PPS - Unit 8
Structure
Syllabus Topics
✓ Basics of structure
✓ structure members
✓ accessing structure members
✓ nested structures
✓ array of structures
✓ structure and functions
✓ structures and pointers
Data Types
✓ Data types are describe the type of the value a variable can hold.
Data types in C
Primary Data type
Secondary Data type
(int, char, float, double)
Derived Data type User defined Data type
(array, pointer) (structure, union, enum)
Data Types
✓ C language has built-in datatypes like primary and derived data types.
✓ But, still not all real world problems can be solved using those data types.
✓ We need custom datatype for different situation.
User Defined Datatype
We need combination of various datatypes to understand different entity/object.
• Example-1: Book
Title: Let Us C Datatype: char / string
Author:Yashavant Kanetkar Datatype: char / string
Page: 320 Datatype: int
Price: 255.00 Datatype: float
• Example-2: Student
Name: ABC Datatype: char / string
Roll_No: 180540107001 Datatype: int
CPI: 7.46 Datatype: float
Backlog: 01 Datatype: int
Structure Concept
▪ “Structure is a collection of logically related data of different datatypes grouped
together under single name”.
▪ It is a group of elements of different type.
▪ Structure is a user defined datatype.
▪ Structure helps to build a complex datatype which is more meaningful than an array.
▪ An array holds elements of similar datatype, while structure holds elements of different
datatypes.
▪ Two fundamental aspects of Structure:
▪ Declaration of Structure Variable
▪ Accessing of Structure Member
Structure Syntax
• To define a structure, we need to use struct keyword.
• This keyword is reserved word in C language. We can only use it for structure and its object declaration.
• Members can be normal variables, pointers, arrays or other structures.
Syntax
struct structure_name Structure Tag
{
member1_declaration;
member2_declaration;
. . . Structure Member Declaration
memberN_declaration;
};
Structure Example
Example
struct student
{
char name[30];
int roll_no;
float CPI;
int backlog;
};
• You must terminate structure definition with semicolon ;.
• You cannot assign value to members inside the structure definition, it will cause
compilation error.
Create Structure Variable
• A data type defines various properties about data stored in memory.
• To use any type we must declare its variable.
• Hence, let us learn how to create our custom structure type objects also known
as structure variable.
• In C programming, there are two ways to declare a structure variable:
1) Along with structure definition
2) After structure definition
Create Structure Variable
1) Declaration along with the structure definition
Syntax Example
struct structure_name struct student
{ {
member1_declaration; char name[30];
member2_declaration; int roll_no;
. . . float CPI;
memberN_declaration; int backlog;
} structure_variable; } student1;
Create Structure Variable
2) Declaration after Structure definition
Syntax
struct StructureName StructureVariable;
Example
struct student
{
char name[30];
int roll_no;
float CPI;
int backlog;
};
struct student student1;
Access Structure Member
• Structure is a complex data type, we cannot assign any value directly to it
using assignment operator.
• We must assign data to individual structure members separately.
• C supports two operators to access structure members, using a structure variable.
1)
2)
#include<stdio.h>
struct Student
{ Write a program to read and display
char Name[20]; student information using structure.
int Roll_no;
float Marks;
}S1;
void main()
{
printf(" Enter Name : ");
scanf("%s", S1.Name);
printf(" Enter Roll_no : ");
Output
scanf("%d", &S1.Roll_no );
Enter Name : Aakash
printf(" Enter Marks : "); Enter Roll_no : 11
scanf("%f", &S1.Marks ); Enter Marks : 95
printf("\n --------- Student Details --------- \n"); --------- Student Details ---------
printf("\n Student Name = %s ",S1.Name); Student Name = Aakash
printf("\n Student Roll_No = %d ",S1.Roll_no); Student Roll_No = 11
printf("\n Student marks = %f ",S1.Marks); Student marks = 95.000000
}
Array of Structure
• “collection of multiple structure variables” is known as array of structure.
