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DSTL Notes #Unit-1

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DSTL Notes #Unit-1

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" untit-2 het +heany & Reloklon, ‘ go fet, Theory 2— p fA i : dai A toe dpe collection of distinct, objects Jd Rnown ax a Bet: r fs dhe obec jn a Ae one called. mimbers O% af the at. * woh cunak the act by upper case Sublons ERE ay the. he eluents of the ac ane supuscied by toder case attr Like Acbil, L1G etc . eg. - the collection oll as the calliclion @ all vowels dn engl + the callaction abl sual no. , oll uintegus wattonal nymbuir cundked. by Rz&aA-> Repusentabion of Adare - f oe oe tidy methods supresenting a ab Cb Rostor on Tabullan Method 2- Si viastin method oll the Xa seb ont slated within curly braces £3 ond by comma. » s- - ean : eg. = Asad of all eve dus than 20. A= $ 2,4,6,8,10,12, 14, (618% Gd Rule method on det bubldir method :— as $n sult mutrod we Lat the pope, sate UU the intern ab, ten by il Sura sativies a common proprrty C4. A =F 1218,4,6,6118,93 can be written ax a sot bubldin method. . A= Fxixen & xdl03. iE : © Reuse the set given below tn ack builoln method - a=$4:2,3,4,8 ; tabeges eet As “4H 2 pure = De neg & NENe wa lets — “i is called Lanbly abet 2 4 atk conto no clemunt at all B tel she null. 20k 0% enply set ov veld, 40k. ond es tag he \ ala 2 $r7EN 222432 of Ard Q Ain in Reks— 4 xet oa 2 ahs eee ee eq. - 7 Ae §arw EN and x420z SRP > | a by N. A aifralet be a,e,0,0,u. and a elements : . . Finite & Snfinite eet 2 - 8 “Conslae . ® 22 Sa onthe the Aam © Loutvalernt Set 3- a A=$1,232 & B=FQrbicz. é punations eins nee Ds oar qd AAG ws Aald to be FUME ig called "She no distinct element Cardinal no. ay the sce & dinated by &F- A=f 2,4, 618,103 « then nla)=S set 2- Two sels =F, 2,3F Q@HF3t,2z have Hho Aame .no. 1D Sntection of et oe by a) Dipouna a at dinoted by (Ch 8 tinais by fob = CA-B)0 CEA) 4 A os vee ong no. of elomnts othnwise oF 8 G0 gh jt Ge ncA) - get one Aol to be egptialent elumints. te ncAd=nC8) AUB = Fi1x:xER OF xeB?- aga aw said to be egal ap they e eloments and be we anB= = § xixceA& mesg §-8 =e" wen & xP BR. w Symmbtric di » Complement Ae i denodect a C9 pet WE’ 213,45 5,67, 6,9)103 - 3 A= £12343, B= $ 3/4/5632” Th pugs § Upigemeice ' ANB = § 314% A-B 2 Fn2zze B-A= $5.68 ALB = $218,62 Ondoud Pain _&- Caxdosion Brodluict 3 = A! = $516r7/ 8/9103 Bi = § tar 8,9,103 1 G the es oh ee 5 Carb) there i iS ab Os elton ‘bt ds . calle the» Chhd secord "Comdt in? eo ties dinoted by Axe Bb the AL A ol wdlrred ‘ol elomert & Wk Seger tas &e. AXB = £Ca.b); AEA & bEBR Spelt @ sce age, bob cat) what eg - be =f 23% Be Fabice then ARB? F (tad, Ctrb),CliC), C210), C21), C2C, C3 (AD, C3 1b) (C31) F O- bee ARF 121314153 axAss (nd. 129,83), C4)» C5), (219,022), (213), (214), (2S) 3/0, 29 , (4i3)p edd: (3/59/41) CHAD, GBD 4,4), 4:5), 61,49 (6.3) (6.99 (6/8) 3. ubset 8 Cropin Subsck?- Set 4 ts Bail tr be the subset f 8 dinaked by ace every elument a set A A parent in Ak 8B. G6 has mane climerts, shan act A then A called. the, Pup subsete.dt is denoted by ACB - OG ~ het Az E1213 aa ma BHF 1,2:314-5F a then ace oan heh 3 the Sumber of subsets of a pastalan ad AB called the poor se Y A- m Fein eg.- feb A= £1123 : then pca) = £0,519, 923 $123 F A2$ 1.2)3% = then phy = Gre f78,053, 02 3, HAR E278 102288 aii the sb A has n elements then +e ‘power ack YA. eca) will have 2” elements . : 4 J “Dixjotnt bots *- Two sels 1&8 ox sald Jobe disjoint ae hele fave, 0 7 Commer. ~ sy tel aaa=> a Alpina. _q_det Hear 5 rove are Some VO ~ Smposctont that Ack theo Od y 2 © Commutative tou ¢- Let us consid, two sets Aa B then fogs BUA , ANB= BOA ang raltealls feat, @ Aporintive propo 2— Let ws con ae ction operakion aotispied Ye Ns the wilon and dntuue associative ‘ Ce.- Avleve) = (AUB)UC AN( BAD = (ANB)NG @ Sutiy ture yg anuaa ® si six ra a @ Qitributive dove - Au(eac) = (AvB) A CAUC) AA(bUC) = (ANB) UC RAC) Q Serargan 4 avo 2- s (Ava) = ane’ (ané)'= aus! © Swolution saws - rena % Relation s~ Let A&B be two non empty ee then aubet R wy the cartesian product axe ws callet a sulatin from A 0B. be. [ReAXB] and aymbalicely we tan wrtte R= F(xiu): en, yond x Ry " fon @9 lt A= $12,5%, Ba o24z a sulation » act A bo sho is expwnsed by the statement “ts ‘Jess than” the We have AXB=$¢4,29, C114), (2/29, C214), (612), E4) 3 R=F (xy): eng yess LLYS R= $12), C14), 143 Charly RoAXB : Total number qf dlissinct binary ylation’ from sea At Bt J 4et A has WH elements and Act B has 'n’ eloments then nxg — have mn’ elements. le power ret of Axa wil have 2™ cluments ce. 8x8 hos ubsers . 20 ry 4 Now Wey Aubset ef Axe b te thuruporr 5 x a sulation a oe, 4 dipporunt dwlations fon At. B will be 2mm, Somain & Range Ha wwlation 2 — Sie a Let R= F(a): xen, yond xRy% bE a sulatfon fem Ab 8. ms i er coordinates of every . element Ro the domain GR ond the tid cocneltone “a Called the eonge % R- 4 : A(R) = § 2 EAE (14) @RY SCR =F Ys YEBR CY ERS Fic hat R= £.