UNIT III Master Status – the most dominant status a
person has. It largely defines who that person is
BECOMING A MEMBER OF A SOCIETY
and his/her limitations and opportunities.
Sometimes, it is revealed by self-definition.
Enculturation or Socialization The Concept of Social Roles
Lifelong process of experiencing, learning, Social roles are the expectations, duties,
imbibing and transmitting culture. responsibilities, obligations, which are
Linked with forming identities, learning norms associated with a given social status.
and values, and playing a variety of social roles. Every person is expected to behave, act and
Paves the way for his/her assumption of various demonstrate skills, knowledge, and attitude
roles and statuses. that are fitting to the given status(es).
Values Role Strain -Experiences when too much is required of a
single role. E.g. student role
The standards or ideals with which we evaluate
actions, people, things, or situations (Lau and Role Conflict-Experiences when one or more roles are
Chan,2021) contradictory. It is the incompatibility of different roles
played by a single person – or difficult moral choices.
3 Kinds of Values
Functions of Socialization
Personal – endorsed by an individual
Moral – helps determine what is morally Through the process of socialization, the group
right or wrong transmits its values, customs and beliefs from
Aesthetic – associated with the evaluation one generation to another.
of artwork or beauty Socialization enables the individual to grow and
develop into a socially functioning person.
Norms Socialization is a means of social control by
Rules and expectations that guide the which members are encouraged o conform to
individual’s behavior in his/her society. the ways of the group by internalizing the
E.g. respect of the elderly – value; group’s norms and values.
kissing the hands (pagmamano) – norms Agents/Agencies of Socialization
Four Types of norms 1. Refers to entities or institutions that play a role
in influencing or shaping the process of
Folkways – chewing loudly, burping without
enculturation. It includes the family, peer group,
saying ‘excuse me’
school, mass media, workplace, religion, and
Mores – wearing of bright colors or bikini in a
government.
funeral
Taboos – having multiple wives, different Family
children from different women
Laws – freedom to remarry The so-called basic social unit of society exerting
the greatest influence on an individual’s
Social Status -It is the position or rank a person or group personality.
of persons occupy in the social system. The fountainhead of the socialization process.
It is through family that ‘socially acceptable’
Ascribed – received by birth or through an
ways of thinking and behaving are imparted to a
involuntary process
child.
Achieved – voluntarily gained through personal
Gender roles are also learned in the family
perseverance
Peer Group Tactics used: formal meetings, lectures, videos,
printed materials, or computer-based
A group of people of approximately the same
orientations
age, sharing similar interests and probably
Outcomes: higher job satisfaction, better job
belonging to similar backgrounds.
performance, greater organizational
It enables a child to engage in experience which
commitment, and reduction in stress
s/he would otherwise never experience withing
his/her family. Religion
Things such as competition, conflict and
A collection of cultural systems, belief systems,
cooperation, as well as concepts of hierarchy
and worldviews that relate humanity to
and egalitarianism can be learned and imbibed
spirituality, and oftentimes, to moral values.
through a peer group.
They tend to derive morality, ethics, religious
Can be a source of harassment as well as
laws, or preferred lifestyle from their ideas
support
about the cosmos and human nature.
School Parental religious participation is the most
Schools could foster competition through built- Government
in systems of reward and punishment
Sets rules and regulations which the people of
For functionalist, schools fulfills the function of
the state need to follow, and breach of them
teaching children the values and customs of the
often becomes a moral wrong and a social
larger society.
wrong.
For conflict theorist, schools can reinforce the
As a social agent, it has a responsibility of
divisive aspect of society, especially those of
assuring social security for people.
social class.
According to social scientist the Philippine
Mass Media political environment is characterized by a
centralization of power, more so the basic
The strongest and most argued indirect agent of
services. influential part of religious
socialization.
socialization.
It includes newspapers, magazines, radio,
internet, video games, and television
Confused people between the notions of
Enculturation/Socialization, Identity
‘reality’ and ‘fiction’ Formation and Beyond
The internet provides a means to establish
relationships without face-to-face contact Jean Piaget’s Stages of Cognitive
referred to as virtual friends. Development
Workplace
The interaction that happens in workplaces
helps a person to broaden his/her horizons in
terms of social acceptance and tolerance
towards the others.
The workplace perform its socialization function
through onboarding.
Onboarding
The mechanism through which new employees
acquire the necessary knowledge, skills, and
behaviors to become effective organizational
members.
Sensori-motor stage hypothetical questions, essentially
developing full use of abstract thought thru
2. Characterized by the individual’s perception of
continuous process of learning.
the world through his/her senses, paving the
Deductive reasoning was essential at this
way for him/her to learn object permanence or
stage of intellectual development.
the ability to understand that objects still exist
They often ponder "what-if" type situations
even if they are no longer visible.
and questions and can think about multiple
Pre-operational stage solutions or possible outcomes.
Piaget’s theory explains why and how
3. Characterized by preliminary learning of
humans are capable of learning not only
language and other symbols, leading to a
basic cognitive functions but also aspects of
mastery of symbolic thought.
culture.
Key Features: One’s identity is developed as individual’s
interact with his/her natural environment.
Centration is the tendency to focus on Helped educators develop learning plans
only one aspect of a situation at one time that are progressive in nature, mindful of
Egocentrism refers to the child's inability children’s logical development.
to see a situation from another person's
point of view
Pretend (Symbolic) Play Toddlers often
Theory of Psychosocial Development
pretend to be people they are not and
may play these roles with props that There are eight stages covering phases from
symbolize real life objects infancy to adulthood , which an individual
experiences a psychosocial crisis that must be
Concrete Operational Stage
resolve to reach a positive outcome for
4. Characterized by the ability to manage or personality development. Positively resolving
manipulate concrete objects and begin to think the crisis enable one to gain particular virtues
in a more systematic way, allowing the child to that are essential to further progress in
solve some problems or develop logical socialization.
thought.
