 Manual and Automation Testing Part I (questions & Answer 500)

Why do you want to pursue your career in the field of software testing?
Answer: Based on my research, it is compulsory for any product to be of good quality to
sustain in a market. To gain satisfaction and confidence in the quality of services or
products, from the end -user, we must verify that product behave s as expected and
outperforms the desired quality standards. To gain excellence and value for money spent,
we should offer the best quality products and services to our clients. I strongly believe
that software testing decides the me assures of product quality and performance. As I
always look for quality rather than features rich product, that do not perform as expected.
That is the main reason why I decided to pursue in the software testing domain.
Please explain your nature, habits, or likes that you think you are the right candidate for the
testing.
Answer: From my childhood, I was curious about how things work, I used to ask many
questions to my parents on why, how, and what about the things. During my school and
college days, I was debating on many topics, reading books, and searching libraries and
the internet to understand and find out reasons and Answers to many of my questions. I
used to visit my mentors often to know and discuss my queries. Based on my knowledge
seeking nature and desire for perfection, I think I am right candidate for software testing
Why should we test?
Answer: It is essential to test to verify that the product or software built behave s as
expected by the customer, meets or exceeds the expectations. Personal information shared
by the end-user is secured while using the product, application, or services. The features
provided in the application perform as per expectation and requirement. The product has
no serious anomalies. By testing an application, any deviation from expected behaviour
can be identified and reported to the stakeholders.
What do you mean by testing?
Answer: Testing is a process of running an application to identify any defects that breaks
the functionality, Features provided in software offer results as expected, System securely
display output as quickly as possible. Software features should display same output and
behave as expected every repeated instance of running it. The software can be tested
manually by testers or can run automatically using a script and follow steps that tester
execute to test the application.
What are the features you check before you purchase the mobile?
Answer: Priority will be the price of a mobile, but various features to check before we make
our ch oice for our dream mobile will be:
Display – Screen size, resolution, browser support, movable keypad, reliable network
connectivity.
Storage – capacity to store large files, images, documents, downloaded programs
Battery – Long lasting and quick charging batteries that should be easily available in market.
Processing power – for remote work situations should be able to process designing graphical
images, presentation, comfortable keypad, file sharing options.
Ease of use – for elderly or novice, helpful settings, and configuration.
Camera– with high-quality picture, zoom effects, large pixel resolution. Accessories should
include the charger, battery, hands free and screen guard. The warranty should include any
online help in case of difficulty to use mobile, re pair of mobile due to hardware fault or
replacement of mobile set.
What do you mean by quality?
Answer: Quality of a product or service can be defined as a level of reliability that meets or
exceeds expectations of end-user. For Example, the taste of Amul ice cream or any of the
dairy products available in the market produced by Amul is reliable for the quality, new
products introduced in market also exceed the expectation.
7) What do you mean by performance?
Answer: Performance of a product or service is a measure of achieving continuously
preferred results in the most efficient and effective way. For Example, Toyota Motor
Corporation produces cars that run more mileage with less fuel consumption and produce
lesser pollution.
8) Can you write possible test cases for a pencil?
Answer: Following are possible test cases for pencil

 Check the length of a pencil, strength of the outer wooden body,

 Check thickness and resilience of graphite material (one type of crystalline carbon
black in colour)
 Check readability after writing text using pencil
 Check if written on different types of paper, cloth, or wood.
 Check how many meters can be written with the available graphite material in single
pencil.
 Check the written text on paper is erasable with a normal rubber eraser.
 Check if a normal sharpener can sharpen the pencil or not
 Check if you can write after graphite is dipped in water, oil or dust.
 Check if the name of the company written has correct spelling printed on pencil or
not.
 Check if graphite is not broken already or brittle.

9) What do you test in One Time Password (OTP) creation application?

Answer: Before processing online financial transactions, a bank will send One Time
password (OTP) on the registered mobile number of the customer trying to send money to the
payee. OTP sent on mobile or an email address act as a measure to verify that person is
genuine. The following are possible scenarios for OTP received on mobile.

 OTP should be received within the specific time,

 OTP must only be received over the registered mobile number or email address
provided
 Previously sent OTP if used should not allow any transaction
 Expired OTP should not be used in any transaction
 Already used OTP cannot be reapplied for any other transactions.
 There should be a facility to receive OTP again.
 The resent OTP should not match with any of the previously sent or future OTP.
 8. OTP should be case sensitive and should not be accepted if not used exactly as
receive d on mobile or email.
10) What are the essentials of software testing?
Answer: Following are important artifacts essential for testing any software application:
Test strategy is high-level document that defines test approach for the software, what
features are essential to test (objective of testing), how to test (methodology), Types of testing
to be carried out, and execution of tests.
Test plan decides which tests are for manual testing and which one is for automated testing
(distribution of testing task), Who will test what (test schedule), and when to start testing and
end testing (duration within which testing should complete).
Test cases are scenarios with steps to be carried out, mapped to requirements with the
expected output, to be carried out during testing of an application with status for each
scenario, based on the actual result. Test cases can be executed manually or converted into
scripts to be executed with the help of tools like selenium or QTP.
Test Data is the valid values that are fed to an application as inputs while running an
application to test it. It is mandatory to design valid test data as per the scenario that results in
expected output. In case the actual output differs from the expected output, the deviation is
reported as a bug in the defect management system.
Test Environment is a system configured that mimic or match to system specifications at the
client, to run software on this system to verify how the system at client had for the tests and
use cases.
11) What is required for the tester to know before testing software applications?

 Answer: In order to test, a tester should first understand The requirements and output
expected by using a software application and from software requirement document
approved by the customer and project owner.
  How software works, domain knowledge (software used in specific discipline or field
such as e - commerce, Banking, Insurance, Enterprise Resources planning, Gaming,
Education or training, or Search - based application)
 Whether the software is desktop based or web based
 What are the features and its functionality,
 How many input forms to be filled in,
 what are the input fields and their valid values,
 How user interface elements like text field, radio button, checkbox, drop -down list,
buttons and their types (submit, reset, cancel) functions.
 What to expect in an output form.
 Working of computer, types of networks.
 In case of desktop application, what technology is used in developing a software How
to install the software?
 What technology is used in building user interface? (HTML, XHTML, JSP, ASP,
JavaScript, VBScript, JQuery)
 Where reference data gets stored, where data for analysis will be uploaded and then
processed What database type is used to store data?
12) What are desktop applications?
Answer: Desktop applications are that software that can be installed on standalone machine
called as client machine (desktop or laptop). This software use native resources of standalone
machine such as network, CPU, memory and storage, in order to perform specific task for
which they are designed for. Desktop applications are designed to run on standalone machine,
by single user. Multiple users can access the printer, scanners if they are LAN connected with
desktop applications.
Some Examples of desktop application are Windows file explorer – to access files stored on
hard drive of local machine, Microsoft’s office applications such as word, excel, PowerPoint
to write and access documents, generate tabular reports on finance and design presentations,
Web browsers to access websites and searching information on the internet.
13) How to test desktop applications?
Answer: Desktop applications are feature-based applications, where users should be
proficient in operating such applications, understand its features, accessing the menu,
submenu. Software’s features can be tested with Graphical user interface tests, end to end
testing, and functional testing. Non - functional testing will depend on stand-alone machine’s
limited resources such as CPU, memory, storage, accessing files, or use features like
printer/scanner if desktop applications are connected in local network.
14) What are web-based applications?
Answer: Web-based application need web server in order to host them, visitors need interne t
connection and need a browser to access the web site, and internally web sites process user
requests and send responses via hyper Text Transfer Protocol (HTTP). Multiple users can
access same feature of web application at same time simultaneously. Examples of web-based
application are e-commerce portals for online purchase of products of our choice
(amazon.com, Flipkart, bookmyshow.com), websites of most of the companies, universities,
search engines (google.com, altavista.com)
15) How to test web-based applications?
Answer: web-based applications require browsers such as (Internet Explorer, Chrome,
Firefox, Safari, Opera), and a reliable internet connection to explore. Web-based applications
can be tested for functionality testing for any invalid page redirects, broken links, page not
displaying. Working of web elements such as input field, drop-down list, checkbox, radio
button, submit button. verify for valid input data entered, methods used while data submits,
compatibility tests for browsers used, performance to test latency (time taken to access
pages), delay in opening next pages or output, and Security testing for verifying login for
authentication.
16) What are anomalies in software?
Answer: Anomalies are something that deviates from normal, standard or expected. Based
on different situations anomalies are termed as listed below:

