Copyright © 2020 Waleed Elsafoury
Control Plane
CS Plane PS Plane
MM and CM GMM NAS
L3
RRC
RLC
L2 AS
MAC
L1 PHYSICAL
Physical layer
• Modulation & De-modulation
• FEC
• Error detection
• Spreading and De-spreading
• Radio characteristics
measurements and indication to
higher layers
PHYSICAL
MAC layer
• Mapping between logical channels
and transport channels
• Error correction BEC
• Priority handling between logical
channels of one UE
• Priority handling between UEs
MAC
PHYSICAL
RLC layer
• Segmentation
• Assembly
• Rate matching
RLC
MAC
PHYSICAL
RRC layer
• Broadcast of System Information
• Paging command
• Establishment, maintenance and
release of Uu Connection
• Establishment, maintenance and
RRC
release of Iub link
• Ciphering RLC
• Handover decision and type MAC
PHYSICAL
NAS layer
CS Plane PS Plane
• Core routing
MM and CM GMM NAS
• Mobility management L3
• Area update
RRC
• Registration
• Detach RLC
• Security management L2 AS
• Authentication MAC
L1 PHYSICAL
Speech coding • Analog to digital & compression
Channel coding • Error detection and correction
Interleaving • Randomization of errors
Bit Mapping • Converts logical 0,1 to -1,+1
Channelization • Multiply by OVSF codes
scrambling • Multiply by Gold codes
Modulation • BPSK & QPSK modulation
CRC • Error detection
• Error correction
Convolutional
• For low rate
• Error correction
Turbo
• For high rate
• CRC Algorithms
0, 8, 12, 16, or 24 parity bits (determined by upper layers)
g(CRC24) = D24 + D23 + D6 + D5 + D + 1
g(CRC16) = D16 + D12 + D5 + 1
g(CRC12) = D12 + D11 + D3 + D2 + D + 1
g(CRC8) = D8 + D7 + D4 + D3 + D + 1
Xk
Zk
Data In
Rate = X Xk D D D
M
U
X
Turbo Data Out
Z’k
Interleaver
D D D
Transmitter
Interleaving
Matrix
Original Data Samples Interleaved Data Samples
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 1 2 3 1 4 7 2 5 8 3 6 9
4 5 6
7 8 9
RF
Transmission Path
Receiver
De-
Interleaving
Interleaved Data Samples Matrix De-Interleaved Data Samples To Viterbi
1 4 7 2 5 8 3 6 9 1 2 3 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 decoder
4 5 6
Errors Clustered 7 8 9 Errors Distributed
Before
0, 1, 2, 3, - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - , (RC - 1)
Interleaving
Write Data 0 1 m C-1
into Matrix C C+1 C+m 2C-1
Row-wise • • --- • --- •
• • --- • --- •
(R-1)C (R-1)(C+1) (R-1)(C+m) RC-1
Permute C0 C1 --- Cm --- CC-1
Matrix
Columns
0 m 1 C-1
Read Data C C+m C+1 2C-1
from Matrix • • • •
Column-wise • • • •
(R-1)C (R-1)(C+m) (R-1)(C+1) RC-1
C0 Cm C1 CF-1
After
Interleaving 0, C, … , (R-1)C , m, C+m, … (R-1)(C+m) , … , 1, C+1 , (R-1)(C+1), .., C-1 , 2C-1 , … RC-1
sin^2(x) = 1/2 - 1/2 cos(2x)
cos^2(x) = 1/2 + 1/2 cos(2x)