(412),Ca049, (A110) , ¢b,6), Cb10)2 A(R) = Farbt TCR) 2 24,6, 102 7 pe ym B= FT 14,5,63 fad gut the gwlation & from A 8 ‘ by“ 2” alo find out the , Fe at amcbies i” domain & range Ax@= $5 Cait, C214), €2/5), C216), (FD (44), (405), (416), (61) 604), (6,5), C68) % R= £24), (215), C216), (4,4), (4.5), C416), (616) 2 dad = Fate? , B(R)= $ F,5,63 Opuations on RefotZon ¢- the yarious yh ¢ cpoutions oO yolatin R. © Complemnt of a ilation $= Considov a velaklon & pom act A to Act B. The comblemnt Y a sulotton & dlanated by RorR is ntlation tom ats B auch that - Re Flaib)+ (ab) GR wet: AXB? 4 = Contin a velatlon 8 frum % foy whore x= $1233 y= $019} , R= E ChB), (218), (1-9), 3:93 The complomant @ ths sélatfon wilt be caladated by fouk finding out. Xx © Fl, 8) u99jC2BD E29), (218), C3D§ g' = £(3,8)/C2,9)F ; © Srvewe qa oulsbn 2= Let R be a vulatib pon ack AWB the twee wdlation R_dunated by gt Js ii sulation pom Ge. Chayer” Hf. (a:b) ER y let Ae §1,2.33 and a silatfon pods “efudspind oayein pase AXA = E LUA), (12946119), Cm), (242), (22), C311D, (8195031908 Re F COA), 1129,(0/3) (21, (229,(3993 g'e¢ cnn, (20), (ann, 229.29, GAF ® tty sulations- A vulation R on sek A HA att dintlty station dinodtd by Tn. Taz $ (21%)! xeAg eg. ~ Lek A2$1,21314% ; Ta= $ C101), (212),03/20, 04/493 yalations fe Unkucction a sutations— Let and Ro $¥° Py meee (HH ER, OF CUY)ERDZ WAR = FOU: CHER and (Au4de Rad AU Leb, A= $112,3.4,5,67,0,9,102 . Let R be a wilation dyiud o, Re Sap: x-y ds divisthle by 33. Find 0 Relation R |W Somain RE Rago YR iT, W ewe’ Fout we wilt find out sulation R. D R=F Crd, (4), C14), C10), (25), (218) C212 » C313), C316), C319), 4,1), (4:49, (4,4) (5129, (5,5), (8:8),(6,3)/€6:6) , (6/9), (4.1) G4), Gtoy, G9), 0829, (8:5), (8,8), (4129, (16), (99), (HON), 10,49, C10;7) 7 Corin i) Somatn HAR) = § 1,2,3:4,516,4,8,9,102 : Range YR =A (R= $ 112131415) 67, 8,9,103 lid Tyg Ct), C2129, C3139, C44) (518), (66), CHA), (BiB, C9:89, (10,1092 | WY REEF Cv, C4119, CHAD, h0y 19, C5129, (8129, C212 , BD, (61s (9,99, C19), © 44, C49 529, 65159, (B05), COrAD, (616), (OE CUPS THAD: CO) G4), (218), (51 8), (818), (3:9), (6/99 ,(9:99, (1,109, (4,70). Cte D Rova'= £12), 43, C15), (6), C08), C119), C2195 6213), C2149, (216), (2,3), €219), C210), C31) (312), C394), (3159,C 3,9), (318), (31109, (429, (4132, 5), (416), (4,00, C49), Hp) (5:19, C513), C5:43,5)6), ($149, (5190,C519, Cnt), C62, (614), (6,59, €6/49:C6,8), C610)/C1, 2),(7,39,(718), (16), 0708) G9), (8, (8/3), (8:99 (8:6), (8,9), (8:9), CB, t6),(9.,10, (4,0), (9149, C8,5) GD, (3,8), €9)109, (1012), (10)3), (10/597 C10}6), (1018), 10,9) 2 Rropucties_e rwlation 2 — 7 Coane @ Reflexive wwlotion ¢- A swhation®on Act A-fs rafl to be - sap isurecn ly p a caer ' CO. (QQ) ERY @éA . we ig » OP Let A= §1,2:3452 & 0 vulation Ra depired ia § R=ECary): a dwiday? be. RECO Cin, C2) 8s bs) CAR CaM) ne (3:89, (414) ,CS/D 3 Be Mate CN nC 5.5 0R pe @ Souplerive slations— A yulatfon R on aed A 4all to be -baupllve ig teat G8. (ara) dR QeéA pen Faia Wk Cp Let Aah a4, R= £Cu9),Cn9), C14), C219), Qr), C892 he above ~wlotion $s Srvplerive because Cn,t2n9, 2, C90 Fh © Non- voplerive ywlation :- 4 Julotion R on 2 A % said b le NON- ive Hp tk is ru ive non ave. Og Lee AE L23E , REE CuI9, C2, C213)? _ ae ca —_— ee on @ Sr Relations — 4 vwtation R on Actin ds Aath dp aynmsbie [aRb > bRa) ¥AbEA id CabYER > CHIDER the wolation R will be aymmitiic (eae) O9.- Lee A=L214,5,63 Riz § (2049, (4129, C4159, (616), CS14DE Re 2 £24), C216), 612s (18), CH1SDF Relation R, ds Aymmubuic because 214) GR > C2) ER (4,5) ER S(S/HIER, (OGDER> (6G) ER he ~ swlatton “Ra Bs not aymmutsele sutation because Cag ER but CHER.” © Asymmetric: Relation *= 4 vulatlon R on 40k A Bs -Aald 40 ia vate v aber LE” caibyeR > (bia) ¢R.- Cg Le A=$ 12,33 R= coca su Ost mm 2-4 sulation R on sek A ne ee sip | ' pe ASS N23 FF Raf cay: x29 30° : (2,2), 13% 2, (3:3),3.9 (4993 RE £ Ch2d, Hy (113), (114), dhe, obove owlation - 2s ontiaymmetiic w ita ali He Condition: aRb& bRA 2 a=b dition NOTE:-.4 sulation which is angmnttrio but fo at - con of vufledive swlation Ls ardi-ayin ; é ate © ‘onsite Relation ¢— Pa fPillask og egies be houlive (ale bRC oad Lei (A bJER & CbCVER ® CACIER Let A= £1,2124,5163 R= Fccyioe davides 4% : ie dd R= F Cut), (129,01), (1149,0059,01.6), Cid), (re) 1) (8.3), (4:4), 058), (616) the above suwlakion Js tunsttive becaure | Chayer SOMERS CAIER, Cr aVER& GERD CueyeR “cqytvalinca Relation ° — ip (eee atin ata selatton RM AER Lb saly to be an 6 udalenco ‘selabion Wf Lh? DS iD) Reflexive -- aRa Nacn 2) Avymmibric t= QRhabRa , bea YD Transitive :- arnabee 9 arc, ab cen O Let A= $123,4,5,.6R | Qo Fcuy): x-y ts divtsthle by 3}. Crove thot R Gn an equivalent swlation. Solutions- we have, REF CuI, C4), CHAD, C2129, C9 15), C313), 9169, 0414), 04.0, CHA), (515), C5199 (616), (6,3), €4,9), C44), (119$ J o 8 » The above Sulation R will be an epplivalin og swlatton 4 it os + vylloxtve + dymmilric * Transitive ° o bs O Juploxive:- the