 Error – When the developer identifies mistakes in his code, he says Error for the
anomaly. Defect – When Tester discovers and reports the anomaly, he says Defect to
the anomaly.
 Bug – When the reported defect is accepted by the developer, it is called Bug.
 Failure – When software build does not meet requirements, it is called a failure by
the product owner.
 Wrong – when there is a deviation from specification or requirements not understood,
the anomaly is termed as wrong
 Missing – when a feature is missing after the software is deployed at the client site, it
is said features are missing.
 Extra – when the developer produces the feature more than the requirement, it is
called an extra feature. It will be termed as an anomaly as you are giving what is not
asked for.
17) What are the types of defects in software applications?
Answer: Various defects found in the software are as listed below:
Arithmetic defects – are numerical data related defects, like not displaying decimal points in
case of banking, scientific, or e-commerce sites, these defects occur due to mistakes from the
developer side.
Logical defects – are due to not understanding business logic for the required output, like if
age >=18 you will get driving license, in case developer reverses the condition, even with age
equal to or greater than 18, you won’t get a license, but will get for age less than 18 years,
that adversely affect real -time situation.
Syntax defects – occur if the condition required is not applied properly by developer, like in
software that corrects grammar in sentence, say to locate vowels in sentence i.e. word
beginning with a, e, i, o, and u characters, will be a vowel, and should proceed with letter
‘an’. If developer forgets to enforce this condition, vowel can’t be found or corrected if ‘an’ is
not preceding it.
Multithreading defects – multithreading is an ability of CPU to execute multiple tasks
simultaneously. If developer cannot be able to produce such ability programmatically, then
application cannot execute multi- tasking, such as downloading an image in web page and
rendering it on screen.
Interface defects – If developer cannot maintain order in which data flow should follow or
page displayed after current displayed page, then it is called interface related defect.
Performance defects – If latency (delay in displaying page) is too high, if server crashes
during multiuser access, these are Examples of performance defect. This can affect adver sely
and user will not return to website.
18) How many ways you can test software?
Answer: There are two possible way software can be tested, Manual and automation.
Manual testing – a tester will run the software and follows the steps described in test case to
verify the requirement, in manual testing tester has to sit in front of software and test it
without any tool, as well record test status manually.
Automation testing – a tester writes a script that gets executed with help of automation tool
which follows the steps described in test case to verify the requirement, the test results are
also recorded automatically without any manual intervention. Automation tools like selenium,
UFT, JUnit are used with script written in Java, Ruby, python, and C++ etc. languages.
19) What is expected from the testing team on testing a software application?
Answer: It is expected while testing a software, tester should reveal all the defects and
deviations from requirements, while running an application such that it should break. Tester
should understand domain knowledge, able to design actual scenarios, conditions that are not
thought of and not handled by developer, able to configure specifications and preconditions
to verify how application performs. Have analytical knowledge and logical thinking; think
out of box while testing software.
20) What is Unit testing?
Answer: Unit testing is primary test level, one way is static testing, where code is verified for
syntax, rules followed by organization which is conducted by developer, second way is
dynamic testing where small snippet of code is debug (tested) with sample test data to
validate the output. Various tools for unit testing are JUnit, Hansel, and Testing are used to
verify code coverage.
21) What is sanity testing?
Answer: When application build is released after bugs fixed from the developer, and or
changes due to additional requirement, the testing carried out is called sanity test, to verify
that bugs are fixed, still functionality is in place, and no new bugs or defects are observed. In
case while running sanity tests, bugs still exists, testers can reject the build. Example of sanity
test can be like remember me checkbox was installed against the bug raised, but forget
password link stops working, then it is a new bug.
22) What is smoke testing?
Answer: When software build is released, tester conducts primary tests like all the menus and
submenus are clickable, and display the corresponding page, tester make sure that mod ules
and feature are present in application, and there is absence of ‘Page Not found’ message
while accessing any page, Forms and Pages have all usable web elements and displaystable
pages. Example, drop down list in all the input form does not display it ems for user to select,
due to any reason, this if found during the smoke test, then tester will stop testing and can
reject the build by informing the short coming to development team.
23) What is exploratory testing?
Answer: Tester use testing experience, while testing an application, explores the features and
learn about how the application works, during testing, he makes note of how the application
be have s, and such tests are called exploratory testing. The requirement document is absent,
and testers are exposed to the application first time, without any test cases created.
24) What is integration testing?
Answer: Integration testing is the second level of testing after unit testing, where different
modules are combined together and then tested for verifying that data flow in sync between
the modules and there is no a broken page or failed functionality. Example –During
integration testing, IRCTC site can be checked where after searching train, booking seats in
particular train, when payment gateway, which is integrated in to application found not
working.
25) What is system testing?
Answer: System testing is the third level of testing after integration testing, where the
application under test is tested for an end to end functionality, to confirm that it works as
desired. Example – matrimonial portal can be tested from registration, searching candidate,
receiving contact details and meet or fix appointments with prospects.
26) What is Interface testing?
Answer: Interface testing is a verifying communication and data transfer between two
different systems, where interface can be API or web services. Example – Booking air tickets
using ticketing portals like goibibo.com, where ticket is booked using web service of the
airlines showing flight time, destinations, availability of seats and fare to travel to destination
from starting point.
27) What is Regression testing?
Answer: Regression testing is conducted on the build after bugs are fixed build, to validate
that code change to fix bug has not adversely affected functionality and there should not be
another defect.
28) What is Alpha testing?
Answer: Alpha testing is a type of acceptance testing, where testers are employees of an
organization who has built the application, these tests are conducted to verify that all the
issues found have been resolved and have not reoccurred, before releasing to the client.
29) What is Beta testing?
Answer: Beta testing is tests conducted at the client’s site after application is deployed and
handed over to client. These tests include usability, functionality, and reliability of
application.
30) What is performance testing?
Answer: Performance testing falls under non-functional testing type, where latency (speed or
delay in accessing or loading a page), responsiveness and stability of application, network,
stress or load tests are carried out to check efficiency/performance of application.
31) What is Load testing?
Answer: Load testing is one form of non-functional testing, in which behavior of application
is observed when it is exposed to load. Example, verifying behavior of Netflix portal during
movie streaming by viewers between evening 7 pm to 9 pm in any time zone.
32) What is Stress testing?
Answer: This non-functional testing is conducted by subjecting an application to overload to
verify till how long system is sustaining to the stress, hence the name – Stress testing.
Example – during amazon festive season sale, subjected to overload when users’ multifield
times than expected will access the portal and book a newly arrived mobile, there by website
server may fail to handle such a heavy load.
33) What is Security testing?
Answer: Security testing is a testing of an application against malpractice from hacker, how
effective protective software like firewall or antivirus installed are in data protection, and
vulnerabilities of login system by SQL injection.
34) What is Static testing?
Answer: Software or an application is tested without executing code, such as Code Review,
coverage that business logic is properly taken care is called Static testing. Variable declared
but not used in code, undefined variables, unreachable code, syntax violations and code
structure approved in organization. Tools like code compare, Coverity, parasoft are used for
static code analysis
35) What is dynamic testing?
Answer: For dynamic testing, application should have compiled code and executed in order
to run application, various parameters such as CPU, memory, latency or time taken for
output, are analysed and recorded. Valid input values are prepared and expected output values
are listed as requirement. Main test types included in dynamic testing are functional and non-
functional testing. test level included in dynamic testing are Unit, integration, system and
acceptance testing.
36) What is Compatibility testing?
Answer: Compatibility testing is conducted to verify that software runs on various
environments, operating systems without any conflicts. Compatibility of an application is
tested across different Hardware configuration, operating systems like Ubuntu, Linux,
windows, MacOS, Network, Browsers like Firefox, chrome, opera, safari, various devices
like desktop pc, laptop pc, mobile, etc.
37) What is Reliability testing?
Answer: Reliability testing is carried out to confirm that software display reliable output that
is same irrespective of test environment, operating system, browser etc.
38) What is Compliance testing?
Answer: Compliance testing is a non-functional test that validates that the software designed
meets all the prescribed standards as described in requirement document. for Example,
Vehicles in North America are made according to Canadian Environmental Protection Act
1999 (CEPA 1999), under this act Environment Canada has an authority to regulate emission
from on-road engines.
39) What is Localization testing?
Answer: Localization tests verify that application can be used in specific region. The test
includes user interface, language, currency format, date and time format for that specific
continent or country having language dominance. Example, in case software developed
specific for middle east, language will be Arabic, currency being riyal and dirham for United
Arab Emirates. date format in Saudi Arabia is dd/mm/yyyy.
40) What is test case?
Answer: test case is set of instructions and steps to be followed to validate particular feature
should fulfill requirement specified in software requirement document. test cases can be
derived from requirement traceability matrix, which is derived from requirement document.
41) What columns are present in test case template?
Answer: test case template should have details common across test case such as test case
created by, tested by, tested on, module name tested with their details. Test case template
should contain columns as listed and explained below:

 Test case id – unique identification of test case

  Requirement Traceability Matrix id – test case scenarios or condition mapped with
RTM id. Test scenario – short description of what should be tested e.g. user should be
able to log in
 Pre-Requisite – assumption for test to carry out, such as application log in page is
already displayed in browser or desktop.
 Test steps – steps to follow to test the scenario, manually or using script automatically
 Test data used – valid test data created specific to the scenario e.g. username – admin
and password test123 to be used
 Expected Result – what is expected from the feature being tested e.g. welcome page
with menus of other features should be displayed after user successfully logged in to
the application.
 Actual Result- what is actual output or result after testing application, this is to be
filled in by tester Status – If there is difference between actual and expected result test
will fail, else test will pass
 Remarks – In case test fails, bug report details can be mentioned here.

42) What columns are important in testcase?

