits on Performance Testing like
• It can be used to test performance for both, static resources as well as dynamic resources
• It can handle a maximum number of concurrent users then your website can handle
• It provides the graphical analyses of performance reports
 sQL- FAQ
1.What is Relational Database Management System
(RDMBS)?
RDBMS store data into a collection of tables, which is related
by common fields between the columns of the table. It also
provides relational operators to manipulate the data stored
into the tables. Example: SQL Server.

2. What is Structured Query Language?

SQL stands for Structured Query Language , and it is used to
communicate with the Database. This is a standard
language used to perform tasks such as retrieval, updates,
insertion and deletion of data from a database.
Standard SQL Commands are Select.

3. What is a Database?
A Database is an organized form of data for easy access,
storing, retrieval and managing of data. This is also known
as structured form of data which can be accessed in many
ways.
Example: School Management Database, Bank Management
Database.

4. What is primary key?

A primary key is a combination of fields which uniquely
specify a row. This is a special kind of unique key, and it has
implicit NOT NULL constraint. This means, Primary key values
cannot be NULL.

5. What is a unique key?

A Unique key constraint uniquely identifies each record in a
database. This provides uniqueness for the column or set of
columns. A Primary key constraint has automatic unique
constraint defined on it. There can be many unique
constraints defined per table, but only one Primary key
constraint defined per table.

6. What is a foreign key?

A foreign key is one table which can be related to the
primary key of another table. Relationships need to be
created between two tables by referencing the foreign key
with the primary key of another table.

7. Explain the difference between spreadsheets and

databases.
Spreadsheets:
A file that exists of cells in rows and columns and can help
arrange, calculate and sort data. It can have numeric
values, text, formulas and functions. It features columns and
rows to keep inserted information legible and simple to
understand. It is an electronic graph sheet.
Data base:
It is an organized collection of data arranged for ease and
speed of search and retrieval. It contains multiple tables. A
database engine can sort, change or serve the information
on the database. Basically, it is a set of information which is
held in a computer
8. What are table and fields?
A table is a set of data that are organized in a model with
Columns and Rows. Columns can be categorized as vertical,
and Rows are horizontal. A table has a specified number of
column called fields but can have any number of rows
which are called records.
Example:
Table: Employee.
Field: Emp ID, Emp Name, Date of Birth.
Data: 201456, David, 11/15/1960.

9. Explain the various SQL languages.

There are five types of SQL commands: DDL, DML, DCL, TCL,
and DQL.
DDL changes the structure of the table like creating a table,
deleting a table, altering a table, etc. All the commands of
DDL are auto-committed which means that it permanently
saves all the changes in the database.
Some commands that come under DDL:
CREATE; ALTER; DROP; TRUNCATE
DML commands are used to modify the database. It is
responsible for all forms of changes in the database. The
commands of DML are not auto-committed which means
that it can't permanently save all the changes in the
database.
Some commands that come under DML:
INSERT; UPDATE; DELETE
DCL commands are used to grant and take back authority
from any database user.
Some commands that come under DCL:
Grant; Revoke
TCL commands can only be used with DML commands like
INSERT, DELETE and UPDATE. These operations are
automatically committed in the database, which is why they
cannot be used while creating tables or dropping them.
Some commands that come under TCL:
COMMIT; ROLLBACK; SAVEPOINT
DQL is used to fetch the data from the database.
It uses only one command:
SELECT

10. What is normalization?

Normalization is the process of minimizing redundancy and
dependency by organizing fields and tables of a database.
The main aim of Normalization is to add, delete or modify
fields that can be made in a single table.

11. What is denormalization?

Denormalization is a technique used to access the data
from higher to lower normal forms of database. It is also a
process of introducing redundancy into a table by
incorporating data from the related tables.

12. Explain the different types of normalization.

First Normal Form (1NF): This should remove all
the duplicate columns from the table. Creation
of tables for the related data and identification
of unique columns.
Second Normal Form (2NF): Meeting all
requirements of the first normal form. Placing the
subsets of data in separate tables and Creation
of relationships between the tables using primary
keys.
Third Normal Form (3NF): This should meet all
requirements of 2NF. Removing the columns
which are not dependent on primary key
constraints.
Fourth Normal Form (4NF): Meeting all the
requirements of third normal form and it should
not have multi- valued dependencies.

13. What are views in SQL?

A view is a virtual table which consists of a subset
of data contained in a table. Views are not virtually
present, and it takes less space to store. View can
have data of one or more tables combined, and it is
depending on the relationship.
14.What is a trigger?
A DB trigger is a code or programs that
automatically execute with response to some event
on a table or view in a database. Mainly, trigger
helps to maintain the integrity of the database.
Example: When a new student is added to the
student database, new records should be created in
the related tables such as the Exam, Score and
Attendance tables.
15.What is a cursor in SQL?
A database Cursor is a control which enables traversal
over the rows or records in the table. This can be viewed
as a pointer to one row in a set of rows. Cursor is very
much useful for traversing such as for retrieval, addition
and removal of database records.
16.What is query?
A DB query is a code written in order to get the
information back from the database. Queries can be
designed in such a way that it matches with our
expectation of the result set.