conditton bi esc AME re ay. aARA aéAn *t Chit), C2129, C3159, 99,05;59, Cor69, 2,9) OR trwgpand the Ywlation is ouplisive. ' » Symmutric 2- the condition for cymnmibiic sulation ts @Rb3 bRA, a,ben CHDER SIDER , CHDERSCHNER, Cas)OR3 CER CBERD(GDER, (HAVER DER « ") Transitive s- the condition tronsitive. ulation ts ARDX BROAD ARG, ab.cAA ChYER C4, ERD CHER Cra) ER, CHER AD (HAVER CAGER, (6.3)ER =) C33)ER (215)ER, C5)ER D9 Caren , MAERCABER 3 CHER Se cbove elation is suoflezive, mince & bansitive thowlon R an equbiolence relation . OR- Given that AES Ce iby R= FCuy)rx-y Ly divisible ‘ Fan er R a on aperolre sulation should be Replenive , dymmubric 6 Lransitive . "4 Refluaive:- aka ¥aeR | Hou, aRa mia set it divistble by 3 ge. od olévisthle “by 3. which Js Huila sales b sofleie, 4 pi Hg for og - Cid, €2,2);---ER »-eymmuibic ?- The condlition for A © ulation & - > syaneee Q@Rb5s eke ea" Now, aRb3 a-b b divisthle by 3 5 b-a & divisible by 3 5 bra WL swlation fire For ¢9- crpeR a C4NDER CHDER 3 GH ERY ve DTramtkive - the condition fx thansthive i : QRb&bRED ake ard» a-b 2 divisthle by 3 2 A-b= 3m, —O bac 3 b-e ts oldvtstble by 3 2 b-c= 3ns —O adding O«€@, a-b+b-c = 3Nyt3No a-c=3(Mt Ma) 2 a-c is divisible by 3 2 ORC tHwupore the ulation Js “frantttive . fr eg CHa a CH), eth) ek Ch) ER, 1. the vulaifon“@ 38 ait ee thwuforn ° te ws an epdvaline. er 2 @ bet R=fcny: ay ds divisible b eS “ae | adn CD apolon 28 tgs el BB an eppivalan vulation in oon at Boluti vralakion fo be an equi , ee eos ive, +Aymmitnte 4° etnansttive - D Repleative - the ein fo nia ig | ara yon 244 8 Here ara means a-b Js divisible by 5 be. 0 is divistble ty 6 which 1s Due sage swation ts aie, « for eg.- Chi)s(2d ~~ EZ- Ss oail - 4 si nee » ryinmubuc :- the condition for aymm tbs as " QRb > bRa who ab EZ. ; REO OR bs man a-b Is divtsthle - by s Pe bad ath divtstble by s 3 bRa o Sets the wwlation is agmnttrt fan e4- Cumex 5 C6I)EX : Chin ez 3 cu) ez iB 3) Transittves — the condition transitive dd ARBX bRE D> ORC , Whi ees ORB > a-b & divisible oye" 2 a-b25ny —O DRC > bc dy divlathle by 5 b-¢ =5n, —@ adding eg © 4 @ - D A-b+b-c=SNy +5o = 4 = D> 4-6 25(N44+N2) Saq- c 4s divisible by s Gee theuwfore the sulation 2s fae For eg. Cagyexd (Hex 3 CIDER, Here He oulatton is epivalonee swlation O Let Rofcny): xy divisible by nz. Prove. that R as olen swlation on ath ¥ integns « cain Nat ae fe pl sralaion, 2b should vive, «symmiliiic. & + stiansitive «, D Reaie’ he condition im ouplelve LB QARA YACZ Ga oivisthle. by n Hoe, aka means a0 oe “9 is divisible ify eattirss” Dun hoe culation is supleaive. » ebymmibrse:- he condition ayn sonny oe Coo a1bez baa arb > a-b B divisible a4 0 » bea ws divisible og n » bRa Fron Hur ulation 18 aymmtle. P _—. he ae 3) Tronsttives The condition fon transitive fh arb & bRO 3 ARO whe abCEZ -QRb 9 Q-bss déivisthle by n ‘3 a= Bee PR 3... BoC wa elle ET b-c enn, —@ adding ey® ©¢@, a-b+b-C= nny + No 9 a-C= nCngtN2). 3 a-c 48. aivistble by n akc, thoufanas the sulakion - dy cbanttive- Hence: tre sulation ts an equbvalinc sulation . @ Let s2$na34is3@ Aesxs. @ subtion R bs an set W auth that Cab) R Cab) - Erove that R wan eee 4 abl=alb < dolution- fan a oulation R to be an epic rlation i TAhoul be « tve Gn &e. —_ 0 Relocive = - dhe condition meres ae “WoW cab) tart) aisle 2 ab= ab whith ss Tun trapose the sulaton Js soft. » symmebic : ~ - the gaulen Site sulotion Ls Now, Dvd Pn 2 dbizalb — ‘ % | 3 ab =ab' ae 2? Ca B'R Carb) Hence +h swlakion ob ix aymmuctric. 3) Transitive :-Fhe condition transitive swlotion is GbR Ca, bg Cal BV RCa"B') D> Ca.b) Ray BD Now, carb) R(al,b') 3 ab'=a'h —O : CAB) Ca',b") 3 ab" = ab! =o" — © Sram ey O& @ we get a xate" = of frat’ ab" = a"b POR cr "9 Hence the sulation Bo transthic . the sulation tk an equivalence sulatien. &6 Ris dptned on a OH Rts dipired on ARA R-aRa ¥ aéA RE CUEY HC OIV CNET S-aRb4 bRa , abEA S=lab) RCIA) Covd) RCE), vb) Coat hy an eee T= (A,b) RCCid) & Crd) R CEA) 3 CAi8)R Ce-4) (a:b) ,[e.d) (ef) € AXA 1319,516,7,8,93 ond~ be the welation olpined on O° Carb)~ Cc, a if Q+d=bto -friove Hol v~ an Swlation sulation it elution Fav a sclatin © I be an equivalence TTaniaaehdtlds te suplosive , Aapomnibice s— Bansitive, D_ Retleaive the condition por onpiale (QrB)~ (a,b) ¥ Carb) EAXA ~ Now, Carb) Cayb) solo % 3 Qtb=p+a whith wb aa Tee the 4 as ive at s 2) 28 stymnadie He condition for Ay = (bw Cod) 3 Ced)A~ Cab) . Now, (a,b) Ced) % a+y = bte b+c=atd 3 (Cid). Caib) Hence. the sulabion Ls arn 3) Tranattive :~ the condition transitive swtation Js (byaCedya Cedd~ Cerf) 3 (ab) led) (abyvlcid) 3 atd=b+C —@ agers ced)y~cef) 3 c+f$=d+e —@ fron eg © &@ we : as b+¢+te fr atf=bte 2 Carbyaleit) Hence it ts ere fe A=Si2 Now, ae. a farttal Andin Relation *— 4 yolation Ron vel A os called P porrtiag andi selation J kt ts - Te Rellertve - aka V en ssunmubrde ~ aR & bea 9a" © inve - y arb & bRO = ARC ai + the sek A, fogthur with partial andor julation RB denatedl hy ie Becaltid a partially ardood set an