Syntax Example
struct student
struct structure_name {
{ char name[30];
member1_declaration; int roll_no;
member2_declaration; float CPI;
. . . int backlog;
memberN_declaration;
} S[5];
} structure_variable[size];
#include<stdio.h>
struct Student
{
char Name[20]; Write a program
int Roll_no;
float Marks;
to read and
}S[3]; display student
information for 3
void main() students using
{ int i;
array of
for(i=0;i<3;i++) structure.
{
printf("\n ---------- Enter Details of Student %d ---------- \n",i+1);
printf(" Enter Name : ");
scanf("%s",S[i].Name);
printf(" Enter Roll_no : ");
scanf("%d",&S[i].Roll_no );
printf(" Enter Marks : ");
scanf("%f", &S[i].Marks );
}
printf("\n ------------ All Students Detail ------------ \n");
printf("\n Student Name | Student Roll No. | Student Marks \n");
for(i=0;i<3;i++)
{
printf("\n %s \t %d \t\t %f \n",S[i].Name,S[i].Roll_no,S[i].Marks);
}
}
Output
---------- Enter Details of Student 1 ----------
Enter Name : Yash
Enter Roll_no : 1
Enter Marks : 99
---------- Enter Details of Student 2 ----------
Enter Name : Prisha
Enter Roll_no : 2
Enter Marks : 95
---------- Enter Details of Student 3 ----------
Enter Name : Aarav
Enter Roll_no : 3
Enter Marks : 97
------------ All Students Detail ------------
Student Name | Student Roll No. | Student Marks
Yash 1 99.000000
Prisha 2 95.000000
Aarav 3 97.000000
Structure and pointers
• Address of structure variable is stored in a pointer of Structure type.
• Using -> operator, we can access structure members using structure pointer.
Syntax Example
struct student
struct structure_name {
{ char name[30];
member1_declaration; int roll_no;
member2_declaration; float CPI;
. . . int backlog;
memberN_declaration;
} S, *p;
} Structure_Variable, *Pointer_Name;
Program
#include<stdio.h>
struct Student Write a program to access
{ Structure Members using a
char Name[20]; Structure Pointer
int Roll_no;
float Marks;
}S1,*p;
void main()
{
p = &S1;
printf(" Enter Name : ");
scanf("%s",p->Name);
printf(" Enter Roll_no : ");
scanf("%d",&p->Roll_no ); Output
printf(" Enter Marks : "); Enter Name : Smit
scanf("%f", &p->Marks ); Enter Roll_no : 1
Enter Marks : 65
printf("\n --------- Student Details --------- \n");
--------- Student Details ---------
printf("\n Student Name = %s ",p->Name);
printf("\n Student Roll_No = %d ",p->Roll_no); Student Name = Smit
printf("\n Student marks = %f ",p->Marks); Student Roll_No = 1
} Student marks = 65.000000
Nested Structures
• A structure within a structure is known as nested structure.
Syntax
struct structure_name1
{
Example
member1_declaration;
member2_declaration; struct student
. . . {
memberN_declaration; char name[30];
int roll_no;
struct structure_name2 float CPI;
{ int backlog;
// member_declaration;
} S, *p;
} Inner_Structure_Variable;
} Outer_Structure_Variable;
Union
▪ The concept of union is borrowed from structure, but both differ in the terms of
memory storage.
▪ In structure each member has its own storage,
▪ while in union all the members share same storage.
▪ This means that in union at a time only one member can be accessed.
▪ The compiler allocates the storage that is large enough to hold the largest data type
among the union members.
Enumeration
▪ Enum is a keyword.
enum Weekdays
▪ “It is used to define more than one
{
integer symbolic constants”. Sunday,
▪ Compiler automatically assigns integer Monday,
digits beginning with 0 and remaining Tuesday,
values are assigned as 1,2,3 and so on. Wednesday,
Thursday,
Friday,
Saturday
};
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