17. What is a subquery?

A subquery is a query within another query. The outer
query is called as main query, and inner query is called
subquery. SubQuery is always executed first, and the
result of subquery is passed on to the main query.
18. What is a trigger?
A DB trigger is a code or programs that
automatically execute with response to some event
on a table or view in a database. Mainly, trigger
helps to maintain the integrity of the database.
Example: When a new student is added to the
student database, new records should be created in
the related tables such as the Exam, Score and
Attendance tables.
19.What are constraints?
Constraint can be used to specify the limit on the
data type of table. Constraint can be specified
while creating or altering the table statement.

20. What is data integrity?

Data Integrity defines the accuracy and consistency
of data stored in a database. It can also define
integrity constraints to enforce business rules on
the data when it is entered into the application or
database.

21. What is auto increment?

Auto increment keyword allows the user to create a
unique number to be generated when a new record
is inserted into the table. AUTO INCREMENT keyword
can be used in Oracle and IDENTITY keyword can be
used in SQL SERVER.

22. What is a data warehouse?

Data warehouses are a central repository of data
from multiple sources of information. This data is
consolidated, transformed and made available for
the mining and online processing. Warehouse data
have subsets of data called Data Marts.

23. What is the difference between DROP and

TRUNCATE statements?
TRUNCATE removes all the rows from the table, and
it cannot be rolled back. DROP command removes a
table from the database and operation cannot be
rolled back.
24.What is alias in SQL?
SQL aliases are used to give a table, or a column in
a table, a temporary name. Aliases are often used
to make column names more readable. An alias
only exists for the duration of that query. An alias is
created with the AS keyword.
25.How can we create tables in SQL?
The command to create a table in SQL is extremely
simple:
We will start off by giving the keywords, CREATE TABLE,
then we will give the name of the table. After that in
braces, we will list out all the columns along with their
data types.
For example, if we want to create a simple employee
table:
CREATE TABLE employee (
name varchar(25),
age int,
gender varchar(25),
....
);
26. What is SQL server?
SQL server has stayed on top as one of the most popular
database management products ever since its first
release in 1989 by Microsoft Corporation. The product is
used across industries to store and process large
volumes of data. It was primarily built to store and
process data that is built on a relational model of data.
SQL Server is widely used for data analysis and also
scaling up of data. SQL Server can be used in conjunction
with Big Data tools such as Hadoop.
SQL Server can be used to process data from various
data sources such as Excel, Table, .Net Framework
application, etc.

27. What is ETL in SQL?

ETL stands for Extract, Transform and Load. It is a three
step process, where we would have to start off by
extracting the data from sources. Once we collate the
data from different sources, we have our raw data. This
raw data has to be transformed into a tidy format, which
will come in the second phase. Finally, we would have to
load this tidy data into tools which would help us to find
insights.
28. What are nested queries?
Triggers may implement DML by using INSERT, UPDATE,
and DELETE statements. These triggers that contain DML
and find other triggers for data modification are called
Nested Triggers.
29. What is the difference between CHAR and VARCHAR2
data types in SQL server?
When stored in a database, varchar2 uses only the
allocated space. E.g. if you have a varchar2(1999) and
put 50 bytes in the table, it will use 52 bytes.
But when stored in a database, char always uses the
maximum length and is blank-padded. E.g. if you have
char(1999) and put 50 bytes in the table, it will consume
2000 bytes.

30. What is difference between SQL and PL/SQL?

SQL is a Structured Query Language to create and access
databases whereas PL/SQL comes with procedural
concepts of programming languages.

31. What is the difference between SQL and MySQL?

SQL is a Structured Query Language that is used for
manipulating and accessing the relational database. On
the other hand, MySQL itself is a relational database that
uses SQL as the standard database language.

32. What is cross join?

Cross join is a Cartesian product where number of rows
in the first table multiplied by number of rows in the
second table.

33. What are user-defined functions?

User-defined functions are the functions written to use
that logic whenever required. It is not necessary to write
the same logic several times. Instead, function can be
called or executed whenever needed.

34. What is a CLAUSE?

SQL clause is defined to limit the result set by
providing condition to the query. This usually filters
some rows from the whole set of records.
Example – Query that has WHERE condition.

35. What is recursive stored procedure?

This is a stored procedure which calls by itself until
it reaches some boundary condition. This recursive
function or procedure helps programmers to use
the same set of code any number of times.
36.How can we select unique records from a Table?
Select unique records from a table by using DISTINCT
keyword.
37. What is the need for MERGE statement?
This statement allows conditional update or
insertion of data into a table. It performs an UPDATE
if a row exists, or an INSERT if the row does not exist.
38. Is semicolon used after sql? Justify why or why
not.
Some database systems require a semicolon at the
end of each SQL statement. Semicolon is the
standard way to separate each SQL statement in
database systems that allow more than one SQL
statement to be executed in the same call to the
server.

39. What is candidate key?

A candidate key is a subset of a super key set
where the key which contains no redundant
attribute is none other than a Candidate Key. In
order to select the candidate keys from the set of
super key, we need to look at the super key set.
40. What is SQL injection? When does SQL injection
occur?
SQL Injection is a type of database attack technique
where malicious SQL statements are inserted into an
entry field of database in a way that once it is executed,
the database is exposed to an attacker for the attack.
This technique is usually used for attacking data-driven
applications to have access to sensitive data and
perform administrative tasks on databases.
41. What is ENUM?
An ENUM is a string object with a value chosen from a list
of permitted values that are enumerated explicitly in the
column specification at table creation time.
42.What is the difference between LOCALTIMESTAMP and
CURRENT_TIMESTAMP?
LOCALTIMESTAMP returns only time stamp value where as
the function CURRENT_TIMESTAMP will return time stamp
with Time Zone value.