POSE» fox cate bet A=$219.4.516% and Rp be a sulahon clytinid Buch that R= $Cabiaebe rove that can) Lh a foseT @ tet A= friai941612% and R be a ylation dupirud ona 4uh that R= § (ayy: a didi y 3. Grove mpgs rt endin swlation . fol0 - RES Culd C99, CU), CHAD, C169, Ge ase cSuaa Cams, C210) Cosy 3n63, 1) oC 8AM 12926 6) C6u1 2), C2128 i We have 4o prove 9 xive, anttsymmetiie 4 drarsilive. Reflexive 8— he condékion * soplalie 4 aka VaeéA ara means ana te divea ods Rew rt) ara 3 a davies a which ds bun Ahuufore o satation ds, xopuctive- 9, Antiynmitic:- spe condition 4or antisymmelnic + kb & bRa | a=P ae ab & bRa clitden oe clewicles a aes Trantlive 3— she condition gor Danaltive ae 5 akb& bROD ARC Again arb & bro a duvides,b 6 b dwides ¢ 3 a didn © 3 ARB tower she sulabion Js deanaitte, Hence the sulation Js the porttat antdix sutabfon « Haste Sloprom 2A gal sopuantoton aga porbil i. foinling up which the! arrow head ant undinttood to be 4 upword ds Rnown ar th ti e Haste Qiagram . Foal Pom wlth ise the fottowsin een diay) the hasse Hogram. or: 4 te ’ qua Ma the QU the dale thab ane employsd- by transizive 3 gal y Me partial order oulation ony s ve ae arrow ce howe dpa. 6§-OLet Az fans} a ate Rg = a tn trdier- sulation t oh by Re S Ch, Cu29, (439/C WH, (165,022) rice sald ¢5:5)2-we will draw the for +t above 4 vail “gS We wilt oon eee pn OQ 50) Alntade cyt | ~ ~ nERpAicf th) Alininate Teanttive swlation— we have He aie _ = we will eliminate (1.4) prom the dBbucked grap hid dénirote howe — onduwd Ok. sae pum the _ i ak tes 7 6) = bs Cm Hie oe a © aos ee eee aie @ let n=$ 123 14, fa “i "RF and R= fw: wea Brau +he in REF Cand, (12), bine 25. ae (214),C21129, C38), 219). | : (418) 4012) C2112) 0) gout we will dra the docked fe graph ti) Uiminote yds - til) Aiminade transitive swlation- —* ipa © oo the soppbud has diagram 2B~ © Let a=$t2,4,816%. (as) B a POSET draw the hase diagram {the sulation. 6 ’ 4 2 (2 1 " 4 OMB rane dtigon Pghiy wei 2 %, 2 4 6 2 1 © Gray te hase dingom 2 bt, eT oS € yy a 4 ® 4, O Fru he bape Diaghom py) Dg Lb228 6 4131428 | i iBs Wohin: CDsgs/) . Dag $12, 3,4, 679, 12/183 363 3 © rw the hasse dtagsan (Dias). Dyn? £2 3, 6/8, 9/12/18,24. 3639 agra & A= £ 213,5,20, 60,120, 180,3603, 2 | Buu ‘Sbe ary collection . ads, the sulation @ is aubset op" A poset ond on zee Wc sili be a portial groin vulation tt ahoutd be ive, ond yen mobo & tronaltive. D Relleaive ir nn Bi te Tel ; ” iia pe aca Ace . re , i) teal He TLE die . dt DB ponsitee. CS cy 0 POET ¥ @ A frat & 26S). hove nad (4.¢) dy a PoseT alto dua te hasie ran « fz PCS)= Fo, £13, 27, £3%, £128, £433, $2.33, £1283 (ac) ds a POSET whin ‘ce’ suletion ts a postial oxdin x ty) xox V nen 2 bb supleaive. iy oy VEX? KY Csymmabiic, ; tin XOYE Voz 3xXez - CA,c) 23 a POseT. $1133 ’ ade qi SZ alae (Fie) Cent ‘ " Masimal - elements. ave. thabe Climards in the hasse liagran th dy not ~ Auccessed by any Dmark I Ri by elemarit- ee : Gouabst & beatt lurw= gg jr Hat elt tha hase dlagran whith Auccessed WOU eas ant tp hae gram preceds evo ements» - thot A wlth olivtsthility O- Leb Az £1, 2/3:6/O:12,16 24 F> Prove swlation 3s a POSET. Ri Braw the hasse olagven - pd the maatmal & trial olor Find the they ealsk ch gopirslve t= the condition nyoate aka V O08, Hou” aka 2 al 0 bop Jk is supe. ® Antisoma :— the tondétion fp ontiaymnitric wi} arb & bRa 3 48 tou arb> a dwtdes b 2 b dwidu a 2 bRa 5 A=8 Hunpow dt ds antiaymmatyt. Ui) Fransttive - dhe condlétton fe “Wayne a aRb arb & bRO ake 3 & bre 4 q wi b & b dwiod C > @ dwicts c d 9 ake thjou Jt is sanuiive > “(W1) is a poset a Hane dlagram - ae co: & vo maximal clement = 4161243 8 é minimal dlemurt = $1? Greadoxt aomont = Goes not exlet % 3 Least eloment = 1 1 ® Considlo, A=E213,4,6:9,12118136, dhe sulation aa! ada | Puch that dy means ox clevldin y. Grove thot CA, <) sulation meatal tar Grew is haste diagam a the erat & mba > gruniert & ast eltrrint. £ = puceedv ) = Repuxtie: - she concition for ryleiive Js 0.80 Van Har Hoe azn a didi a’ whith tb Due twyfar the , WWatlon “2 nulve « Sektuymmetrie :~ ape condition fo aLb€ bKQ > Q=b teu acb 3° a dwt b > b dwida sith ht ~ Sb 2a HO ee, tyme. Franittive s— ie condition tronsttive Js agb& bxc 3 akc abe 6x0 3 Qdwidub & bdwidu o a a dwido a D> akc tharos he DB rank. antisynm Ce b Hasse Siogram :~ macimal element =4363 és Greadest elemont = 36 minimal elururt om mnintmat element = not ext 3 36 sO x ’ B bet R= $carad, Carb, Cased, Careds Caehd 4 C4rgh CBr), (bie) Cbg) CHI) GDC), Ceef), C19), Crd), Che)» CF), Cig), Cer)» C619), ChE)? the hasse diagram and. find mexdmal & minkraoh elumunt. maximal elomont = £93 @ $ minimal element = § a,dz 5 Greakest elerant = 9 Riba: ah east elimunt = dows not exist ee awe ee @® vet R= TCM), 29, C18) (14d, USD (212), CMD, C215), (3:32, CH4), C8993 draw the hase diggrom » maximal a = § 413/53 4 ke ‘ minimal = $13 = - Least ‘sleep =ot que elumunt = dows nat exist. @ thie the eg y a swhtion which 1 fy suplaxlve but not a ea, ‘4! ywlation, ">" sullation , subset Aol® = phe divist swlatton ~~ dndluston ert ae suypatve but not aymntete: © Let A=$1219% ude all the posstble upline Sol bn. een. | - AXA=F Cu, CW, (ani), C2129 “Tato no ef sulations f= 16 Riz, Rar EChMdz, RazEC2VE, eg. = FCmDB, 57 $4,293 REEF CUD, CHDZ Raz ECU » R= $C), C2193, Ro 2§.