Answer: Important columns in test case common across IT industry are as below:
test case id, test scenario, description, prerequisite, test steps, test data, expected result, actual
result, status, remarks 43) What test case management tool have you used? Answer: test case
management tools I have used are testlink, JIRA.
44) What is use case?
Answer: Use case describes how person utilizes system or process to achieve his goal. it
helps to assess entire process, which part of the process is error prone. Main elements of use
case are Actor, System and Goal. Stakeholders, preconditions, and triggers are additional
element s of the use case.
45) Explain main elements of use case.
Answer: main elements of use case are Actor, System and Goal. Actor in Use case – is an end
user, single or group of people, interacting with a process System is the process required to
reach final outcome. Goal is successful user outcome.
46) What is test scenario?
Answer: Test scenario is functionality or feature that can be tested. It also provides high level
idea of what need to be tested, in order to create scenario, we need set of test cases where we
can understand features of application and any short comings of application.
47) What is a positive test case?
Answer: positive test cases ensure that using valid data, application performs required output
as expected or not. With positive test case, tester decides that feature provided works if
provided with valid test data.
48) What is a negative test case?
Answer: negative test cases are performed to try break the system, by providing invalid data,
or following path not proposed, main intension here is to uncover hidden defects, that
otherwise remain in the software.
49) What is Behaviour Driven Testing?
Answer: Behaviour driven testing focuses more on user behaviour in certain conditions (say
how printing a document in case he receives a message for “page area out of margin” =- how
will he reacts…, normally) rather than technical functionality of software.
50) What is Acceptance Testing?
Answer: Acceptance testing is final level in software testing, where purpose of test is too
analyse if software features are in compliance with business requirement, and can we deliver
to the client, does all features functions as expected, and with the features can we deploy
software on production environment.
51) What is Vulnerability testing?
Answer: vulnerability testing are assessment of software and underlined infrastructure, to
reveal security loopholes or risks that are critical present in software due to which some loss
should be incurred. Example – some application requires end user’s email address as
username as log in credential, registering email can offer a risk of receiving unsolicited mails.
52) What is black box testing?
Answer: When we test application without worrying or having knowledge about details of
implementation, how internal code structure applied to software to achieve required output. it
is called black box testing. This type of testing is carried out mainly by testers. Some of the
testing techniques for black box testing are Equivalence Partitioning, Boundary Value
Analysis, and Cause Effect Testing.
53) What is white box testing?
Answer: when internal implementation and internal code structure are known to the tester,
while testing an application, it is called white box testing. White box testing involves code
verification for security holes, poorly structured code process path, data flow of inputs in
code, conditional loop, testing of statement, object, and functions in each code class. Some of
the testing techniques for white box testing are Statement Coverage, Branch Coverage,
Decision, Condition, Control flow and Data flow testing.
54) What is grey box testing?
Answer: When tester has partial knowledge of internal working and features of an
application. Grey box testing is conducted to find defects due to code structure, improper
functionality and missing condition in the feature. Various techniques used in grey box testing
are Matrix testing, regression testing, orthogonal array testing, pattern testing.
55) What are the different levels of testing?
Answer: In Software Development Life Cycle, there are mainly four testing levels –starting
from Unit testing, followed by Integration testing, System testing, and finally user
Acceptance testing.
56) Explain integration testing of modules in real life Example?
Answer: When testers testing of various modules that are linked together to accomplish
features expected to accomplish. Testing modules in combination are called integration tests.
Example – After logging in to Amazon portal, user can view his orders history, pending
orders, Amazon wallet details, Prime videos streamed from where he can reorder already
procured item using his wallet balance amount as well as check video or movies already
streamed. Integration tests require tester to check log in details of a user, that has placed
orders and has purchased from amazon in past, also should be a prime member to avail
facility like music, movie and free of charge deliveries.
57) What is Top-Down Approach?
Answer: Top-Down Approach of testing is breaking down complex module into smaller
portions till it becomes easy for assessment. Example – Top management forms rules for
organization, middle level management and lower-level employees must follow the rules
enforced.
58) What is Stub in Top-Down Approach of integration testing?
Answer: Stubs are the called programs that temporarily replace the missing modules, help in
testing integration testing, where flow of data is takes place from Top to down approach.
59) What is Bottom-Up Approach?
Answer: Bottom-Up Approach of testing is combining smaller modules which are easy to
test, into larger single complex module. Example – Small group of students assess the
situation or problem, find solution to resolve it. The solution is discussed with teachers and
then applied to other groups, and on successful outcome, becomes appeal to higher
management, who can make it implementation.
60) What is Driver in Bottom-Up Approach of integration testing?
Answer: Test Drivers are calling modules that are temporary replacement of upper-level
module that are not yet integrated. Drivers fill the gap of absence of modules to verify flow of
data to higher level modules.
61) What is GUI or UI testing?
Answer: GUI i.e. Graphical User interface relates to frame or screen displayed to end user as
an interface that makes them easier to access an application or software. In case of desktop
application, Microsoft office or paint opens user interface when paint.exe file gets executed.
In case of web-based application, all the portals that opens index.html page where user can
check all general information about the website, and has login and signup links, allowing new
user to register and existing user to log in.
62) What is functional testing?
Answer: Functional testing is test working of web elements; drop down, buttons, check box
or radio button, and features of an application. Functional testing is categorized into various
types such as unit test, integration tests, GUI tests, localization tests, usability tests,
regression tests, system tests. Example: on clicking print button, a pop menu should display
showing existing page and print configuration window, with print button. On clicking on
print button, contents such as text, images or spreadsheets on selected page should be sent for
printing.
63) What is non-functional testing?
Answer: Nonfunctional testing deals with testing parameters other than features of an
application, these include performance, reliability, security, integrity, scalability, portability,
etc. Example: In case of desktop software say calculator, how quickly it displays an output,
for multiplication of four-digit numerals. In web-based application, how quickly an image is
rendered on the webpage, or if site is available 24×7 or is subjected to frequent maintenance,
making it non-available to end users.
64) What is requirement traceability matrix?
Answer: requirement traceability matrix (RTM) is a document that maps test cases with the
requirements discussed in software requirement document. RTM is a single document that
make sure that all the requirements are mapped and are covered and has test cases
corresponding to the requirement.
65) What is the defect traceability matrix?
Answer: Defect traceability matrix is a document that maps defects if any with corresponding
test cases, this document helps to trace defects, test cases and requirements thereby gives an
idea of whether defects have been resolved or not, if resolved and build is received, then test
cases selected for regression tests corresponding to this defect and some integration test cases
to make sure defect has been resolved.
66) What are the techniques used in test design?
Answer: Following are few techniques used in test case design
i) Equivalence Partitioning
ii) ii) Boundary Value Analysis
iii) iii) Decision Table
iv) iv) State Transition
v) v) Error Guessing
67) Give Example of Equivalence Class Partition.
Answer: Test Scenario- To get a driving license, the age of applicant should be between 18 to
49 years. There will be 3 (three) partition where tester should check possibility:
i) If applicant’s age is less than or equal to 17 years – Invalid
 ii) ii) If applicant’s age is between 18 to 49 years. – Valid
iii) iii) If applicant’s age is greater than or equal to 50 – Invalid
So, there will be 3 possible scenarios where only one valid group of applicant having age
is between 18 to 49 years, will get driving license.
68) Give Example of Boundary value analysis
Test Scenario- To get a driver’s license, the age range should be between 18 to 49 years.
Boundary values to be verified here is:

 First Boundary value:

Minimum age – 1 i.e. 18-1 = 17 years – invalid age
 Second Boundary value:
Minimum i.e. 18 years, minimum +1 i.e. 19 years, maximum -1 i.e. 48 years,
and maximum i.e. 49 years (18, 19, 48, 49) – Valid values for age criteria
 Third Boundary value:
Maximum +1 = 50 years – invalid age
69) Give Example of Decision Table Answer:
Scenario – You want to buy headphone and have budget Rs.1000 You have following buying
options:
i) Vijay Sales
ii) ii) Reliance Digital
iii) iii) Chroma
iv) iv) Amazon
Based on Answers to the following queries, we will be able to decide

 Where should we buy headphone from

 Can take trials before purchase
 Have EMI options Accepts Credit Cards
 Accepts Cash on Delivery
 Do they have return policy
 Have Item in your budget?

70) Can you explain Defect Life Cycle?

Answer: When tester finds a defect while testing application, he will confirm deviation with
expected result, registers defect (bug) in bug management tool like Bugzilla or JIRA. Bug
status will be ‘New’, If defect is not agreed by product team or developer, its status will
become ‘Rejected’.
When developer agrees with the defect in application, when assigned to developer, bug status
will be ‘Open’, If Developer does not agree to the defect; its status will be ‘Deferred’.
‘Open’ bugs when resolved by developer its status becomes ‘Fixed’, once the bugs are fixed
and build is retested for regression testing, defect is verified, i f defect is not resolved, bug
will be ‘Re-open’, which will be reassigned to the developer for fixing. if defect is resolved
and confirmed by tester then Bug status will be ‘Closed’.

71) What is Defect severity?