43. Name three functions that specify current date and

time.
SQL Server provides several different functions that return
the current date time including: GETDATE(),
SYSDATETIME(), and CURRENT_TIMESTAMP.

44. Which function returns the difference between two

periods? What would the format of the output be?
DATEDIFF() is a basic SQL Server function that can be
used to do date math. Specifically, it gets the difference
between 2 dates with the results returned in date units
specified as years, months, days, minutes, seconds as an
int (integer) value.
45.What is the command used to fetch the first 5
characters of the string?
SELECT SUBSTRING('SQL Tutorial', 1, 5) AS
ExtractString;
46. How to use LIKE in SQL?
The LIKE operator checks if an attribute value
matches a given string pattern. Here is an example
of LIKE operator:
SELECT * FROM employees WHERE first_name like
‘Steven’;
With this command, we will be able to extract all the
records where the first name is like “Steven”.
47.What is Live Lock?
A live lock is one wherein a request for an exclusive
lock is repeatedly denied because a series of
overlapping shared locks keep interfering.
48. Can you join a table by itself?
A table can be joined to itself using self join, when
you want to create a result set that joins records in
a table with other records in the same table.

49. Explain Equi join with an example.

When two or more tables has been joined using
equal to operator then this category is called as
equi join.
Example:
Select a.Employee_name, b.Department_name
from Employee a, Employee b where
a.Department_ID = b.Department_ID

50. Explain non-Equi join with an example.

When two or more tables are joining without an
equal to condition then that join is known as Non
Equi Join. Any operator can be used here, that is
<>,!=,<,>,Between.
Example:
Select b.Department_ID, b.Department_name from
Employee a, Department b where a.Department_id
<> b.Department_ID;

51. State the difference between NVL and NVL2

functions.
Both the NVL(exp1, exp2) and NVL2(exp1, exp2,
exp3) functions check the value exp1 to see if it is
null. With the NVL(exp1, exp2) function, if exp1 is not
null, then the value of exp1 is returned; otherwise,
the value of exp2 is returned. With the NVL2(exp1,
exp2, exp3) function, if exp1 is not null, then exp2 is
returned; otherwise, the value of exp3 is returned.

DO FOLLOW: @MANUAL_TESTING_BEGINNER
@WE_ARE_TESTENGINEER

AGILE MODEL-FAQ
Q #1) What is Agile Testing?
Answer: Agile Testing is a practice that a QA follows in a dynamic environment where
testing requirements keep changing according to customer needs. It is done parallel to the
development activity where the testing team receives frequent small codes from the
development team for testing.

Q #2) What is the difference between burn-up and burn-down charts?

Answer: Burn-up and burn-down charts are used to keep track of the progress of the project.
Burn-up charts represent how much work has been completed in any project whereas Burn
down chart represents the remaining work in a project.

Q #3) Define the roles in Scrum?

Answer:
There are mainly three roles that a Scrum team have:
1. Project Owner has the responsibility of managing the product backlog. Works with
end-users and customers and provides proper requirements to the team to build the
proper product.
2. Scrum Master works with the scrum team to make sure each sprint gets completed
on time. Scrum master ensures proper workflow for the team.
3. Scrum Team: Each member of the team should be self-organized, dedicated and
responsible for the high quality of the work.

Q #4) What is Product Backlog & Sprint Backlog?

Answer: The Product backlog is maintained by the project owner which contains every
feature and requirement of the product.
Sprint backlog can be treated as the subset of product backlog which contains features and
requirements related to that particular sprint only.

Q #5) Explain Velocity in Agile.

Answer: Velocity is a metric that is calculated by the addition of all efforts estimates
associated with user stories completed in an iteration. It predicts how much work Agile can
complete in a sprint and how much time will it require to complete a project.

Q #6) Explain the difference between a traditional Waterfall model and Agile testing?
Answer: Agile testing is done parallel to the development activity whereas a traditional
waterfall model testing is done at the end of the development.
As done in parallel, agile testing is done on small features whereas, in a waterfall model,
testing is performed on the whole application.

Q #7) Explain Pair Programming and its benefits?

Answer: Pair programming is a technique in which two programmer works as a team in
which one programmer writes code and other one reviews that code. They both can switch
their roles.
Benefits:
• Improved code quality: As the second partner reviews the code simultaneously, it
reduces the chances of mistake.
• Knowledge transfer is easy: One experienced partner can teach another partner
about the techniques and codes.
Q #8) What is Re-factoring?
Answer: Modification of the code without changing its functionality to improve the
performance is called Re-factoring.

Q #9) Explain the Iterative and Incremental Development in Agile?

Answer:
Iterative Development: Software is developed and delivered to the customer and based on
the feedback again developed in cycles or releases and sprints. Example: Release 1
software is developed in 5 sprints and delivered to the customer. Now, the customer wants
some changes, then the development team plan for 2nd release which can be completed in
some sprints and so on.
Incremental Development: Software is developed in parts or increments. In each increment,
a portion of the complete requirement is delivered.