(112) C93 Rig= § (1129j02292, RU =F CAC 5 Raho 1129, C20F Rig > § CUN),(H29,2129% Rig? § (1129, C2,121293 Ris? g cid, (20012298 Brea § Cd, Ctr29, C21), C2192. the suede sulakions = Re » Rigs Ris: R6 the ayn ulation = RaiRe, RB, R9, Ria Rid, RIG @ Gie on gee Mons Bes whith de splbe and. sn Mio Ree (11), C2129) C2139 Round & Lowen Bound ¢— [eb (Ph &) be a POSET ard. ace, the elemunt ‘ot is called, the ppor bowed fw 4 [eee Vaca. Leb P= $112,3)4,6.012024% , ed) be a POSéT. the hae diagram aa cry ee, | ib . dias below i | i 8 a +h c 4% ¢ ae +9 bi y | Let dunt me upp. bound op A= £6 A224 because 243 f kage DENCH MAE yp. bord g = 53. oe es E292 She Upon. bound Y C= EBD 24P Hate ttn. bound ye A ce. Lube) =6 Least upp bound H 28 te: Juha) = 12 j Least uppr bound oy.c te. Subtle # 3 the bet e,8) oe a eset end map & elimi x Bh cali Jane, A a ths SL aiaelaets aaa Lt WA. Oe set D= 800g, Lower bound ef 0° ° vealort OSes Hoi gene Low. bound. toe. (0) = - E> $4182, Jeon bound ge: Sarai? : dower bound te. gibte)= 4: Lattice :— 4 gst ordined aee> (bv) is biti’ a Arce 4 Hae ; lemons - Gnsidin the Poser Jupaserted. ‘by the. hone agra, gen : below,- the ¥ $ b © Sag, Te, taste Ae lla 30 Dag 2 $1.23, 516 AO, 15, 303 =? 1s ‘ che vli_2 3 2305 Y ) ajo 2-6 lo 6 10 30 30 ‘f 3}3 6 3 15 6 80 IS 30 1 e/g $e 20 € be S08 | 8 30 302 30 (61 a Bo (0 30. lo 30" 30 i I5| 1s 30 GIs” 3030 “5° 30 = gp p 34 30 30 30 eS 3 Pd ae 7 a 4 6 : \ satis t UGE30) | Por the above postr “aol | tayo clomunt aubset rene FA wee deat appr bourds ('K Join opiationdand sitet doxoen bout: ‘thnafowe + the above pout 46 Jatfiea: na Ores, Hie’ Kase” ollagrain af (Oya. eoondne heh ns Jottion on not- 2 $1,2,3,4,6, APRUT2R ses e me , ae 3 4 Om re Ce 14 af 42 + te rr pire 1 er 2. baa See Dy ey hs TED eed Steers | alia 14 42-42 4 #2 6 eee % 22142 ab 42 21.42 2k oa a Sai as a a golan 42 42 O292 2 42 42 (6 4900, = "yal 14 3 Nc lewel on eee FFE Qh I Complumink sf an“ eltmant 4 2 ee ino athice - Fo pat ; GOEL Bon elymint ino Jabtte L wstth “& sulation Te itn bods coblehe alee aa avb=GE=1] & b ae 2 ated Fou eg (ag.1) Bi Lal the tose lager lies below. 42 Now, iv42=42 2 cg ae wy - > HF, \Ae2 é. BBV -en- ce Ee 64 H4n= GE Wah = 42266 WPBV ie = 40 = GE Beye 5p, 4 = Hh ent S41 eee ’ Pia 623 a5 oa vise atm 2 ~ Y pram CDy/}. a : Determine whitin i!) Lis Lene nat. Find the combloruct y | Cuty elorunt 4 thy elt. , Pre E234, 6/9, 12518, 362 en sBhle 2 ts ie Gonfosuxion 700 : iss oy v 62346 9 t2 18 36 6 gh 1 ee Marna e-# Se 4 Vs 2 , 2 25 6 EC ee ee eae ) og POE > GOOG ar ot FS 5 : 44.4 12 4 12 36 12 36 36 ; 6 6G’ 6 ADGUNS AW G18 at cole 9 9-18 9 SONS SC ere tear perry are. 36 12 36 8 , : (818 18 18 36 Ig 1g 36 18 36 an 36 36.36 36 36 36 36°36 36 3¢ Mee al " ss fs acto banlebaia ye = ROU se i ite he ee seW I S ee ee aL eo eS. ee SPO Ay Aiea. | 2 Ete 3 le 68 Or ee ee od saline Sn de SS TR 3% 6 Salto \2 @ ja 87 6 Fer as e $e, 2 3 * 69 1 (84 8 Fie : 1 y +2 ats o4 + eNG=3g levge ae ie te fon Wt above POET ev 0 elemunt, owen bound Zubet har the Last bound and gruaxt 3 We dine poe Bm elle 2 wo AY 213,6,124 18 es, & a Z @ Etnd the complurwnt of evory elamint HG eaidt fon hone diagram Yvon poe con = ovizl= GE! fo OA1 ZO ZLEF ~ 2 cVQ=!t CAQ=0 Sat aes © fon the howe diagram gin below find ths comblunsnt of every olurunt jp S they extsh. ied oviet = G6 c db OAR O =LE b fez} 26 i avbal cvde! and= ey 2 Sec Qin byt Quati-ns: Cahoutae 5 =le evd=1 ss , acd’ ent=o eAdzo le cae, rie @=e pize 4 Comblumented Lattice s— 7 [ek tL. <) bea Labkice , which har 0 ar the uate elonort and 4 3, the pare : ‘ ae he laste a Call complaranted 4 erg Od aS dattice far a comploment. - (Deas 1) b rt inborn nbs became vou mut has bs j } A AE iomplovanied Jottin because te complonuat Af (Dse,/) 2) 3,6,12418 does not CURL 3 : o fe whtlun (Door) Js a complarurt ted Jatein ar not 4 complemented ,. pind te complomented 4 each on. Dog = $11213,516,10/15) 208 . 302GE r; a tv302302G6 | 4’230 W301 LE 'S0's1 ‘ MM ae Ae mn | PANS 330 age" >'-I5 sucs30 826 pg = faut 1s'22 BN6 > | gas BV10 = 30 gg loctey * 2Alo=rh ee Gisbibitive tate :- A thie C14) called a belted 4 fer amy climert a,boeL it Ak. te fotlowteg Pop AVC BAC) =(avb) A (AVC) ’ ‘ © Fess * QAACbVC) = eps o e PES the hose diam givin Woo “Benin a a On ae ‘ j Si Fon a Jolie ty be dlhtbuttve tt ahold = 5 aS Aakisy He follorotng obnel lf condlth’on C 7 @VtbnQ = Cavb) a Cave) ; @ACbvC) = Carb) v (ane) How, for th above hae cbr: arb:c el for olisbul bute : vo) i a ) 2,4. ‘AVC bac) = 4 Mey ne ana & eer AV (bac) ; -H. cub) x VTS ae a AY a i Sia 1 de SO. 2 LHS # Rie Malin ree Hin ® Seeominn —ahitiun note th Jottin ts mgt ollstributive. ON Den = $112,3,6/5,14,21,422 42 (Dans) ty clettntbuth