Answer: Severity of bug is an extreme level of damage like financial loss, company’s
reputation and loss of life, due to presence of the bug. Example such as if point of sales
machine does not function as expected, and does not dispense bill, thereby customer may not
pay the amount for the purchases, in such situation, the defect due to which bills are not
displaying amount of purchase, is termed as severe test case, as due to such defect, there will
be huge financial loss. Further say, infrared machine that used for removing decay in the teeth
malfunction and damages the jaw of patient, it may result into loss of life. Defect severities
are categorized into following levels:
  Blocker – Due to this defect type, it becomes impossible to further run the
application, there for the name – Blocker
 Critical – There are some workarounds to accomplish the task, e.g. pdf format of file
type is not downloaded, whereas word type is possible.
 Major – some error may lead to understanding the title or content by end user, e.g.
software display s title and content in English, but does not display some of the title in
Arabic language but display it in English only.
 Minor – there are some defects which has very minor impact on functionality of
application, e.g. missing space between words, commas are missed in sentences.
 Low -These defects do not impact at all, however if fixed it will be aesthetically
pleasing, e.g. Size of button, form border goes out of screen and need to scroll to view
the content.
72) What is Defect priority?
Answer: Priority gives a need of urgency to fix or resolve the defect, Example can be if a
reputed pen manufactures company while printing the pen model or company name will
wrong spellings, then such bugs should be fixed on priority basis. Defect priorities are
categorized into following levels

 Urgent – this must be fixed immediately e.g. payment gateway pages not displaying,
or conformance of order processed not sent via email or SMS, or transaction records
not printed in account details in banking software.
 High – this should be resolved in subsequent releases, e.g. presentation or video does
not have company logo or has written content but does not have voice that narrates
above content.
 Medium – should be fixed based on the level of severity- e.g. Error occurring while
user updates his mobile number, while communication has options such as his email
and mobile.
 Low – May or may not be fixed e.g. spelling or grammar mistake in introductory page
of portal, if meaning is conveyed to the audience.
73) Difference between quality assurance and quality control.
Answer: Quality assurance (QA) is targeted for avoiding defect, whereas quality control (QC)
is aimed at identifying defect and fix these defects. QA is process focused whereas QC is
end-product focused. Quality Assurance team usually in manufacturing industry gathers
certification related to quality of raw materials used, machineries used in processing the end
product and final product. Whereas Quality Control team is software testers inspects by
running or analysing steps followed in products and services to make sure that it is working
fine as per expected standards.
74) What is difference between inspection and audit?
Answer: Inspection is an observation where a site is expected to perform or follow standards
as compliance obligations, whereas audit is a process of checking if obligations are met or
not. Inspections are simple, quantitative and help create actions, whereas audits are complex,
qualitative and forms recommendations.
75) What is Quality assessment measurement?
Answer: It is a analysis to observe deviation between actual performance and expected
performance. Basis of assessment is an improvement in actual performance, whether new
hardware, or additional storage capacity or memory improvement or line of code that does
not consume processing power, but quickly display output.
76) What is test management measurement?
Answer: It is important for test managers to keep an account of test procedures followed, test
plan, test methodology, justification of number of test cases required to be conducted
manually in order to verify complete feature coverage, and why these manual test case not
able to be carried out using script, automatically, and finally after executing said number of
tests both manual and automatically, how many defects have been captured. There are various
test management tools that help manager with reports on what is optimum effort put in testing
and what is outcome. These tools have built-in test ware management, test scheduling, test
tracking, incident management, and test reporting.
77) What is test maturity model?
Answer: Based on the level of maturity model i.e. implementation of various processes of
software life cycle, adherence of procedures even during critical and crisis is called test
maturity model.
78) How is level of software development organizations decided?
Answer: Based on Capability Maturity Model (CMM), software development organization’s
level are decided. There are five levels:

 Level 1 – there is an ad hoc testing, chaotic work culture and no adherence to process
during time of crisis, they always use new and undocumented repeat process during
software life cycle.
 Level 2 – The processes are defined, and same steps are repeated during each new
project.
 Level 3 – There is standard business process in each of the defined processes followed
without any alterations.
 Level 4 – The mapping of the processes is managed accordance with agreed upon
metrics.
 Level 5 – there is regular and frequent process optimization and improvement during
process management.
79) What is Process Capability Measurement?
Answer: There is ameasure of process capability calculated using specification limits and
standard deviation of the process, which is Cp index. Most companies require Process Cp =
1.33 or greater.
80) What is difference between Corrective actions and preventive actions?
Answer: The term used in short is CAPA, stands for Corrective Action Preventive Action.
Corrective Action Preventive Action (CAPA) is a process which investigates and solves
problems, identifies causes, takes corrective action and Prevents recurrence of the root
causes. Example – when we fall sick, we seek medical attention, and health care specialist
offer us remedy and relief, but what if we do not get relief or do not recover. We ask for
corrective actions and we think of preventive action as well.
81) What is Software Testing Life Cycle?
Answer: Software Testing Life Cycle (STLC) is a sequence of activities performed by testers
such as

 Requirement & Analysis – Understanding the client’s requirement and what

requires, how to test the requirements,
 Test Planning – what should be tested in an application, How and who will test the
application
 Test Case Design – test scenarios, mapping with requirement traceability matrix, test
case creation, and test data used
 Test Environment Setup – what hardware and software need to install or configure
to build test environment.
 Test Execution – running the application to verify features as per test case designed,
reporting bugs, track the bugs and regression test till it gets resolved.
 Test Closure – Creation of test reports, total bugs pending, critical bugs if any,
justification for releasing application to client.
82) What is Requirement Specification Document?
Answer: Document approved by customers and project owners that describe, what is
expected from the software to perform, how many features and functionality, what is
requirement (what to verify/validate). In short, Software requirement specification document
has a purpose for software to be built, description of software to accomplish and requirement
in specific required to fulfill using the software.
83) What documents will you refer to understand about features in the software?
Answer: In order to understand features and their functionality we refer requirement
document (SRS). In order to understand overview of data flow, integration between systems,
we should refer design document, for understanding documentation on code, algorithms,
interfaces and APIs used in software technical documents or process documentation
containing UML diagrams, How end user will use the software we can find from user
manual, and finally how to install the software can be found from installation guide of the
software.
84) What is a virus?
Answer: computer virus is a type of computer program that if found in network and get
installed in our computer, it will infect all other software present in our computer and make
them malfunction (does not function as expected or stop to work). It is compulsory to remove
this virus from the computer, to safely execute and perform our tasks as desired.
85) How antivirus program works?
Answer: Antivirus programs prevent, detect, and remove malware, including computer
viruses, worms, and Trojan horses. Various Antivirus programs available in market are
Norton Antivirus Plus 2020, McAfee Total protection, Quick Heal etc.
86) Give few Examples of sensitive information can be shared across network?
Answer: There are many incidents where we unknowingly share our information across
network; they are our email address- we may receive spam messages i.e. messages for which
we have not granted permission to receive. they may contain, files attached that if opened
may contain virus, or may have damaging software. Our mobile number is second
confidential information, we may receive calls from persons we don’t know, they may harass
us by calling at any time, demanding donations, or try to send SMS messages, may use our
email and mobile number against our knowledge in criminal and unlawful activities. Our
credit card details like 16 digits number, pin number – this will drain our all the money from
our account, and we will be unaware until collection agencies knock our doors, or we receive
the withdrawal notice via mail or mobile number. Our pictures or anything that may be used
against our self-esteem over social media platform like Facebook or Instagram are sensitive
information.
87) What is IDE and their use?
Answer: Integrated development environment (IDE) is a tool that facilitates code creation,
building the program and debug (test) the code. IDE brings together text editor, integration of
code libraries, compilers, debugging facility and running the code. IDE supports various
languages and their libraries so that developers can write code and test their code in IDE
itself. Web based IDEs help creation of web-based application using HTML and JavaScript.
88) List name of IDE made of Java. Answer: Eclipse, IntelliJ IDEA and NetBeans are some
Examples of IDE made from using Java programming language.
89) Give some Examples of use of Java applets used in your application
Answer: Java applets were used to select local files from client machine to process them,
HTTP protocol sends these files over to server location.
90) What is required to run Java applet in a browser?
Answer: The Java Runtime environment, JRE is required as plug in to run Java applet in a
Firefox browser.
91) Can you explain methods used in applet life cycle?
Answer: When applet begins following methods are called:
  init() – init() is first method being called, we can initialize our variables here, init() is
called only once during run time of an applet.
 start() – start() method is called after init() has been called, start() is called everytime
HTML page is displayed on screen. start() method help to restart stopped applet.
 paint() – paint() method is called when applet begins its execution.paint() method has
Graphics param, with Graphics object, we can draw Shapes.
When an Applet is terminated following methods are called

 stop() – stop() method is called by browser or appletviewer to suspect execution of

applet
 destroy() – destroy() method is called once before browser unloads the applet.

92) What is JRE?

