L. D.
College of Engineering College,
Ahmedabad
Design of Machine Elements and Transmission System (3144101)
Lecture_3
Design against Static Load-II
Prof. Mahendra Y Patil
Asso. Prof. Mechanical Engineering
Mechanical Engineering Department
Program:- BE (Robotics & Automation) Sem: 4
Learning Outcomes
Outcomes of the lecture
Students will able to :
Understand the concept of Principle stresses and strains
Understand theories of failures and its importance in
machine design
Principal Stresses
Generally It has been observed that at any point in a strained
material, there are three planes, mutually perpendicular to each
other which carry direct stresses only and no shear stress.
It may be noted that out of these three direct stresses, one will be
maximum and the other will be minimum.
These perpendicular planes which have no shear stress are known as
principal planes and the direct stresses along these planes are
known as principal stresses.
The planes on which the maximum shear stress act are known as
planes of maximum shear.
An element of a plate subjected to
two-dimensional stresses is shown is Fig.
The normal stress is perpendicular to
the area under consideration,
while the shear stress acts over the area.
Principal Stresses
The normal stresses are denoted by σx, σy and σ z in the X, Y and Z
directions respectively.
The shear stresses are denoted by two subscripts, viz. τxy or τyz, as
shown in figure.
Application of Principal Stresses
There are many cases in practice, in which machine members are
subjected to combined stresses due to simultaneous action of
either tensile or compressive stresses combined with shear
stresses.
For Example: In many shafts such as propeller shafts, C-frames etc.,
there are direct tensile or compressive stresses due to the
external force and shear stress due to torsion, which acts
normal to direct tensile or compressive stresses.
The shafts like crank shafts, are subjected simultaneously to
torsion and bending. In such cases, the maximum principal
stresses, due to the combination of tensile or compressive
stresses with shear stresses may be obtained.
Theories of Failure
Several theories have been proposed, each assuming a different
hypothesis of failure.
The principal theories of elastic failure are as follows:
(i) Maximum principal stress theory (Rankine’s theory)
(ii) Maximum shear stress theory (Coulomb, Tresca and Guest’s
theory)
(iii) Distortion energy theory (Huber von Mises and Hencky’s
theory)
(iv) Maximum strain theory (St. Venant’s theory)
(v) Maximum total strain energy theory (Haigh’s theory)
Let us assume σ 1, σ 2 and σ 3 as the principal stresses induced at a point on the
machine part as a result of several types of loads. We will apply the theories of
failure to obtain the relationship between s1, s2 and s3 on one hand and the
properties of material such as τ yt or τ ut on the other.
Maximum principal stress theory (Rankine’s theory)
The theory states that the failure of the mechanical component
subjected to bi-axial or tri-axial stresses occurs when the maximum
principal stress reaches the yield or ultimate strength of the material.
If σ 1, σ 2 and σ 3 are the three principal stresses at a point on the
component and σ 1 > σ2 > σ 3,
then according to this theory, the failure occurs whenever
σ 1 = Syt or σ 1 = Sut
The maximum principal stress theory gives good predictions for brittle
materials. However, it is not recommended for ductile materials.
Maximum principal stress theory (Rankine’s theory)
The theory states that the failure of a mechanical component
subjected to bi-axial or tri-axial stresses occurs when the maximum
shear stress at any point in the component becomes equal to the
maximum shear stress in the standard specimen of the tension test,
when yielding starts.
For uniaxial stress τmax = σ 1 /2 (where σ 2 = 0)
When the specimen starts yielding (σ 1 = Syt), the above equation is
written as τmax = Syt /2
Therefore, the maximum shear stress theory predicts that the yield
strength in shear is half of the yield strength in tension, i.e.,
Ssy = 0.5 Syt
Maximum principal stress theory (Rankine’s theory)
If σ 1, σ 2 and σ 3 are the three principal stresses at a point on the
component then shear stresses on three different planes are given by,
Maximum principal stress theory (Rankine’s theory)
If σ 1, σ 2 and σ 3 are the three principal stresses at a point on the
component then shear stresses on three different planes are given by,
Numericals
Ex. The shaft of an overhang crank subjected to a force P of 1 kN is shown in figure.
The shaft is made of plain carbon steel 45C8 and the tensile yield strength is 380
N/mm2. The factor of safety is 2. Determine the diameter of the shaft using the
maximum shear stress theory.
References
1) V.B. Bhandari,” Design of Machine Elements,” Mc Graw Hill Education,
Third Edition, 2014.
2) R. B. Patil, “Design of Machine Elements”, Tech-Max Publications, Pune.
3) P C Sharma and D K Aggarwal, “A Textbook of Machine Design”, S K
Kataria & sons.
4) Robert L Norton, Machine Design An Ïntegrated Approach, Pearson”,
Second Edition, 2014
5) R G Budynas, and K J Nisbett, Shigley's Mechanical Engineering Design,
McGraw-Hill
6) R C Juvinall, Fundamentals of Machine Component Design, 4/e, Wiley.
7) R S Khurmi, J K Gupta, “Machine Design,” EURASIA PUBLISHING HOUSE
(PVT.) LTD. RAM NAGAR, NEW DELHI-110 055, 14th Edition, 2005
8) P C Gope, Machine Design: Fundamentals and Applications, 1/e PHI.
9) K Hoga, B Dondlinger, Vehicular Engine Design, Springer.
Quiz