Erik Erikson’s Theory of Psychosocial Development
Key Features:
Conservation is the understanding that
something stays the same in quantity even
though its appearance changes.
Classification is the ability to identify the
properties of categories, to relate categories or
classes to one another, and to use categorical
information to solve problems
Transitivity which refers to the ability to
recognize relationships among various things in Trust vs. Mistrust (0-18mos.)
Trust vs. Mistrust (0-18mos.)
Trust or mistrust that basic needs such as
Trust or mistrust that basic needs such as
nourishment and affection will be met
nourishment and affection will be met
Autonomy vs. Shame and Doubt (18mos.-3yrs.)
Formal Operational Stage
Gaining a sense of personal independence and
Characterized by the ability to think in a
control
more abstract and critical manner, thereby
gaining the ability to ask and answer
E.g. Picking their own clothes, toilet training, Freud’s Stages Of Psychosexual Development
feeding
Initiative vs. Guilt (3-5; Preschool)
Take initiative on some activities – may develop
guilt when unsuccessful or boundaries
overstepped
Industry vs Inferiority (5-12; School Age)
Develop self-confidence in abilities when
competent or sense of inferiority when not.
Identity vs Role Confusion (12-18; Adolescence)
Experiment with and develop identity and roles
The adolescent question “Who am I?”
Intimacy vs. Isolation (18-40; Young Adulthood)
Establish intimacy and relationship with others
Generativity vs Stagnation (40-65; Middle Adulthood)
Contribute to society and be part of a family
Integrity vs Despair (65 and above; maturity)
Assess and make sense of life and meaning of
contributions
Sigmund Freud’s Psychosexual Theory
Model of the human personality or human
psyche:
Id – human drives, desires or instincts
Ego – operates through reason, mediator between id
and superego
Superego – morality based on society’s
demands/expectations
CONFORMITY AND DEVIANCE Social Control
Techniques and strategies for preventing
deviant behavior in society.
CONFORMITY
It occurs in all levels of society
A change in a person’s behavior/opinions as a
1. INFORMAL SOCIAL CONTROL
result of real or imagined pressure from a
person or group of people. To casually enforce norms. E.g. smiles, laughter,
a raised eyebrow, ridicule, corporal
3 Types
punishment, buddy system
Compliance – he hopes to achieve a favorable
2. FORMAL SOCIAL CONTROL
reaction from another person or group.
Internalization – because the content of the Carried out by authorized agents such as police
induced behavior is intrinsically rewarding. officers, deputized physicians, school
Identification – when he wants to establish or administrators, employers, military officers and
maintain a satisfying self-directing relationship managers.
to another person or group.
Deviance
OBEDIENCE
A violation of established contextual, cultural,
Compliance with higher authorities in a or social norms, whether folkways, mores, or
hierarchical structure. codified law.
Reasons:
8 REASONS FOR CONFORMITY individual heredity; group heredity;( Nature vs
Nurture)
1. INTERNATIONAL INFLUENCE – The group
personal deficiency; social failure.(Classify
behavior provides valurable into about what is
causes)
expected.
Robert Merton’s Theory of Anomie
2. WISH TO AVOID PUNISHMENT OR GAIN
Greek anomia – “lawlessness” - is a response to
REWARDS – We are about our social image and
situations in which an individual’s objectives
outcomes.
cannot be achieved through following the
3. RISK OF DISAPPROVAL FROM OTHER GROUP
norms or expected social behavior.
MEMBERS- Individuals risk rejection.
Deviance happens when the individual is forced
4. LACK OF PERCEIVED ALTERNATIVES- Amember
by the circumstances to adopt tactics that will
may not realized be has any other chance to
help him/her overcome the obstacles.
conformity.
Deviant behavior: rebellion, innovation
5. FEAR OF DISRUPTING THE GROUP’S
OPERATIONS- Independence will hamper group 2 Forms of Deviance
goaf’s attainment.
Formal – violates existing law e.g. crimes
6. ABSENCE OF COMMUNICATION AMONG
Informal – violate norms which are not formally
GROUP MEMBERS- Lacking information
covered by lawse.g. standing uncomfortably
7. NO FEELING OF RESPONSIBILITY FOR GROUP
close to others.
OUTCOMES- Hesitating to take initiative as they
may cause the group to fail or they do not feel
responsible for group’s success or failure.
8. A SENSE OF POWERLESS- One cannot change
the situation therefore no one tries anything
different and nothing improves.
HUMAN DIGNITY, RIGHTS, AND THE COMMON GOOD
HUMAN DIGNITY
Laws and regulations – which reflect every
society’s values and norms – tend to uphold
human dignity and the innate rights of people.
Human worth
It refers to our fundamental rights – something
that cannot be taken away.
As society is embodiment of human beings,
becoming a member of society should make
each one be more “human” where each person
is valued and respected.
RIGHTS
Are legal, social, or ethical principles of freedom
or entitlement
Are the fundamental normative rules about
what is allowed of people or owed to people
“Rights structure the form of governments, the
content of laws, and the shape of morality as it
is currently perceived” – Stanford Encyclopedia
of Philosophy
THE COMMON GOOD
“Certain general conditions that are…equally to
everyone’s advantage” – John Rawls
Sum of those conditions of social life which
allow social groups and their members
relatively thorough and ready access to their
own fulfillment.
E.g. accessible and affordable public heath care
system, effective system of public safety and
security, peace among nations of the world, a
just and legal political system, unpolluted
natural environment, flourishing economic
system.