Answer: Java Runtime Environment contains Java Virtual machine, libraries and other
components to run applets and applications written in Java.
JVM + libraries + other components= JRE
93) What is JVM?
Answer: Java virtual machine helps run java bytecodes. when .java file are compiled using
javac compiler into .class file. These .class file contain bytecode understood by Java virtual
machine.
94) Why do we need JDK?
Answer: Java Development Kit (JDK) contains JRE and compile rs and debuggers for
developing applets and applications.
95) How JRE, JVM and JDK related?
Answer: JVM help run java byte codes created by compiling .java files into .class files.
JRE contains JVM (Java Virtual Machine), libraries and other components to run Java applets
and application
JDK contains JRE, compilers and debugger (development environment for applications
using Java programming language)
96) List types of class loaders in Java
Answer: Java has 3 kind of class loaders Bootstrap, extension and application class loader.
97) What is a difference between JRE and JVM?
Answer: (Java Runtime Environment) JRE contains Java Virtual Machine (JVM) + Java
packages (util, math, lang, awt, etc) + runtime libraries You need to install JRE on your
machine to run Java applications or applets. Java compiler Javac converts .java file into .class
files which contain bytecode, (Java Virtual Machine) JVM converts bytecode into machine
language. JVM is platform dependent, there are different JVM for different OS, Bytecode
converted into machine language for machine, executes depending on its kernel. Without
JVM we cannot run Java Applications.
98) What is difference between interpreter and compiler?
Answer: Both compilers and interpreters are used to convert program written in high level
language into machine code understood by computers.
Interpreter converts program one statement at a time, takes less time in analysing source
code, slower than compiler, there is no intermediate object formed, hence memory efficient
Compilers scans entire program and then converts it into machine language, takes more time
analysing source code, however it is faster than interpreter, generates intermediate object
code hence takes more memory. Programming languages like JavaScript, Python and Ruby
use interpreters Programming languages like C, C++ and Java use compilers.
99) What exe stands for?
Answer: exe is a filename extension for program that gets executed on Microsoft Windows
operating system. Executable file can be run by a program in Microsoft DOS or Windows
through command line or by double clicking over .exe file using mouse. COM and BAT are
other executable file types in Windows.
100) Give some Examples of executables in Windows
Answer: various programs like mspaint.exe runs paint application on windows machine,
forefox.exe runs Firefox browser, MS word exe run document editing software for windows
Adobe Acrobat reader exe file runs to read pdf files in windows.
101) Give name of four Java framework
Answer: Spring, Hibernate, Struts, JSF are some well-known Java framework
102) Can you explain Hibernate framework?
Answer: Hibernate is Object Relational Mapping tool (ORM) that simplifies java application
development and interacts with database. It implements Java Persistence API for data
persistence.
103) A type of testing to expose defects in the interfaces and in the interaction between
integrated components is.
Answer: Integration Level Testing
104) Identify type of testing wherein we subject the target of the test, to varying workloads to
measure and evaluate the performance behaviours and the ability of the target and the test to
continue to function properly under these different workloads?
Answer: Load Testing
105) What do you ask for to purchase computer?
Answer: There are few questions listed below we should ask ourselves and find their Answers
before deciding on purchase of computer,
Desktop or Laptop? – If you get same performance from laptop as well as desktop, it would
be cheaper to purchase desktop, in case you can manage steady workstation and space where
you can concentrate on your study or work. Otherwise, if you are required to carry your
machine under BYOD (Bring your own device) policy, able to manage power cables along
with you to and from the work on daily basis, laptop may be right choice.
What is a processor you are looking for? – What Processing power are you looking for,
number of cores, speed of processer, data handled, etc. What is a main purpose of purchasing
a computer, for study, some assignments, or remote work as a developer or tester? or for
searching over an internet, for watching movies or play games.
How much RAM and why? – Random Access Memory or RAM help to speed up the things,
multitasking like loading applications, browsing internet, image editing or experience
graphics effect in gaming.
Hard Drive and their capacity, how much you really want? – In order to store more files, you
need more storage, desktop will have more storage capacity than laptop. Based on Gigabytes
of Hard drive you install, you pay more.
Peripherals – Peripherals like USB ports – how many do you need? For keyboard,
headphone, printer etc.
HDMI for viewing Television with TV tuner if you want to view it over your computer,
SD slot – SD card in case you want to keep your pictures, process these photos etc. you may
need them, with extra price.
Wi Fi – In case you want to connect your pc with Wi-Fi for internet or Wi-Fi enabled
speakers Bluetooth – In case you are looking for connecting various appliances using
Bluetooth.
What Operating System Mac OS, Windows or Linux – What operating system you are
comfortable using your computer in, type of software loaded, remote work like tech support
will only require Linux operating system, whereas windows may be helpful for various
User friendly applications, but may get virus if not protected with antivirus software.
Play Game, or watch movies or Search internet? What is your purpose of purchasing will
matter on how much you should spend after it.
106) What is a Difference between Regression and Retesting?
Answer: The difference between Regression and Retesting is explained below Regression
testing is the testing of an application that verifies that there is no adverse effect of the
changes made due to defect fix or change request to other areas of application. regression
testing involves test cases other than those that are related to defect or change as per client
request, but it also tests features that directly or indirectly connected with the feature that was
rectified by developer against the defect raised, such as integration tests, test case related to
web components and their functions along with those involved directly with defect raised.
Regression testing is usually carried out using automated scripts by selecting test cases and re
executing the scripts to run those test cases. Retesting is a testing to make sure that previously
failed test cases due to defect are passed and the defect has been resolved. The test cases
involved in retesting focus only on the failed test cases due to the defect or the scenarios or
steps followed result in failed functionality. It is better to carry out manual testing in case of
retesting to make sure that defect has been resolved.
107) What is a difference between Debugging and Unit testing?
Answer: Debugging and unit testing are both carried out by developers, but in case of
debugging, code in focus is verified by debugging tool line by line for any syntax or
programming level issues such as runtime or compile-time exceptions or capturing and
transferring data through lines of code.
Unit testing is a testing of a unit or program for validating functionality carried out by
developer, essential to carry out to minimize bugs found at later stage like integration or
system testing. These testing are known as White Box testing.
108) What are Unit testing techniques?
Answer: The various unit testing techniques are listed below:
Statement Coverage
Decision Coverage
Branch Coverage
Condition Coverage
Control Flow Data Flow
109) How do you decide which test cases to consider for Regression Testing?
Answer: selection of test cases for regression testing for the build received from release,
should be based on following scenario priority for testing those test cases that were failed due
to defect, on testing if they are passed. All integration tests, boundary value scenarios, testing
functionality of components related to defect, end to end tests that involve change request or
resolved test cases after release, should be considered for regression.
110) What is a Difference between Integration Testing and System Testing?
Answer: The difference between system testing and integration testing is listed below System
testing is a test level after unit tests and integration tests in software testing life cycle, where
application is tested end to end for functional as well as non-functional requirements. It is
performed after integration testing. Usability, performance, scalability and security testing are
involved.
Integration testing is testing of interconnected units and their interfaces, the data flow
between these units and to make sure that feature is working as per expected. it is carried out
after unit testing. Various test approach like top down, bottom up or hybrid integration are
carried out during testing.
111) What are the various contents of a Test Plan?
Answer: Test plan document should include following details:

 Features to be tested
 Features not to be tested
 Approach like should we test manually, automated scripts, test techniques (white,
black or grey box)
 Criteria for Failed tests / pass tests
 What condition for suspending test activities Test environment such as hardware,
software, network etc.
 Total hours estimated while testing
 Specific training required, Risks involved, any assumptions or dependencies

112) Do you know Exploratory Testing?

Answer: Tests that are carried out while exploring an application, and learning about the
business requirements are called exploratory testing. These tests are carried out by manual
testers without referring to any test cases or test scripts. Exploratory tests are carried out by
experienced Software testers based on their previous testing expertise thereby test cases are
designed during test execution. Test steps carried out should be noted. In case of any defect
found during exploratory testing, as there is no test cases and test steps written to carry out
exploratory testing.
113) What is Prototyping? What are the various types?
Answer: software prototype is an application with limited features. prototype gives an idea of
how software is going to look like, input pages, output reports, ready to get feedback from
end users for any flaws and usability issues. Software prototype types are listed below:

 Horizontal prototype
 Vertical prototype
 Throwaway prototype
 Evolutionary Prototype
 Incremental prototype
 Extreme prototype

114) What are SDLC phases?

Answer: The Software Development Life Cycle consists of following phases:

 Requirement
 Gathering and Analysis
  Design
 Coding
 Testing
 Deployment
 Support

115) List some of the SDLC models used in software development?