Q #10) How do you deal when requirements change frequently?

Answer: This question is to test the analytical capability of the candidate.
The answer can be: Work with PO to understand the exact requirement to update test cases.
Also, understand the risk of changing the requirement. Apart from this, one should be able to
write a generic test plan and test cases. Don’t go for the automation until requirements are
finalized.

Q #11) What is a test stub?

Answer: Test stub is a small code that mimics a specific component in the system and can
replace it. Its output is the same as the component it replaces.

Q #12) What qualities should a good Agile tester have?

Answer:
• He should be able to understand the requirements quickly.
• He should know Agile concepts and principals.
• As requirements keep changing, he should understand the risk involved in it.
• The agile tester should be able to prioritize the work based on the requirements.
• Communication is amust for an Agile tester as it requires a lot of communication with
developers and business associates.
Q #13) What is the difference between Epic, User stories & Tasks?
Answer:
User Stories: It defines the actual business requirement. Generally created by the business
owner.
Task: To accomplish the business requirements development team create tasks.
Epic: A group of related user stories is called an Epic.

Q #14) What is a Taskboard in Agile?

Answer: Taskboard is a dashboard that shows the progress of the project.
It contains:
• User Story: It has the actual business requirement.
• To Do: Tasks that can be worked on.
• In Progress: Tasks in progress.
• To Verify: Tasks pending for verification or testing
• Done: Completed tasks.

Q #15) What is Test Driven Development (TDD)?

Answer: It is a Test-first development technique in which we add a test first before we write
the complete production code. Next, we run the test and based on the result refactor the code
to fulfill the test requirement.

Q #16) How QA can add value to an agile team?

Answer: QA can provide value addition by think outside the box about the various scenarios
to test a story. They can provide quick feedback to the developers about whether new
functionality is working fine or not.

Q #17) What is Scrum ban?

Answer: It is a software development model that is a combination of Scrum and Kanban.
Scrumban is considered for maintaining projects in which there are frequent changes or
unexpected user stories. It can reduce the minimum completion time for user stories.

Q #18) What is the Application Binary Interface?

Answer: Application Binary Interface or ABI is defined as an interface for complied
application programs or we can say it describes the low-level interface between an
application and the operating system.
Q #19) What is the Zero sprint in Agile?
Answer: It can be defined as a pre-preparation step to the first sprint. Activities like setting
development environment, preparing backlog, etc need to be done before starting the first
sprint and can be treated as Sprint zero.

Q #20) What is Spike?

Answer: There may be some technical issues or design problem in the project which needs
to be resolved first. To provide the solution to this problem “Spikes” are created.
Spikes are of two types- Functional and Technical.
Q #21) Name some Agile quality strategies.
Answer: Some Agile quality strategies are-
1. Re-factoring
2. Small feedback cycles
3. Dynamic code analysis
4. Iteration

Q #22) What is the importance of daily stand up meetings?

Answer: Daily stand up meeting is essential for any team in which team discuss,
1. How much work has been completed?
2. What are the plans to resolve technical issues?
3. What steps need to done to complete the projects etc..

Q #23) What is a tracer bullet?

Answer: It can be defined as a spike with the current architecture or the current set of best
practices. The purpose of a tracer bullet is to examine how an end-to-end process will work
and examine feasibility.

Q #24) How the velocity of the sprint is measured?

Answer: If capacity is measured as a percentage of a 40 hours weeks then, completed story
points * team capacity If capacity is measured in man-hours then Completed story
points/team capacity.

Q #25) What is Agile manifesto?

Answer: Agile manifesto defines an iterative and people-centric approach to software
development. It has 4 key values and 12 principals.
DO FOLLOW;--- @MANUAL_TESTING_BEGINNER

@WE_ARE_TESTENGINEER
 API-FAQ
1.What is an API?
API is an acronym and it stands for Application Programming Interface. API is a set of
routines,
protocols, and tools for building Software Applications. APIs specify how one software
program
should interact with other software program.
In simple words, API stands for Application Programming Interface. API acts as an interface
between two software applications and allows the two software applications to communicate
with each other. API is a collection of software functions which can be executed by another
software program.

2. What is API Testing?

API testing is a type of software testing that involves testing APIs directly and also as a part of
integration testing to check whether the API meets expectations in terms of functionality,
reliability, performance, and security of an application. In API Testing our main focus will be
on
Business logic layer of the software architecture. API testing can be performed on any
software
system which contains multiple APIs.

3. What are the common API Testing Types?

API testing typically involves the following practices:
Unit testing
Functional testing
Load testing
Runtime/ Error Detection
Security testing
UI testing
Interoperability and WS Compliance testing
Penetration testing
Fuzz testing

4. Name some of the common protocols used in API Testing?

Some of the protocols using in API Testing are as follows:
HTTP
REST
SOAP
JMS
UDDI
5. Difference between API and Web services?
Web services:
1. All web services are APIs
2. All web services need to be exposed over web(HTTP)
3. A Web service uses only three styles of use: SOAP, REST and XML-RPC for communication
4. A Web service always needs a network to operate
APIs:
1. All APIs are not web services
2. All APIs need not be exposed over web(i.e. HTTP)
3. API uses multiple ways for communication e.g. DLL Øles in C/C++, Jar Øles/ RMI in java,
Interrupts in Linux kernel API etc.
4. APIs don’t need a network for operation

6. What is Soap?
SOAP stands for Simple Object Access Protocol. It is an XML based messaging protocol. It helps
in exchanging information among computers.

