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Solution in One Page

Solutions can be classified as solid solutions, liquid solutions, or gaseous solutions. Henry's law states that the solubility of a gas in a liquid is directly proportional to the pressure of the gas. According to Raoult's law, the partial vapor pressure of each component in a solution is directly proportional to its mole fraction. Colligative properties such as lowering of vapor pressure, boiling point elevation, and freezing point depression depend only on the number of solute particles and not on their identity. Osmosis is the flow of solvent through a semipermeable membrane from a region of lower solute concentration to higher solute concentration. The osmotic pressure is the pressure required to stop osmosis

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77 views2 pages

Solution in One Page

Solutions can be classified as solid solutions, liquid solutions, or gaseous solutions. Henry's law states that the solubility of a gas in a liquid is directly proportional to the pressure of the gas. According to Raoult's law, the partial vapor pressure of each component in a solution is directly proportional to its mole fraction. Colligative properties such as lowering of vapor pressure, boiling point elevation, and freezing point depression depend only on the number of solute particles and not on their identity. Osmosis is the flow of solvent through a semipermeable membrane from a region of lower solute concentration to higher solute concentration. The osmotic pressure is the pressure required to stop osmosis

Uploaded by

raiprisha06
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Solutions

Gas in solid  Solution of hydrogen in palladium


Solid Solutions
Liquid in solid  Amalgam of mercury with sodium
Mass %, ppm, mole fraction and molality are independent of temperature, whereas
Temp. Vs Conc.
molarity depends on temperature. This is because volume depends on temperature.
At a constant temperature, the solubility of a gas in a liquid is directly proportional to the
Henry’s law. pressure of the gas. p = KH . x
KH = Henry’s law constant ( greater the KH value means lower the solubility.)
1.To increase the solubility of CO2 in soft drinks, the bottle is sealed under high pressure.
Application of Henry’s law.
2. To avoid bends, the tanks used by scuba divers are filled with air diluted with helium
Solubility of gas increases with decrease of temperature. It is due to this reason that
Temp and Solubilty of gas
aquatic species are more comfortable in cold waters rather than in warm waters.
Raoult’s law for volatile The partial vapour pressure of each component in the solution
liquids is directly proportional to its mole fraction p1 α x1 p1 = p10 x1
The solutions which obey Raoult’s law over the entire range of concentration are known
Ideal Solutions as ideal solutions. ( For ideal solution ΔmixH = 0, ΔmixV = 0)
Example : Solution of n-hexane and n-heptane,
Positive deviation : A-B interactions are weaker than those between A-A or B-B,
Example - Mixtures of ethanol and acetone
Non-ideal Solutions
Negative deviations : Forces between A-A and B-B are weaker than those between A-B
Example- mixture of phenol + aniline. a mixture of chloroform +acetone
Mixtures have same composition in liquid and vapour phase and boil at a constant temp.
Azeotropes minimum boiling azeotrope(positive deviation) eg- 95% aq ethanol
maximum boiling azeotrope(negative deviation) eg- 68% aq nitric acid
Colligative properties Depend on the number of solute particles not upon their nature.

Relative Lowering of
Vapour Pressure

Elevation of Boiling Point

Depression of Freezing Point

Osmosis Solvent flows through the semi permeable membrane from pure solvent to the solution.
The extra pressure applied on the solution that just stops the flow of solvent is called
Osmotic pressure
osmotic pressure of the solution

Osmotic pressure(π)

Isotonic solutions Two solutions having same osmotic pressure


Hypertonic Higher osmotic pressure than a particular soln
Hypotonic Lower osmotic pressure than a particular soln
The direction of osmosis can be reversed if a pressure larger than the osmotic pressure is
Reverse Osmosis applied to the solution side. That is, now the pure solvent flows out of the solution
Application : Desalination of sea water
ratio of normal molar mass to experimentally determined molar mass or as the ratio of
van’t Hoff factor ( i )
observed colligative property to the calculated colligative property.
NaCl, KCl = 2 ; BaCl2 CaCl2 = 3 ; Na3PO4 = 4 ; Al2(SO4)3 , K4[Fe(CN)6] = 5
Value of van’t Hoff factor(i)
CH3COOH ( in benzene) = 1/2

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