Answer: famous SDLC models usually followed by companies depend on the requirement.
Waterfall, Iterative, V-model, Spiral, Big Bang, Agile
116) What kinds of reviews are conducted during SDLC phase?
Answer: Types of software reviews are:

 Software Peer Review is a detailed examination of low level and high-level design
documents by one or more individuals working on the project to find and resolve
errors or defects in application during early stages of SDLC.
 Code Review – review of code by peer developer will ensure that functionality is met
with as expected; there are no memory leaks or dead code which is not utilized while
coding.
 Pair Programming – Is a process where same portion of code is developed by pair of
developers individually and then most efficient code is finalized.
 Software Management Review – The project head verifies project progress, status of
plans and their status, infrastructure allocation to test and develop the application
during management review.
 Software Audit Reviews is an independent examination of product, process,
assessment with compliance to specifications.
117) What is the role of Metrics in Testing?
Answer: Software Testing Metrics is a quantitative measure that helps in estimating progress,
quality and well-being of software testing efforts. This helps in improving efficiency and
effectiveness of software testing processes.
118) What are key challenges while testing a software application?
Answer: Some of the challenges of testing software applications are listed below:
Test entire application – It is virtually impossible to test and verify entire application with
every scenario. Even one of the seven principles of software testing says, “Exhaustive Testing
is Not Possible”.
Relationship with developers: Tester’s responsibility to check for any defects in the software
and how to break an application, it becomes tough to keep amicable relations hip with
developers
Regression testing: In every build released from developer, tester has to check entire
application for end-to-end functionality every time along with resolved defect and
components or units that are integrated that may get affected due to change request or
resolved defect.
Testing always under time constraint: All the stack holders keep an eye on how the built has
come out, testers must quickly start testing the build with sanity test, smoke test and
regression tests as send their observations as soon as possible.
Which tests to execute first? – Based on available timeline, and complexity of modules, test
lead must distribute testing like user interface or feature testing using script automatically and
regression and integration tests manually. Non-functional testing using tools like load runner,
API testing using Postman or REST assured. Regression tests using selenium and mobile
testing using Appium.
Understanding the requirements: There should be a walkthrough and review of software,
domain knowledge, how to test features etc. is mandatory for each member of tester.
Decision to stop the testing: Testing manager should explain testers when should testing be
stopped, based on what critical bugs should get resolved, any blockers affecting feature
pending by developers.
119) Explain your views about Quality.
Answer: Software Quality work begins before the testing phase and continues after the
software is delivered. It is utmost important to deliver quality product to the end user, this
will impart confidence, reliability, long term partnership regards to the quality of product.
Quality is doing the right thing, doing it the right way, doing it right the first time, and doing
it on time without exceeding cost.
120) What is the advantage of using any bug tracking tool?
Answer: Main objective for using bug tracking tool is to deliver high quality software product
by keeping track of defect discovered and track these defects till it gets resolved, Improve
Return on Investment (ROI) by reducing cost of development, when quality product is
developed, so that it will have more reliable quality product, satisfied customers with long
loyalty. Product and Project team can keep a track of detect Issues Earlier and understand
defect trends in ongoing software development.
Better Communication, Teamwork and connectivity amongst stack holders about software
quality.
121) Explain about website Usability testing.
Answer: website usability testing is to measure and understand how web visitor would
experience navigating website to verify its features, accomplish their tasks and any pain
points in doing so.
122) What are defect attributes?
Answer: various properties to measure defect quality or nature in software can be known as
defect attributes, Defect attribute are properties that determine extent of damage due to the
defect on the software application. for Example, severity, priority, type of defect are some of
the Examples.
123) What is pesticide paradox?
Answer: pesticide paradox is a principle wherein same set of test case if executed again and
again over interval of time, then these test cases are not capable of identifying any new
defects in the system. to overcome this effect, the set of test cases are regularly reviewed and
revised to make them effective.
24) Explain V model.
Answer: V model is a SDLC methodology where software development instead of moving
downwards like waterfall model, moves downwards and then back upwards in V shape,
starting with requirement analysis, system design, module design, unit testing, integration
testing, system testing, user acceptance testing.
125) What is the difference between Web application and Client Server Application?
Answer: Client Server application is distributed on at least two systems, Client and Server
where client has visual pages like input forms, validation for valid data before sending
requests to server and output pages as response from server. Server has all business logic,
database storage where request received from client machines are responded back after
processing through logic and database tables, procedures. Client Server applications require
LAN connection and Database Drivers so that they are connected whenever request is sent
for response. Some Examples are ATM machine, Banking software, and Stock Trading etc.
Web applications are built in one server with all front-end files, back end and processing
logic placed on single web server, various technologies such as HTML or ASP with
JavaScript or JS libraries are used for front end design, whereas back-end storage and
processing is done on server in class files and DB procedures and tables. web applications are
accessed using web browser; hence it requires internet in addition to web application files
placed on web server. Examples of web applications are Amazon, Flipkart and Snapdeal
online portal, Gmail, Saavn online music streaming services
126) What is Localization testing?
Answer: Localization testing is validating software that is customized for users for specific
language or country. Where user interface will be displayed in English are translated into the
country specific local known language, in addition the currency and time denomination and
any instructions are displayed in locale language. in addition, the software should support
entering language specific text using virtual keyboard. e.g. Tamil for Andhra Pradesh state. or
mandarin for China country specific.
127) What is difference between Black box testing and White box testing?
Answer: In case of White box testing, it is mandatory to know internals of software
applications, such as structure, program functions, and implementation of how data flows
between components. The tests cover white box testing are unit testing and integration
testing. These tests are performed by developers, and it is mandatory to know programming
and implementation knowledge, the test is based on design document provided by design
team. Various testing techniques used in White box testing are Statement Coverage, Branch
coverage, decision coverage, path coverage.
Black box testing does not need any understanding about internal structure of application, the
tests cover black box testing are system and acceptance testing, testing is based on
requirement document received from product team. Various testing techniques used in Black
box testing are Equivalence partitioning, Boundary value analysis, Decision table testing, and
Error Guessing.
128) What is the difference between Authentication and Authorization give an Example.
Answer: Authentication is verify logged in user’s genuineness, in real world you were
required to show photo identity documents such as Aadhar card, driving license, PAN card or
Passport to receive documents addressed to you from courier, know your account balance at
your bank.
whereas authorization is verifying what module access rights the logged in user has. real life
Examples are You are allowed to explore feature of an application based on your trial period,
once you become registered user by paying the registration fees, you can access more
features of the software.
129) Other than functionality what else you should test in Web Application?
Answer: In addition to functionality and feature testing, we should test browser compatibility,
security tests for authentication and authorization rights, latency – how long it takes to load a
web page, or request to come back as a response, load testing based on number of users
logged in during peak hours, and scalability testing.
130) How you know that testing is enough?
Answer: The criteria and conditions are specified in exit document that guides us on when
testing should be stopped. When most of blockers and critical bugs have been resolved and
application has performance in acceptable limits, we can stop testing. This is however based
on some risk that must be undertaken and time limit.
131) How will you test the reports?
Answer: It is important to prepare report on the testing activities and their result on regular
basis to the management. It helps to analyse quality of tested product, and based on the result,
the decision to release the product or hold back till its quality improves, can be taken.
Instead of oral confirmation or denial about the software quality discussions, the report will
give written evidence of test status, summary of defects logged into bug tracking system.
Number of tests carried out, test method, what steps taken, deviation observed between actual
and desired expectation.
132) What is Database? Which database you are aware of?
Answer: Collection of data that can be accessed referred and manipulated to use in an
application. Relational database, NoSQL database, cloud database, distributed database,
object -oriented database, graph database are database types.
You can inform the interviewer about name of database you have worked on or are aware of.
133) Can you name some of Relational database?
Answer: some Examples of relational databases are SQL server, oracle, MySQL, IBM DB2,
PostgreSQL.
134) Can you name some of NoSQL database?
Answer: Some Examples of NoSQL databases are – Elasticsearch, MongoDB, CouchDB,
Cassandra dB, HBase.
135) Can you name some of cloud database?
Answer: some Examples of cloud databases are – amazon S3, RDS, DynamoDB, Redshift,
SAP, Azure
136) Can you name some of distributed database?
Answer: some Examples of distributed databases are – Teradata, Exadata, SAP Hana
137) Can you name some of object-oriented database?
Answer: object-oriented database – Smalltalk, LISP in Gbase, COP in Vbase
138) Can you name some of graph database?
Answer: graph database- Neo4j, amazon Neptune,
139) What is Database Testing?
Answer: Database testing is a testing of database entities such as schema, tables, views,
triggers, stored procedures, partitions created on tables, indexing. We should be proficient in
SQL queries.
140) What do you mean by Cookies?
Answer: cookies are small text files that contain web visitor information such as websites
explored, pages visited, visitor’s Ip address to identify already visited user.
141) How do you test Cookies?
Answer: cookies are small text files that contain web visitor information such as websites
explored, pages visited, visitor’s Ip address to identify already visited user. There are various
types of cookies:

 Session cookies – user navigating websites actively, once they leave particular site,
session cookie disappears.
  Tracking cookies – are used to keep record of multiple visits that was made to same
particular web site.
 Authentication cookies – whether a valid registered user has logged in again and if
so with what name?
142) What are Stored Procedures?
Answer: In relational databases, use of parameters, variables and output parameters to design
procedure which has data processing to incorporate business logic for expected result.
143) How many types of Joins are in SQL?
Answer: the Joins are of following types in SQL: Inner Join

 Left Join
 Right Join
 Full Join
 Self-Join

144) What are DML and DDL commands give Example.