7. What is Rest API?

REST stands for Representational State Transfer. It is a set of functions helping developers in
performing requests and receive responses. Interaction is made through HTTP Protocol in
REST
API.

8. Difference between SOAP and REST?

SOAP:
1. SOAP is a protocol through which two computers communicate by sharing XML document
2. SOAP supports only XML format
3. SOAP does not support caching
4. SOAP is slower than REST
5. SOAP is like custom desktop application, closely conneccted to the server
6. SOAP runs on HTTP but envelopes the message
REST:
1. REST is a service architecture and design for network-based software architecture
2. REST supports different data formats
3. REST supports caching
4. REST is faster than SOAP
5. REST client is just like a browser and uses standard methods An application has to Øt inside
it
6. REST uses the HTTP headers to hold meta information

9. What are the common tests that are performed on APIs?

Some of the common tests we perform on APIs are as follows.
1. Verify whether the return value is based on input condition. Response of the APIs should be
veriØed based on the request.
2. Verify whether the system is authenticating the outcome when the API is updating any data
structure
3. Verify whether the API triggers some other event or request another API
4. Verify the behaviour of the API when there is no return value

10. What are the advantages of API Testing?

API Testing is time effective when compared to GUI Testing. API test automation requires
less code so it can provide faster and better test coverage.
API Testing helps us to reduce the testing cost. With API Testing we can Ønd minor bugs
before the GUI Testing. These minor bugs will become bigger during the GUI Testing. So
Ønding those bugs in the API Testing will be cost effective to the Company.
API Testing is language independent.

11. What exactly needs to be veriØed in API Testing?

Basically, on API Testing, we send a request to the API with the known data and we analyse
the
response.
1. Data accuracy
2. HTTP status codes
3. Response time
3. Error codes in case API returns any errors
4. Authorization checks
5. Non functional testing such as performance testing, security testing

12. Name some tools used for API Testing?

Some of the tools used for API Testing are as follows:
Postman
Katalon Studio
SoapUI
Assertible
Tricentis Tosca
Apigee
JMeter
Rest-Assured
Karate DSL
API Fortress
Parasoft
HP QTP(UFT)
vREST
Airborne
API Science
APIary Inspector
Citrus Framework
Hippie-Swagger
HttpMaster Express
Mockbin
Ping API
Pyresttest
Rest Console
RoboHydra Server
SOAP Sonar
Unirest
WebInject
Learn more on API Testing Tools

13. List some most used templates for API documentation?

Some of the API documentation templates are as follows.
Swagger
FlatDoc
RestDoc
API blueprint
Slate
Miredot
Web service API SpeciØcation.

14. Name some of the API examples which are quite popular.
Some of the popular API examples are
Google Maps API
YouTube
Twitter
Amazon Advertising API

15. Difference between API testing and Unit Testing?

UNIT TESTING:
Unit testing is conducted by Development Team
Unit testing is a form of White box testing
Unit testing is conducted prior to the process of including the code in the build
Source code is involved in Unit testing
In unit testing, the scope of testing is limited, so only basic functionalities are considered
for testing
API TESTING:
API testing is conducted by QA Team
API testing is a form of Black box testing
API testing is conducted after the build is ready for testing
Source code is not involved in API testing
In API testing, the scope of testing is wide, so all the issues that are functional are
considered for testing

16. What are the main challenges faced in API testing?

Some of the challenges we face while doing API testing are as follows
Selecting proper parameters and its combinations
Categorizing the parameters properly
Proper call sequencing is required as this may lead to inadequate coverage in testing
Verifying and validating the output
Due to absence of GUI it is quite difØcult to provide input values

17. What are the types of bugs we face when performing API testing?
Issues observed when performing API testing are
Stress, performance, and security issues
Duplicate or missing functionality
Reliability issues
Improper messaging
Incompatible error handling mechanism
Multi-threaded issues
Improper errors

18. How is UI testing is not similar to API testing?

UI (User Interface) testing is to test the graphical interface part of the application. Its main
focus
is to test the look and feel of an application. On the other hand, API testing enables
communication between two different software systems. Its main focus is in business layer of
the application.

19. Name some most commonly used HTTP methods?

Some of the HTTP methods are
GET: It enables you to retrieve data from a server
POST: It enables you to add data to an existing Øle or resource in a server
PUT: It lets you replace an existing Øle or resource in a server
DELETE: It lets you delete data from a server
PATCH: It is used to apply partial modiØcations to a resource
 OPTIONS: It is used to describe the communication options for the target resource
HEAD: It asks for a response identical to that of a GET request, but without the response
body

20. Can you use GET request instead of PUT to create a resource?
No, GET request only allows read only rights. It enables you to retrieve data from a server but
not create a resource. PUT or POST methods should be used to create a resource.

21. What is the difference between PUT and POST methods?

PUT and POST methods are sometimes confused in regards to when each should be used.
Using
POST request, our intent is to create a new object on the server whereas with PUT request,
our
intent is to replace an object by another object.
POST should be used when the client sends the page to the server and then the server lets the
client know where it put it. PUT should be used when the client speciØes the location of the
page
Learn API Testing in detail
I would like to conclude this post “API Testing Interview Questions” here. Final words,
Bookmark
this post “API Interview Questions And Answers” for future reference.