plies i, é 2 a 7 » Fan a lather to be dtsbabudie tt thou antttfy He fotowing condltion -© avcbnc) = Cavb)nCave) LHS 2 avcbncy) RBS 3 (V3) A (24) a2 Le 3 2 2N(3A3) 3 re ail 22N4 +2 a2 Lis = Rus an (byc) = Caab) vCanc) f LHSS aa(bvc) RAS Carb) V Canc) at =e qrotpoxt the Jottice Js dishubuctve . a >) fon 4ne haste agen ae below ditomnin whtHun St ts désbibutive on Let gem, bats C=¥ pe : bi +h for am lathice 40» be distrtbutive , Lb Ahould be oe illouth) conditien = © =a" Conds Cavina Cav. @ RC ens s Cave) ACOVC! ate © game Lis 3 av(baO us (mvt @mvy), = aii = mV CNAQ) =MV(0) 4 eee aan = Si the Jattioe rs LHS # RUS the be ® Gran tre passe clagrom (Osc: dtshthukve ox nat. : Dag = {623 HSH 12 1830S. at SI Ma should. be aatiy He oy B i: ea Fon =a dattice =4p be dlabeibutive follewotng conditton- @ avcbag =Cavb) A CAVE 9 2 , Let a=, b=6, C=9 pi. 5 cave)acave) =” i Lug av(baQ= = - cave) C4V9d i | 24Vv(609) | NOS ; BANS 9 Or. a Bec lleat gem 2 la 2 Sy iebe taaee Le! 2 > ® anlbve) = (anbvCorO Canby (and) - i LHS an(bvO, RUS 9 os coca = (ney ver) 2 4A18 eS" = ! i, ee LHS = RNS au | thosfore Sk Gx disbubutie. eS aes . a Jottfce 3 - “Le, 4) be ao Jatlice ‘than fallowtng conditions thal D) daw 2- ovaza ,Aana=a } 2 2D Commutnsig daw ¢ — Qvb=bva, Apb= bra, f Artedative Jaw « ee Eo ce a aes 5 CAACBACD):= COND) E 49) Abortion Jaw ¢— Ee csc! i an L and anb'=o, Hun Ahow that ag) Given tot anbl= : ! yh rae eS tierce 7 ; % bV(anb') = 6 (AACE) =b (savbar | hoes =(ONbYAL =b anb=o ) ee? e Qvb=b : 3 _4) = (®AC)y C bay = (na) VCCAbY 2 CA (avb) = CAE =c Wax to tec pom bc Wei De 5 dete He Compleat Ds wt fe & L ds 0 dishibutive & complmnuktd Jatin thin prove that © @-av Cain’) = aVb Dan (a'vb) =anb LHS 8 av(ainb) Lus 3) anca'vb) aw = (ava') ACaVb) 2 (Ana) VCan b) =. 1A(avb) és Lagi. = ON Fo SS LHS = RHS proved Lug = RHS prove ® Dw the haste oliagvan w2'(Dag, 1). Sevunine whelhur St ds comumunted. atte Gx nat. olla “dtowntne diabibiive oF Vek Dog = £1213, 4,6,8,12, 245 i eat 2 3 " i vt 2 242.GE. US 2S he ae {A242 42 LE ; = ' 3'=8 ni ce i= 2h eos 7 24 = 4: * faskice - y (EDs) Wide ee a iy folly For a distributive Lattice : ality - condition. raveyne > av( bac) =lavb)ACave) LHS > AVCbAC) RHS3 (avb) A Cave) , Let a=2, b=3, 078 = (2V3) AC2N6) | onde 2 a j = 2V(3A6) Pe =2V3 a Pi istibutive - Lis # RHS — hewjort the “dottice 4 not dibs j ¢ Modulon Jattice s— A falfice (hi) jold Jo be a ral W for oll aviceL and ace we have D-Atroste hho Ahearn, saeace 2 edule | faly the Fan, the above Jattice! fo be modulon “at ahaa. 2004 Condition avcbac)=(avb\ac whe asc | for the haxe diagram a2m ben, ¢ > RHS3 (avb)AC = (mvn)ny q Pp ny m WZ Zz q oe LHS #RHs | Shisdove She Jabtice 2, nat modular all ® Selewmine whith (Dyri 1) daa modular tattle 07 nok . Dao = £1, 2,3, 6,4,14,21,42 % 2 ae ies ge oe A aeamm = 2 3 - aa ut - = Joe eae be ed i should, soy. “the following . condition, avCbnc) = (avb) Ac, ase Let a=2, 623, C=6 whoe 226° LHs 3 av(bAC) RHS4 (AVE)AC-. _ 3 2V(ZAG) SQVE)AG. = 1 nd ae ete 3 ava z 3 6S ; 44> 2 Spe ag ye a 6 x THS=RHS Ghoufore the sin tal wal. Sale | © Sebttin aaethoy COay 1) dy Dag = $1 2,3/4,6,8, 12) 249 whe Sle bie 8 12 ‘ OTe Oe ' 44 Ic > 2 4A oF + For the above uattice to be modddon BE shoud Aatixpy the tndition. ay corcy= Cavbsnc whet oc Let a=2 , b23,cr6 246 LHS av(bAC) RHS3 Cavb)Ac 3 2V(3N6) 3 (QN3)AG 3 2V3 5 ent a vue a 6 am ; a LHs = RHS h ap eat ee. i @ Prove that the pewtagoral Jattce given belao fy nok | : ! | | | ‘ modulan Lattice - oC Med on ; . _ i, J Let Q=@, beb, CEC wh ase OS oa LHS2 avEbAC) = RHS 5 (Cavb)AC 2 avo 3 LAC > a ie Nie LMS SRHS thoufate the lattice as nat medulan, atte . 6 Seleunine” oe fhe lattice, ty Pda es cooulgs ov nak. x Zz Lattice to be Faden ie. “peal ity the oO Fon the above wbjne whut -24¢ tondition avcbac) = (@ Let get, bey Cnt OEM ig passa iki LBS3. aVEbAD RUSS CQVE)AC | ; > xVCyAL) PME) ae Pe a ble eee > Pr Sahai 5 i Sell ‘i ac 5 ‘ottta bs modal. Jabhice . at: <: Apunyone ta gi Sub- Lattice 2-4 fon embhy subset” Mg atte Ue) b $e Q Aub-Jaitie jem Js closed “with a ee meet Ca) opsration. . [i Fon example, (Dao!) 38%. ‘battice i “oy ™ Dao= oes 10,18, (303 £ aatd. x0 J lek meMy be two Mo = $1,2,363, eB py he hasse oi (My, 1) te te 2v3, 3VS, bj dated on, 4s clan pom thi bosblion site Bh thal Ma ‘ an We ae dy AubloHice i D0, A) sha fon. Thoupy J © Find 4. los f Iabtfce (P2011). Dgq = £11213)5161(0,1580% My $12,363 9 Moe 41,3,5183 Ma=$ 1,216,303 Ma 2 §5i1S/1030% 4 O Pre she hae dtagmn C4: fis saul 4 D262 $ 112/34, 6,9,12, 18.362 \ 1& a4 Oh US . : FE 369182 Mae§ 124/123 if ENG 182 Ms=$ 61d 1B368 $ 7 a ® let s- fayz2, Sra the Raye clog (PCS), S) . Qelowml CPCs),¢) i Labtice oF not. g Lattice find atlat 4 sub- Lon PCS) = $b, $22, $42 $77, 52, $4722 92, £128, $4128, Eayirg 2 ve 2 OPH: fest taes gue Guat o[¢ f22 ft t25 $293 Gx.23 Fe.ze {973 fR|fo3 S22 xu Exed fone Siz? ERY 2E ExHI2z v Soi /fuk Good E43 E872 EAU Ere Sgrgrigzyee v I2F 1623 {oo ent $73 f*27 $22 fy,23 204/23 f vo jx BY beh Bact 88 Shed uk tae