Answer: Data Definition Language (DDL) commands in SQL are create database, schema,
constraints, users, tables etc. DDL commands are CREATE, DROP, RENAME and ALTER
Data Manipulation Language (DML) commands in SQL are insert, update, and delete records
from database tables. DML commands are INSERT, UPDATE and DELETE
145) What is Normalization?
Answer: Normalization in SQL is a process of eliminating useless repeated data from tables,
ensuring data dependency makes sense in final tables.
146) What is Primary key and Foreign key?
Answer: Primary key is a type of constraint applied on column values in order to uniquely
identify a record (row) in the table. A column value should be unique (cannot repeat) and
cannot hold null values. There can only be single primary key per database table.
Foreign key is a type of constraint applied on the column value which already exist as a
column in another table with primary key constraint applied on. Foreign key value can accept
multiple null values. There can be multiple foreign keys in single database table.
147) What is RDBMS?
Answer: RDBMS stands for relational database management system, where relational
database refers to storage of data in structured manner in row and column format.
148) What is difference between delete & truncate?
Answer: Delete is a DML command whereas Truncate is a DDL command, with delete
command applied on table record(s) records will get removed, records removed using Delete
command can be recovered with Rollback command. Using truncate command, records
along with table structure gets removed from database schema, WITHOUT recovering the
table again.
149) What design documents you receive from PM?
Answer: Low level Design and High-level Design documents are received from Project
manager.
150) What are documents are created in Design phase?
Answer: Design Documents such as Low-Level Design, High Level Design documents
created by developers and design team explaining data flow in application or modules using
UML diagram.
151) What challenges you have faced in testing so far?
Answer: This one is a tricky question; interviewer wants to know firsthand information from
you about your weakness in handling difficult or crisis. Answering this question like what
your weakness is – you need to keep yourself specific and not to lament problem or
difficulties or show any kind of annoyance or hatred for stack holder or reporting manager,
colleague or developer or some process. You can explain situation however but should end
your statement explaining how you were successful in controlling the situation.
152) Realizing you won’t be able to test everything – how do you decide what to test first?
Answer: There are a situation where testing a new build is allotted a bare minimum time, or
you are given several tasks or projects to investigate. In such case, where you cannot be able
to completely cover all the scenarios of testing, you can focus on main functionality and
features released and check if any critical or blocking defect should not be present in an
application during regression tests. Usability, functionality, security, performance are few
testings that should be carried out either using scripts automatically or test manually.
153) What is SQA?
Answer: Software Quality Assurance (SQA) is a set of activities that validates that the
software being designed or built, meets desired quality measures and specifications. Test
Assurance team has tasks like auditing and training the stack holders about standards for
quality that software should satisfy as per user expectations.
154) What are the contents of defect report?
Answer: A defect report should inform description about the defect.

 Which version or build of software release being tested during which defect occurred
 Which is the module name,
 how to access this module (path),
 what were the steps carried out
 What was the functionality affected,
 how severe you think the defect is Name of the tester who discovered the defect,
 Name of the developer to whom defect has been assigned,
  Test case affected mapped to requirement specification document ids and number of
test cases that may not be tested due to the defect.
155) What is Big Bang type of testing?
Answer: Big Bang test type is an integration tests where multiple modules are being tested
simultaneously which may get affected due to change request or defect if any. This helps
exploring software with end-to-end functionality and gives tester an idea about features
included and functionality carried out using the software.
156) What is Traceability Matrix & Coverage Matrix?
Answer: Traceability Matrix & Coverage Matrix is a document that is mapped with software
requirement documents and test case or scenarios all in single document. The purpose of such
document will ensure that the entire requirements have been covered by test cases and there
is no feature or functionality that has been left unchecked.
157) What is UAT and Alpha and Beta Testing?
Answer: User Acceptance Test (UAT) is a final test by end user or client’s representative
before software is handed over to production environment. It is an end-to-end functionality
testing and verify that proposed features have been included in the software. User Acceptance
test is essential as end user will test and verify the application, to make sure that the
developer has incorporated the features and functionality expected by end user in the
software. In addition, change requests asked for have been properly incorporated by
developers.
158) List OOPS features?
Answer: The OOPs features are as listed below:

 Inheritance
 Polymorphism
 Encapsulation
 Abstraction

159) What is Hot fix?

Answer: Hotfix is a workaround which can be some sort of configuration change in order to
resolve an issue that could occur in running application or server, with minimum downtime.
160) Where are Exit and Entry Criteria written in Test Plan?
Answer: Entry criteria are written document without referring to which one cannot begin any
of the SDLC phases. To begin SDLC phase Requirement document and complete flow
diagram of the application as well as Test Plan should be ready and available. An exit
criterion is the detailed document that decides moving from current phase of SDLC to the
next phase. In order to exit SDLC phases test cases should be written and reviewed, test data
has been identified and ready to use, scripts for automate the execution of test cases must be
ready.
161) What are different scenarios for verifying Email address?
Answer: To verify email address, the front-end tester should consider foll owing criteria
Email address may contain alphanumeric characters as initial portion, special character
allowed are dot (.), underscore (_), in initial portion, there should only be single @ symbol
separating local part and domain.
Domain name may end separating dot (.) with net, org, com and edu as well as country
specific characters e.g. In for India, ca for Canada.
162) What is the query for update table?
Answer: In order to change column value in the table based on condition, the query is as
given below:
UPDATE table_name
SET column1 = value1, column2 = value2, …
WHERE condition.
163) if there is mistake in company Logo, what is Priority and Severity Justify your Answer?
Answer: Mistake in company logo on a product, does not impact its functionality or working,
as well as buying or selling activities of product, the defect has low severity. But this defect
will impact greatly brand identity and impact how user will interact or may take as duplicate
product, hence such defect is of high priority.
164) What is A/B testing?
Answer: A/B testing is comparing two version of same product, for difference in user
experience, performance and any changes that are evident during tests. E.g. comparison of
features of Microsoft’s word 95 and word 97.
165) What is Test driven development?
Answer: When requirements are specific to test cases, such that code can be improved or
defect in code can be fixed to meet with the requirements, such kind of development is
known as test driven development. The test cases are designed around various scenarios to
cover the expected requirements.
166) Explain error guessing with an Example.
Answer: Based on testing experience, testers design their test cases or scenarios, such method
or tests which are exploratory in nature, to locate defect in software, are called error guessing.
167) In bug life cycle, who opens the bug?
Answer: In Bug Life Cycle, Developer opens the bug which was logged in bug management
tool by a tester and assigned to respective developer by development head for fix.
168) What is Compatibility, Multiplatform and Configuration testing?
Answer: Compatibility testing involves testing software and their compatibility with
standards, platforms, transfer of data, and all possible combinations can be verified using
different operating systems, web browsers for same hardware, how functional and non-
functional features behave.
Multiple platforms such as operating systems, network and hardware and their combination
used as test environment and how performance of software will behave can be tested.
Configuration testing involves verifying parameter set up for various computer components
such as PC, components, peripherals, interfaces, graphic cards, device drivers are composed
of variety of configurations. With help of installation guide and manual we can verify
configuration of various parameters in various hardware and infrastructures.
169) What are Session and Cookies and what is difference between them?
Answer: Cookies and Sessions are small text files that store information.

 Cookies Sessions Cookies are stored only at client machines Sessions get stored at
both client machine as well as server.
 Cookies are independent of session. Session is dependent on cookies.
 Cookie expires based on lifetime set by user Session ends when user closes web
browser.
 As HTTP is stateless protocol, cookies track application state using small text files on
user’s computer i.e. client. Sessions store important information such as user id on the
server and are used to pass data values from one page to another.
170) What is Mutation testing?
Answer: Mutation testing is white box testing usually conducted in unit testing level, by
changing few statements in source code and validate using debugger. Objective of mutation
testing is to assess test case quality based on fault based test strategy that fails mutant code
while debugging.
171) Difference between Ad-hoc & Exploratory testing
Answer: Exploratory as well as Ad-hoc testing should be carried out by experienced testers
for validating critical application that requires early iteration so to test if the application
satisfies essential functionality or not. Following is the difference between Ad-hoc and
exploratory testing:

 Ad-hoc is an informal test that can be carried out without referring to requirement
specification documents for the application being tested. Exploratory is formal tests
are carried out by experienced Software testers based on their previous testing
expertise thereby test cases are designed during test execution. There is no test case or
scenario created during exploratory testing.
 Ad-hoc tests primarily tests negative scenarios While exploratory tests, both positive
as well as negative tests should be tested thoroughly.
172) Difference between HTTP and HTTPS, explain how the data is secured in HTTPS?
Answer: HTTP is short for Hypertext Transfer Protocol, when you enter http:// in your
browser, you inform browser to allow connection via http protocol which is TCP
(transmission control protocol), to send and receive data packets over the web.
HTTPS is short for Hypertext Transfer Protocol Secure, when you enter http:// in your
browser, you inform browser to allow connection via http protocol over secured connection
encrypted by transport layer security.
173) Have you heard of Agile Methodology? Explain?
Answer: Agile is a process or a framework where a small team develops, and tests customer
requirement assigned to them in their order of priorities to be accomplished in the small
interval in agreement with client representative from the team.
174) What is scrum?
Answer: Scrum is a term used in agile environment of software development where stack
holders that develop product meet daily to discuss about Work and its Progress like what task
is done, what is being worked upon, what are the difficulties delaying the progress. Scrum
meet ensures the team member especially product owner about the status of the work
completed and backlog.
175) What is sprint?
Answer: Sprint is usually period of 3 to 4 weeks in which team members have to complete
their assigned tasks along with any change request. This is spread across entire software
development life cycle, with every new sprint starting after completing task of previous
sprint.
176) What is epic?
Answer: Epic is product feature which are broken down into achievable smaller tasks known
as user stories in sprint interval. Epic are completed on incremental order of user stories
achieved in sprints.
177) What is product backlog?
Answer: The product backlog comprises a list of new product features, changes in any of the
features or functionalities, bug or defect fixes, changes in hardware infrastructure in order to
enable the team to achieve a specific outcome. A close eye on product backlog is kept by the
scrum master and product owner. This helps in defining burn down reports. Product backlog
results in a count of pending tasks that are recurring over a couple of sprints.
178) What is burn down report? Answer: Burn down Report is A pending task from user
stories during sprint interval due to any reasonable reasons specified by developer, against the
time interval. Product owner help to remove impediments due to which tasks are being
delayed or left pending.
179) Have you used any Configuration Management tool?
Answer: I have assisted DevOps team occasionally and have used Chef and Puppet tools for
Configuration Management of their infrastructure.
180) Do we always need to do regression after retesting?
Answer: Retesting is required to verify that the test cases failed in previous release, are
passed after the defects are fixed.
Regression is mandatory to verify all relative or dependent modules and integration tests that
are intact even after defect is fixed or after change request. You need to retest the portion of
application where defect was fixed. This may be a portion of tests in regression testing.
Experience says, it is safe to do regression after retesting as to make sure that other portions
of software are intact and not affected after defect fix.
181) What is Web server, which web servers you know?
Answer: Web server is an infrastructure that uses hypertext transfer protocol to respond client
request s over internet. Its main function is to store, process and deliver web pages requested
to web site visitors. In addition, web server also supports Simple Mail Transfer Protocol
(SMTP) and File Transfer Protocol (FTP) protocols for email, file transfer and storage.
Microsoft Internet Information Services (IIS) and Apache Tomcat are some Examples of a
web server.
182) What is Inter-system testing? Have you done that?
Answer: When various systems are internally connected with each other and can access or
exchange information as well as process one system with another system as interface. Real
Life Example is ATM machines, if you have account in State Bank of India of any branch and
you have SBI debit card. You need to withdraw cash immediately, you have ICICI bank ATM
machine near you. You insert SBI debit card in ICICI bank ATM machine, you enter your
credential, the system will internally access SBI server and verify your authentication details
along with account balance. When you request the amount to be withdrawn, ICICI
bank ATM machine will dispense the cash requested for. with amount remaining in your SBI
account. Another Example is you can access and use all banking related functionality from
different branch of SBI bank across India.
183) What is a build? What is the release?
Answer: The software build is application compiled and integrated in order to get tested by
software testers. Release is deploying software with new version deployed to the customer, it
has additional features that were absent in previous release, and change request requested by
customers using previous release.
184) What is production server?
Answer: production server is a server used to host website contents such as front-end pages,
CSS files, JavaScript files, backend tables, SQL files, procedures etc. integrated and deployed
so that end users can access them through their website address using browser and internet, or
download on their mobile for using the features of application.
185) What is Recovery Testing?
Answer: Recovery testing is to test how quick the application is recovered after it has gone
through system crash or hardware failure. Tester can change interface, protocol, firmware,
hardware, and software configurations as close as the actual conditions. Recovery tests after
hardware restored will be tested for getting application again coming back and start running
as before. The expense and risk to carry out recovery testing may be substantial and
prohibitive for smaller startup companies.
186) What are the properties of a good Requirements Document?
Answer: The requirement should be feasible, completely explained in requirement
specification document. There should be single requirement, easily read and understood by
non-technical people, should not contain definitions, reasons for need of requirement. The
requirement should not have any guess work or any confusion (e.g. for how long, 50% or
more) should not conflict with other requirements, must include same terminology across
document, can be achieved with existing technologies, met within the schedule.
187) What is Accessibility Testing?
Answer: Accessibility testing is a subset of usability testing, is a process of testing an amount
of ease of using the application by disabled individuals. Based on the type of disability
various tests are carried out on software to check accessibility features designed specifically
for disabled either manually or automatically using tools. The objective of accessibility
testing is listed below:

 To make sure that application or software can be used by a disabled individual with
ease,
 To verify that the software follows the laws formed over requirements for accessing
software by disabled individuals.
 To make sure that there is no legal action against the software provider in the future

188) How can you make your software ready for accessibility?
Answer: Screen Readers like JAWS, NVDA, Voiceover, Window-Eyes, and Digital voice
recorders of brands like EVISTR, OLYMPUS WS-852, Zoom, Tascam and SONY can be
integrated with software to add accessibility feature for disabled individuals.
189) What is Jenkins?
Answer: Jenkins is an open source automation tool that help DevOps to automate build, test
and deploy, integration and delivery of software, whenever multiple developer tries to
commit his/her source code and code is built, build status will be notified to developers such
as which commit has defect in case, next when the build is deployed over to test server any
integration issue if any will be reported to developer for any drawback or failed build. Jenkins
a tool that automates Continuous Integration, Deployment, feedback to developers, defect in
build can be resolved immediately.
190) What is an insurance?
Answer: Insurance is a protection or risk management against any unforeseen events such as
theft, accidents, illness, damages of properties, due to loss of life in the form of sum total of
the amount by paying the premium for the coverage and claim in case of incident or after
maturity
191) What are some of the types of insurance?
Answer: Some of the insurance types are Life Insurance, Term Life Insurance, Retirement
plans, Health insurance, Home Insurance, Automobile Insurance, Travel Insurance,
Commercial Assets Insurance, and Mobile insurance.
192) How many types of banking have you heard of?
Answer: Banking is divided largely into Retail banking, corporate banking, Investment
Banking, Internet or net banking, and Mobile banking.
193) What is retail banking?
Answer: Retail banks provide liquidity, an amount of money for spending and investment in
form of treasury bills(currency). In addition to save and invest individual and their families’
finances, offer credit (loans) to purchase homes, cars, and other expenses. They also offer
credit cards based on their repayment history. debit card so that people can withdraw cash
from ATM machines, or shop groceries, clothing or things of need at point of sales using
debit or credit cards and cash management such as demand draft, ECS, RTGS/NEFT, cheques
payment.
194) What is Net Banking?
Answer: Digital Banking – customers who have their accounts in banks can access various
financial services offered by retail banks any time using the internet. Viewing account
statement, fund transfer, online shopping by payments and confirming OTP (one-time-
password) in order to verify the transaction is authenticated by the account holder, apply for
loan, credit card s, investments like mutual funds, cumulative investments etc. various other
services like cheque book request, online password changes, credit card payments, viewing
transactions statements.
195) Name some digital payment platform
Answer: Users can make cashless payments with global digital payment platforms such as
PayPal, Visa, MasterCard, Amazon, E-wallets, Bancontact, and Indian payment platforms
such as CCAvenue, PayTM, Google Pay, PhonePe, BHIM, etc.
196) What entities are present in health care domain?
Answer: Following are the entities in health care domain applications:

 Insurer– health insurance policy providers who look after all the medical treatment
expenses for policyholder.
 Policy holder– one who is covered for the sum insured amount of medical expenses
by paying the premium to the insurer
  Provider– healthcare professional, a registered doctor or physician treating a patient,
a policyholder for his illness.
 TPA– is an interface between policyholder and Insurer Company, who processes the
claim for the medical treatment charges and reimburse them to the facility, hospital,
and medical doctor.
 Broker– is an agent that sells the health insurance policy to the customer against the
premium amount for the sum insured healthcare expenses covered under the policy.
197) What are the seven layers of OSI model in network?
Answer: OSI model contains 7 layers starting with Physical, Data Link, Network, Transport,
Session, Presentation, and Application Layer
198) What do you mean by protocol?
Answer: Protocols are set of rules or procedures that are already agreed by the software
industry, for transmission of data between resistors, capacitors, inductors, diodes, and
transistors of electronic devices like desktop, laptop computers, mobile phones, printers,
electronic devices like digital cameras, DVD players, smart televisions etc
199) What are various types of e-commerce sites?
Answer: The various types of ecommerce sites are Business to Business (B2B), Business to
Consumer (B2C), Consumer to Consumer (C2C).
200) What are system integration test types?
Answer: System Integration test types are Big Bang Integration, Top-Down Integration,
Bottom Up Integration, and Sandwich /Hybrid Integration.
201) Name few of System integration testing tools.
Answer: The different Testing tools to verify system integration that are used across industry
are Citrus, FitNesse, Jasmine, LDRA, Protractor, Rational Integration Tester from IBM, SITA
(Smart Integration Test Accelerator), Tessy, Validata VectorCAST(C++/Ada),
202) What is Defect cascading?
Answer: Defect cascading is defects that are encountered by software testers, which further
uncover another defect in the system while integration testing takes place. In order to locate
defects that are primary this may further realize other defects in the application.
203) Give some Test Management Tools you are aware of.
Answer: TestRail, Zephyr,TestFlo, JIRA, TestComplete, and TestLink are some of the
industry recognized test management tools.
204) Where are Jenkins files stored?
Answer: Jenkins stores the configuration for each job within an eponymous directory in jobs/.
The job configuration file is config. xml, the builds are stored in builds/, and the working
directory is workspace/
205) Have you heard about GIT?
Answer: GIT is an open-source version control system used as a depository to save code base
of multiple developers, which will be integrated after compiling and build using continuous
integration tool such as Jenkins.
206) Have you worked on SQL query? What have you done?
Answer: Yes, I have worked on SQL select commands where I queried on the database tables
to view and compare records present in tables and that displayed on application’s output. 207)
Explain REST API.