DO FOLLOW:---- @MANUAL_TESTING_BEGINNER
@WE_ARE_TESTENGINEER
 FAQ-TEST CASES
For Pen:
o Verify that the pen writes on paper when the tip is pressed down.
o Verify that the ink is of the right color when the pen writes.
o Verify that the pen cap can be easily removed and put back on.
o Verify that the pen can be held comfortably and written with for an extended
period.
o Verify that the pen ink does not smear or smudge easily.
o Verify that the pen ink dries quickly and does not smudge.
o Verify that the pen ink does not leak or drip.
o Verify that the pen writes smoothly without interruptions or breaks.
o Verify that the pen tip does not scratch or damage the paper while writing.
o Verify that the pen works on various types of paper such as plain, lined, or
textured.
o Verify that the pen ink does not fade or disappear easily.
o Verify that the pen can be easily refilled with ink when it runs out.
o Verify that the pen can be used in different writing angles without any issues.
o Verify that the pen is lightweight and easy to carry.
o Verify that the pen is durable and does not break easily.
o Verify that the pen does not make any unpleasant sounds while writing.
o Verify that the pen can be used by both left-handed and right-handed
individuals without any issues.
o Verify that the pen is easy to grip and does not slip while writing.
o Verify that the pen clip is sturdy and does not break easily.
o Verify that the pen can be stored easily and does not roll away.
For Pencil:

1. Verify that the pencil writes on paper when the tip is pressed down.
2. Verify that the lead is of the right hardness when the pencil writes.
3. Verify that the pencil can be easily sharpened without breaking the lead.
4. Verify that the pencil can be held comfortably and written with for an extended
period.
5. Verify that the pencil lead does not smear or smudge easily.
6. Verify that the pencil lead does not break easily while writing or sharpening.
7. Verify that the pencil writes smoothly without interruptions or breaks.
8. Verify that the pencil lead does not scratch or damage the paper while writing.
9. Verify that the pencil works on various types of paper such as plain, lined, or
textured.
10. Verify that the pencil lead does not fade or disappear easily.
11. Verify that the pencil eraser can effectively erase mistakes.
12. Verify that the pencil can be easily sharpened with different types of sharpeners.
13. Verify that the pencil can be used in different writing angles without any issues.
14. Verify that the pencil is lightweight and easy to carry.
15. Verify that the pencil is durable and does not break easily.
16. Verify that the pencil does not make any unpleasant sounds while writing.
17. Verify that the pencil can be used by both left-handed and right-handed individuals
without any issues.
18. Verify that the pencil is easy to grip and does not slip while writing.
19. Verify that the pencil eraser does not smudge or damage the paper while erasing.
20. Verify that the pencil can be stored easily and does not roll away
For SCALE:

1. Verify that the scale can measure weight accurately.

2. Verify that the scale displays the weight reading clearly and accurately.
3. Verify that the scale can measure weight in different units (e.g. grams, kilograms,
pounds, etc.).
4. Verify that the scale can measure weight accurately for different objects with
different shapes and sizes.
5. Verify that the scale is easy to use and read the weight measurement.
6. Verify that the scale is lightweight and easy to carry.
7. Verify that the scale has a stable base to prevent it from tipping over.
8. Verify that the scale is durable and does not break easily.
9. Verify that the scale can be easily cleaned and maintained.
10. Verify that the scale can measure weight accurately for small objects.
11. Verify that the scale can measure weight accurately for large objects.
12. Verify that the scale can measure weight accurately for objects with odd shapes or
uneven surfaces.
13. Verify that the scale can measure weight accurately for objects with different
densities.
14. Verify that the scale can measure weight accurately for objects with different
weights.
15. Verify that the scale has a tare function that allows for the measurement of the
weight of only the object being weighed.
16. Verify that the scale has a zero function that resets the weight to zero for accurate
measurement.
17. Verify that the scale can measure weight quickly and efficiently.
18. Verify that the scale has a display that is easy to read in different lighting conditions.
19. Verify that the scale can be calibrated for accurate measurement.
20. Verify that the scale has a battery that lasts a sufficient amount of time.
For ERASER:

1. Verify that the eraser can erase pencil marks cleanly and completely.
2. Verify that the eraser does not smudge or smear the pencil marks while
erasing.
3. Verify that the eraser does not tear or damage the paper while erasing.
4. Verify that the eraser is easy to grip and comfortable to use.
5. Verify that the eraser is durable and does not wear out quickly.
6. Verify that the eraser does not leave any residue or debris after erasing.
7. Verify that the eraser can erase pencil marks from different types of
paper (e.g. smooth, textured, glossy, etc.).
8. Verify that the eraser does not leave any smudges or stains on the paper
after erasing.
9. Verify that the eraser can be easily cleaned and maintained.
10.Verify that the eraser is free from any harmful chemicals or substances
that may cause harm to the user.
FOR FAN:

1. Verify that the fan can operate at different speeds.

2. Verify that the fan produces sufficient airflow at each speed.
3. Verify that the fan is quiet during operation.
4. Verify that the fan is stable and does not wobble or vibrate excessively during
operation.
5. Verify that the fan blades are securely attached to the motor and do not come loose
during operation.
6. Verify that the fan is easy to assemble and disassemble.
7. Verify that the fan is easy to clean and maintain.
8. Verify that the fan has a safety feature to prevent injury, such as a guard over the
blades.
9. Verify that the fan is energy-efficient and does not consume too much power.
10. Verify that the fan is durable and can withstand long periods of use without breaking
down.
11.Verify that the fan is able to oscillate or rotate to cover a wider area.
12.Verify that the fan is able to be controlled by a remote control or a mobile
application.
13.Verify that the fan is able to be programmed to turn on or off at specific times.
14.Verify that the fan has an auto shut-off feature when it overheats or when it falls
over.
15.Verify that the fan is able to function in different environments, such as indoor or
outdoor settings.
16.Verify that the fan is able to operate quietly while still producing sufficient airflow.
17.Verify that the fan is easy to adjust the height or angle of the fan head.
18.Verify that the fan is able to operate at different power voltages.
19.Verify that the fan has a warranty and customer support for any issues that may
arise.
FOR LAPTOP:

1. Verify that the laptop can power on and off properly.

2. Verify that the laptop has a sufficient battery life when unplugged.
3. Verify that the laptop can connect to Wi-Fi and browse the internet.
4. Verify that the laptop has a functioning keyboard and touchpad.
5. Verify that the laptop has sufficient storage capacity for typical user needs.
6. Verify that the laptop can connect to external devices such as a printer or monitor.
7. Verify that the laptop can run multiple applications at the same time without
crashing or slowing down.
8. Verify that the laptop has a functioning webcam and microphone for video calls.
9. Verify that the laptop has a sufficient cooling system to prevent overheating.
10. Verify that the laptop has a functioning speaker system for audio output.
11. Verify that the laptop can be easily carried and transported.
12. Verify that the laptop has a high-quality display screen with good resolution.
13. Verify that the laptop has a secure login process to prevent unauthorized access.
14. Verify that the laptop has a functioning CD/DVD drive or USB ports to transfer data.
15. Verify that the laptop has up-to-date software and security updates installed.
16. Verify that the laptop has a warranty and customer support for any issues that may
arise.
17. Verify that the laptop meets any regulatory and safety standards required in the
region it is sold.
18. Verify that the laptop has a working sleep/hibernate mode to conserve power.
19. Verify that the laptop can be charged properly and quickly.
20. Verify that the laptop has a backup system in case of data loss or corruption.
FOR PHONE:

1. Verify that the phone can power on and off properly.

2. Verify that the phone can make and receive calls without any issues.
3. Verify that the phone can send and receive text messages without any issues.
4. Verify that the phone can connect to Wi-Fi and browse the internet.
5. Verify that the phone has a functioning touch screen and can accurately register user
inputs.
6. Verify that the phone has a sufficient battery life when in use and on standby.
7. Verify that the phone can be charged properly and quickly.
8. Verify that the phone can connect to external devices such as headphones or
speakers.
9. Verify that the phone has a functioning camera and can take high-quality photos and
videos.
10. Verify that the phone has sufficient storage capacity for typical user needs.
11. Verify that the phone can run multiple applications at the same time without
crashing or slowing down.
12. Verify that the phone has a secure login process to prevent unauthorized access.
13. Verify that the phone has up-to-date software and security updates installed.
14. Verify that the phone has a warranty and customer support for any issues that may
arise.
15. Verify that the phone meets any regulatory and safety standards required in the
region it is sold.
FOR WHATSAPP:

1. Verify that the user can create a new WhatsApp account with a valid phone number.
2. Verify that the user can access their existing WhatsApp account by entering their
phone number and password.
3. Verify that the user can search for and add contacts to their WhatsApp contacts list.
4. Verify that the user can send and receive text messages to and from their contacts.
5. Verify that the user can send and receive photos and videos to and from their
contacts.
6. Verify that the user can make and receive voice calls to and from their contacts.
7. Verify that the user can make and receive video calls to and from their contacts.
8. Verify that the user can create and participate in group chats with multiple contacts.
9. Verify that the user can change their WhatsApp profile picture and status message.
10. Verify that the user can archive and unarchive chats for later reference.
11. Verify that the user can mute and unmute notifications for individual chats and
groups.
12. Verify that the user can search for and find specific messages or chats.
13. Verify that the user can share their location with contacts.
14. Verify that the user can back up and restore their WhatsApp data.
15. Verify that the user can block and unblock contacts.
16. Verify that the user can report and flag inappropriate messages or contacts.
17. Verify that the user can customize their notification settings for sound, vibration, and
LED light.
18. Verify that the user can use WhatsApp Web to access their account from a web
browser.
19. Verify that the user's data and messages are secure and protected with end-to-end
encryption.
20. Verify that the app is compatible with different mobile devices and operating
systems.
FOR FACEBOOK:

1. Verify that the user can create a new Facebook account with a valid email address or
phone number.
2. Verify that the user can access their existing Facebook account by entering their login
credentials.
3. Verify that the user can search for and add friends to their Facebook friends list.
4. Verify that the user can post text, photos, and videos on their Facebook timeline.
5. Verify that the user can like, comment on, and share posts from their friends and pages
they follow.
6. Verify that the user can create and participate in Facebook groups with multiple
members.
7. Verify that the user can send and receive private messages to and from their friends.
8. Verify that the user can react to posts and messages with emoticons.
9. Verify that the user can edit their profile information, including their profile picture and
cover photo.
10. Verify that the user can view and manage their Facebook privacy settings.
11. Verify that the user can manage their Facebook notifications and turn them on or off for
specific actions.
12. Verify that the user can report and flag inappropriate content or behavior on Facebook.
13. Verify that the user can view their Facebook activity log to review their activity history.
14. Verify that the user can delete their Facebook account and all associated data if desired.
15. Verify that the user can access Facebook on different devices and platforms.
16. Verify that the user's data and information on Facebook are secure and protected.
17. Verify that the user can create and manage Facebook pages for businesses or
organizations.
18. Verify that the user can schedule posts and events on Facebook.
19. Verify that the user can reactivate their Facebook account after deactivation if desired.
20. Verify that the app is compatible with different browsers and operating systems
FOR INSTAGRAM:

1. Verify that the user can create a new Instagram account with a valid email address or
phone number.
2. Verify that the user can access their existing Instagram account by entering their login
credentials.
3. Verify that the user can search for and follow other Instagram users.
4. Verify that the user can post photos and videos on their Instagram profile.
5. Verify that the user can like, comment on, and share posts from other users they follow.
6. Verify that the user can send and receive direct messages to and from other Instagram
users.
7. Verify that the user can react to posts and messages with emoticons.
8. Verify that the user can edit their profile information, including their profile picture and
bio.
9. Verify that the user can view and manage their Instagram privacy settings.
10. Verify that the user can manage their Instagram notifications and turn them on or off for
specific actions.
11. Verify that the user can report and flag inappropriate content or behavior on Instagram.
12. Verify that the user can view their Instagram activity log to review their activity history.
13. Verify that the user can delete their Instagram account and all associated data if desired.
14. Verify that the user can access Instagram on different devices and platforms.
15. Verify that the user's data and information on Instagram are secure and protected.
16. Verify that the user can create and manage Instagram business accounts.
17. Verify that the user can schedule posts and stories on Instagram.
18. Verify that the user can use Instagram filters and effects on their posts.
19. Verify that the user can explore and discover new content and users on Instagram.
20. Verify that the app is compatible with different browsers and operating systems.
FOR WATER BOTTLE:

1. Verify that the water bottle is made of safe and non-toxic materials.
2. Verify that the water bottle is free from any cracks or leaks.
3. Verify that the water bottle can hold the specified amount of water without
overflowing.
4. Verify that the water bottle has a secure and tight-fitting lid or cap.
5. Verify that the water bottle lid or cap can be easily opened and closed.
6. Verify that the water bottle is easy to clean and maintain.
7. Verify that the water bottle is durable and can withstand normal wear and tear.
8. Verify that the water bottle is compatible with different types of liquids and
temperatures.
9. Verify that the water bottle is lightweight and easy to carry.
10. Verify that the water bottle has an ergonomic design for comfortable grip and
handling.
11. Verify that the water bottle is odor-free and does not affect the taste of the water.
12. Verify that the water bottle is BPA-free and does not release harmful chemicals.
13. Verify that the water bottle is dishwasher-safe or can be easily cleaned by hand.
14. Verify that the water bottle can be easily filled with water from different sources.
15. Verify that the water bottle does not leak or spill even when it is shaken or turned
upside down.
16. Verify that the water bottle can fit in standard cup holders and backpack pockets.
17. Verify that the water bottle has clear and accurate markings to indicate the water
level.
18. Verify that the water bottle does not produce any unusual sounds or vibrations.
19. Verify that the water bottle can be easily disassembled for cleaning and
maintenance.
20. Verify that the water bottle meets the safety and quality standards set by regulatory
authorities.
@MANUAL_TESTING_BEGINNER
FOR WATCH:

1. Time accuracy: Verify that the watch's timekeeping is accurate by

comparing it against a reliable time source, such as an atomic clock.
2. Battery life: Verify that the watch's battery lasts for the amount of time
specified by the manufacturer.
3. Water resistance: Verify that the watch can withstand immersion in
water to the depth advertised by the manufacturer.
4. Material quality: Verify that the materials used in the watch's
construction are of good quality and able to withstand regular wear and
tear.
5. Strap/bracelet quality: Verify that the watch's strap or bracelet is
comfortable to wear and does not break or come loose easily.
6. Watch face quality: Verify that the watch face is easy to read and
scratch-resistant.
7. Functionality: Verify that any additional features, such as a stopwatch or
timer, work properly and are easy to use.
8. Size and weight: Verify that the watch is an appropriate size and weight
for the intended use and wearer.
9. Aesthetics: Verify that the watch is aesthetically pleasing and matches its
intended style and environment.
10.Accuracy of additional features: Verify the accuracy of any additional
features, such as a compass or altimeter, by comparing them against a
reliable source.
11.Lighting: Verify that the watch's lighting system is bright enough to read
in low-light conditions.
12.Shock resistance: Verify that the watch can withstand shock or impact
without damage.
@MANUAL_TESTING_BEGINNER

THANK YOU
 ALL THE BEST GUYS

*** STUDY WELL KEEP TRY BELIEVE YOUR SELF I HOPE

YOU CAN ***

DO FOLLOW: @MANUAL_TESTING_BEGINNER
@WE_ARE_TESTENGINEER