gouylenut RU E893 Exyze Fx} FOIE GANA SHyyre $2129] £222 $223 fmi22 XZ EAYZE_ MTF FEY RP -G2,y,22 —— guafeurg ter? fue 297F ENR $2429 tug gou2t xi, 2R] $7928 Ex ZR ExVZZ ELWZE FAWYZZ FHWA FxizZZ EaViZz £x3 Z xe ile #6 =o ite aie 2 areal ee BSP Seite? laced eat $ £93 See Perey ts {2 {23 £23 $783] > fxd gus bas 493 say sie gad fur3}¢ > FUR az “guess sue? (0 S27 en fxalb £23 6 $23 gx 7 4 SoBe EmeRe eae Saud xP fs fz | EYE fuzz - FXZF —-FAUY/ZF a ied pe) ¢ ues iieae Fo the above POSET eveuy two ‘clonent Aube hax the fooss ufps-beund and. Loner. bound troufars fhe above poset} o> 2 : Ce. eh aNe - My = $0, £23, $23, E%7232 Ma 229, $2, £218, $92, Ma= Ld f4%, £28, TU28% Me = $6,442, £242, £74,239, Mo= Fo, 423, 2822, TRIES fan ditttuttie ond complamente lattice cavb) =n bi the ande tole 5 dishlbusive ard. complumonted Ge. ot a Aatisgy the disBilbultve Jaw and eveny omunt ill have Y compliment. We have 4o prove that Cavb)'= ain {aa ds the compuinunt of avb’ them we have so Pa that @)-Cavb) vCa'nb') = 4 a - b)-Cavb) A (q'nb') =0 A be av Bove of part a ie Cavb)veaab=t LHS. 3 (avb)v(a'nb') : Let avb=x, a’ey, b' 22 2 VCH AZ) bei te (avy) acav2) ‘by disbibutive (avbva') a (avbvb') . Cava'vb) A(avbVb) ‘savalad > aa ilgili rs ie @ Prove - that, anv) * RNS _ es 3,009) v(aNz) : - 23 LONBA~OV(AAE'A) -- og oz Seton nb'yv (O° bAb) 2. come e 3” (onb')v Caine) ee ORD a2, 3 RHS a4 : S$ alvp) is “the ranges and. thn we have = = (Anb)V(avEJe1 ~ f ; WH. Cand) nite veytoeew Gy.“ ocoalh oe pot 0° Ce. Conbyacaive)= 2 ja ellie» 3 LHS 3 Canby Ca've') . ; F (o'vb'yv(anb) By- rbbincldtiat ai: Lé dvblax, asyr baz oe eG AP) ATP A a tevyyn (aVz5 3 CavblyaraCavblv by - 3 Calva vb‘) n(avbvb) 3 (ivb) aCaviyen ee uae 5° 1h 3 1 > RAs oa £ proof of par b te (anb) a(a'vb') =o LuS9 Canb) A(@ Vb) la (anb=x, alzy, b=? a xalyvz) ee 3 fxayv(anz) &Y diibutive Jaw. . 3 (anbaa)v(anbdab') 3 (Ana'nb)v(arbnbd 5 (0Ab) V(AN0) 5 Ovo 5 0 2 RHS a Sed abtice 3 A tatttce - B- a eument 1 and, a Least. br Wich Jaitte we ALC Onda Lye eee a aniz=a~ ano=o, whe o pcnre F4, £28. £63 $9633 Wil) £0, £627 > PCA)= £4, TOR TERE, 19 F653 F W §a, faz —> PCAI= £4,803, § 5032, F0.fo37z oo pr any sus a.eec, a-care)=A-8 € a-fane) 3 XEA and sacang) 2 xen and (xeA 07 x6) atxen and zea) ov (xeA and % 48) 3 (xe a-a) or (xECA-8)) 3 “xesorxven-6 xX ER-B 5 pe A-cAne)CA+ Sintoxly we can prove that R- 6c a cans) octtoste A- (ANB) = A-6 © Prove that a-canc) = (a-8)UcA-O Le ZEA-CEAC) 2) ren and x (BAC), 3 eA and (7¢6 oy xtc) > (ven and eB) ov (xEeAandzec) 2 (rE A-B) or(TE A-C) 2) xe(A-B)U(A-O 2 A-Cenc) © CA-B)UCA-C) > Aintlovily we can poibve tnak.cA-awCA-c) = A=C8C) be We ae om BULA am ae © om, uluttun each of ty foloaag so te fe a 7 "2343 Ow eucive | iyo ic "hie R= Seeoche 9 C12), C20 Rye $0111),€1129, C18), C20, (212),€3.9,C40, coayy i) R3= $C2,1),C30),C5129, (4019, C412, 4 wt , RV=F CuI, C12), C2) She above swlation is nut supbaive. 2129, (3:39 C414) not the elumant of Ry . the sulation is * inne because CnYERS Cay eR CuaERs CaeER, Caner 3 AveER y the above sufotion gs not transitive because Cad) ER &Chrjers Ca2y¢R sha - the on ulation &s nat onktayrim er, becouse ii CuaveR & C2NER but 1#2. ei ag @, Rp= HOU CHAY, CAT; CAD) PD: (239, (40), eats Fhe above satastion Bb seplarive | geen “¢, Cat (02125, C3,39, CH) BR ‘ the above” Julatten “ts aye because coer @ CER * PHER DS CuyeR hs the. above. ssl onemeine te © frit veto : CHAIER CANNER due (42 c ila She - above nalabion os not sonst eal an Caper, CUAER 2 Cart) aR. “se ®@ Wy= EF cay, Cay, 3.2) CAND, coe = the above sulatton £s . “suglodve because cw, ae Bar, CH ER. the above sulation i OE B ic because Caner but C12) éR ahe above sulation s es: because 7 cCawneR but cadre the sulatton fs transitive pecause. (2a)ERE C2 © Gra the hase diagrun wf thi. Poser Cus) what Se 83% whow So =F arbiCid 22 3 Sie Saibcide? . SarFarbsCeise, Sarg abiCre? ; S426 arbi 8, Soe ie ser $0.02, “sartak ae ”) ERINER, " @ Pind the mazimal and minimal elrments for tne fallowing hare 4 20 12 25% + 5 2 Maatmal elemints = £12.20, 95F Minimal elimints = £5,232 é 2 5, 6),€3:2) © ret 92£11219,4,6/62 and REF Cut), (15))(222: 90070) - | (313), (3169, C414), (5.19, (5,53, (6123, (6,39, C616) ¥ ‘3 ) Be a sulation dying on At A. Prove #at R 8 an euivaling Sulastion citar the egllivalinte classer induad by R . | Fong con 40 be an eguivaline silatin ft should be | suplizive “symmutric and Transitive. he Replee « [ORT AEA A> $1,23,4,5,6% : o MO have 0119703199, 02,3),C4.4),(559, C66) ER Ahunifase the slakion & Ayre. Hifloxive . - Syomulrte : arp area) ao CHEER SCSDER (2:HJER BC3/DER oe C21)ER BS (GER eo _ 3 the sulation Bs Aymmirtc. . Raullte emerson] : é Ch5)GR& CoMER Scr )eR 1 CiRERk (3,25 ER 3 CaINER : (ager & (Gayer +a. - He station Bs Bantkie. , : She eptlvaline class op on clomunt sof A ds ht ack of clove Af at which elomint “a ts sulaied. . se oh a etiS3 (23> £2363 | 23 =§23622—3 -- Oa 40Re ToT = tust = 0g, ter= ) = 1222 -100 =9 Ee 3 DoNDa) ase ue N(D5UDsUD3) = nCps) + NCDs)+ nCD4)- N(D3Ds)- N(Ds404)-N(DsM Dy) +NCD3NDSA D4) ‘aad = 300% (80+ (28 - 60-43-2649 n(d3uD5UDa) = 488 agpil @ Find the numbers ble? tto soo that au nak odstsiode by 20% 301 5 sat Lek Da be eentow duvisible by Fee gels Le Dz be the ak uf ruunbors dwistble by 3 Let Ds be the Ack numbers ee Ay 5. Ns nda) = 502-1 = 250 ¥ 2 2 in n(dg)= sot © cg a N( Ds) =" $00 L'= (00 S NCD,Ndad= S22 - = 88 a = 50 oi nC danpsy 2” S2%- {oO ge \ ACdgNds)= 399-1 2 33 1s a ian A(sndsNds)= $0 -1, = (6 30. 30 NC 95003005) = nda) +AC Ds) +NCDS)= ne2n0d- y= ncoanba nc Peanet i NCOND3NDS) © be = 250 +1664 100-83=50— aacP gil NCDaUD3UDS) = 36620) <2! do the qumbos Ahad ont nad divEstBlT by 2 sols = 500~366 = 134 An y © NCAbAyCU D) = ncAy+ntB)-+NCe) +nCD) -nCAnB) -ACANC ~ NAN) -nCenc)- bq N(end) +n anency +ncaneao) +n(encnd)- 1 ABACA Dy © Find the number blw 1 4p iooo that ae not duisible by any of the a QOv Gov Sot F. let Ds be BE cof number alwsidtble by ee Da be the act of number dwistole- by 3° igh Pe be the et af rwnben dwvistble by S- Dz be the et Hf number, duisthle by F- NCD.) = 1908 5 S00 an y an N(D3) = 108 2333 NCS) = (000 = 200 - = Ss ‘ t NCD_) = 1000 — 142 7 ; MCDaNDg) = PRO SIGE oes Sine al se RPV 3 | nCDaNdsy= [000 ~~ joo eo i> Late nas 3 Fe te glee stl) [ NCDoND_) = — = 4! 2 Pb re NCOBNDs) = as = 66 uae a 5 “ NC03NDz) = tooo ah aa 2 NC05ND7) = “Looe u ; cee a = Non age” \ NC Dand3Nds) = ee = 33 s - 9 : s NCDsnNgnd;)= ooo 9g ps ‘ 42 a | NCDandsNDz) = L000 = g si los S | N(DaNgNDsNd) = (00 2g = 2 2to 2 nCd,0D3UDsUDa) = NCDs)-+NCDa)+NCDs)+ NCDg)=NCDaNds) = NCDanDs) =n (DyMD3)- NC DaNDs) - NCD§NDg)~ cosh Ne +N (B:ND3NDg) + N (D3nDs Da) = NCDanDgnD_Ds) + 2349-6 ; = 158 : a z $00 +333 +200-4-142—- 166- Wee Rae od Cre 2g +33 Ostet ee fare number that axe nak duvtstele by 20v3 ov 50% = (000-158 = 242 Ans @ wntk the formula fox n(AvBVoVDUE)- nC AUBUCUDUED = NCA)* NCB) + NCC) + NCD) + n(e)- ncane)= SoCal ite ~NCANED~ NCBACI= NC BAD)= N(BAED- NCeny)~ NGene) ~ NCDNE)+ NCANENC)+ NCANBAD) + nCANBNE)+n(encnD) AC BNCNE) + NCcADNED~N( An@nend)= NCAnenene) 4 ncanenenDne) © Soduhive Bae “Bae ei” Haak SO: i tut: 4 w Saductive typothusds 2— Assume that 80 by brut 4 oy ; “oxblow “Vola oe Reve * ) Snductive _Aieh he voy etre) tr on the basls ductive ofurlS. = © from Hot Tro4 gs 3 oe ncnaityCantt) y nel, Let» sn) be the given Atotement . Spo my prove it” ee induction woe, have so folloo WOU x’ 4 Inductive “base - We will prove that n= the obove . Aotement’ 2s * tue Le. $C4).B A g(t) will be~ P= ecu yee fs " = ou y = 18 ae gd See acer -- a jet “ nae a ae ‘| $c) us Hue. ‘ ie Gi int _ hypothesis 2— duu we will osumne that S(k) 13, but eg nn 41 = KCN? “Angk: goer) ts Dae Wiriin ate tou ve te 1 sabe -*= oe rer Sh ce. 2 CHS 9 2053, — K (RH1)- Cowl) 4 CK” 2 (KH) f KERHD FenpfelHe8 + 00} peirerscs i gpa rs (ke) pe eee. 2 (RH) [een i _ eatiCeeSGte2» a a " ae Fruufeste. by ductton we ta sk) Dust. by malate oo Fhot s(n) 4s Bun for Cee = ne y sot a 4 BST oe ee, oO Fhe sth) be the falabg se i ota» te 10) DO Snduc dite bse - ot Re: rit ie ane eu _ Bhan é : Cricut ad Taps? * a Rte es ae - ™ Snductive Abeba How. ou Be Ly 4 i “thot sce a due, Ce Sy ag Dene Pais apes 12 23 34 Tee lad ~ RA LHS 3 i sieegpet MOE “ re Oa ae AO rence? ; oy wise = ee ate a (ea : * (ue ee) +2 + ies: = RHS hue equa) Js Saw A ae re eae oe ares oe that scm) Bs daw Cfo alltve inkequn n.. have Frove mathematical. es thot 62h" Gx divisible by 43, Let 2@ - the ‘il ge ~ fone Rn Oe ot fwut Atebs. 5 wa Base- We will prove that 8C) Sou. - fos nei we howe sein hella "= & Ls~diivipible “by 00 ed cael , . 0) Saw. 0) trdlttve fypotrunds & = We. ‘ctu astm that 300. bs aa ol enone is divtsible by ee ee” oe 4 +8 f wo Snduckivre ab - We tl prove thas sci) a2 fut. te. acca ae ds divisible by 43. ey : ule have to prove thi abwe okt3 4 2ks3 5 QKHEZ 3 3 eke Ken aK! 3 66h E4GF yay &) 3 echt? + C6*42)-7 W iit ae aie ak 7 ee 42K 43-7 2K+! 3 66a 5 PRA) a4 alias DKA ” ile eee PF say Sees oe 6-43m+ 43-4 : es ‘ F, siamnla Fs iis * fou: vis dil bys ae “@ Prove by mathematical Gductfon trot 2 Let $C ea ler stn ae fie ano To prove aS Bie fe: i 4 wu thyus Lo 1 eee walk pow ok $6 eta! = e1-225 ub a duyiaible by siete ; , sb fun. W Induce puma Pie tll aie” we. A eel f aK ag is du wraible by s. w Wines yet ow ot tH a aktl is devisible by 5 arg oak , D (S42).qK_ aah @ 62% anh oak , ns 2 5-1%4 a(4% 2k) , 3 5.1K asm 2 # 3 5¢1%iams . 5 "s Ets clon thot Lt Ss duytaible by # fe Sexe) Zs Cue. : © Prove by neyo anduction that ere rds Ped 13 n=l wes i An ta a b chien we -hawe a following FE? re aed OD §nductive Base- We will pow te for n=1 we have 3 ee : * 3 qn? 3 91 = 13x4 i tH as olwisible by 13 z . 2 30) Buu- ee oo at we will asswre that. he is 6 Bat Ker By clmisible by 13 ww din Bo.slp -We wi prove that acct 4 ACOH RH +2 5s devtatble by 8 PTB ag at $c 8 Dutt Suit te 4° We have to prove th abot Aeerunk - ; 2Kt3 ARetB, Gkte 2Kt+2 _KEQ2t! 4 43 , mgr ee " te 4 2 (6. ea 7

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