‫ هةوليَر‬-‫زانكؤي صالح الدين‬

Salahaddin University-Erbil

Clean Elements and Clean Rings

Research Project
Submitted to the department of mathematics in partial fulfillment of
the requirements for the degree of in BSc. In mathematics

By
Habiba M. Osman

Supervised by
Ms. Suham H. Awla

2023-2024
 Certain of the supervisors

I certify that this work was prepared under my supervision at that

department of mathematics /college of education / salahaddin

university – erbil in partial fulfillment of requirements for the degree

of bachelor of philosophy of science in mathematics.

Signature :

Supervisor : Suham hamad awla

Scientific grade : Assist. Lecturer

Date : 4/4/2023

In view of the available recommendations, I forward this work for

debate by the examining committee.

Signature :

Name : Dr. rashad rasheed haje

Scientific grade : assist.professor

Chairman of mathematics department

Date : 4/4/2023

ii
 Acknowledgment

I express my deep sense of gratitude and thanks to the Almighty ALLAH for
providing me with strength, health, faith, patience, willing and self- confidence
to accomplish this study.

My sincere thanks and appreciation are extended to the presidency of

Salahaddin University, especially the deanery of the College of Education for
their facilities to carry out my research work.

I would like to give special thanks to my supervisor “Suham H. Awla” for her
constant and valuable guidance and encouragement during my research work.
Her attention, support and timely suggestions were useful and the most needed
in the preparation of my bachelor thesis.

My deepest thanks go to professor “Rashad Rasheed Haji” the head of

Mathematics Department of the College of Education, further more I wish to
thank the staff members of the College of Education, especially the library staff
of the College of Education.

I am very grateful to my dear family for their support and helping me to

succeed at this stage of my life.

Habiba Majd Osman

2024

iii
 Abstract

The purpose of the present work is to study and discuss of clean elements in
Rings. It is shown that in the ring is prime the elements of the from
is a clean and the elements of the from are not clean element for
and

iv
 Content

Certain of the supervisor ……………………………………………………ii

Acknowledgment.......................................................................................... iii

Abstract ..........................................................................................................iv

Content ..........................................................................................................v

List of symbols................................................................................................vi

Introduction ....................................................................................................1

Chapter one

Background.....................................................................................................2

Chapter Two

On strongly unit elements in Zn…………………….......................................4

References.....................................................................................................14

‫ثوختة‬.................................................................................................................15 ‫ا‬

v
 List of symbols

Symbols Description

There exist

∀ For all

The set of real numbers

The set of integers

Belong to

Does not belong to

Subset

Euler’s Phi-Function

The set of integers modulo n

The set of units of the ring

The set of idempotents of

∏ The product of rings

vi
vii
 Introduction

The study of numbers has always occupied a unique position in the world
of mathematics. It may very well be the best subject for a student trying to learn
what constitutes a mathematical proof, and to construct the proofs, such as the
theories of congruences and prime numbers. Most of the results of this work can
be considered as an application of the number theory.

Throughout this note denotes an associative ring with identity. we use the
symbol to denotes the group of units of and the set of idempotents
of . Following Nicholson , an element in a ring is said to be clean if it can be
written as the sum of a unit and an idempotent of the ring. The notion of a clean
ring was introduced by Nicholson in his 1977 study of lifting idempotents and
exchange rings, and these rings have since been studied by many different
authors.

The present work consists of two chapters along with a list of references at the
end. The first chapter deals with some definitions and theorems about ring
theory and number theory, which are needed in our work.

In chapter two we study the concept of clean elements in rings. We prove that
in the ring is an odd prime, every element is a clean element except .
Also we show that if are clean rings, then ∏
is also a clean ring. Moreover we prove that Let be a commutative
ring. Let such that every idempotent element has the form
where and (Nicholson, 1977)

1
 Chapter one

Background

In this chapter we take some known definitions and results that we are needed in
our work.

Definition1.1: (Fraleigh & Edition, 2014) A ring is a set together

with two binary operations and , which we call addition and multiplication,
defined on such that the following axioms are satisfied:

1. is an abelian group.

2. Multiplication is associative.

3. For all the left distributive law and

the right distributive law ( hold.

Example1.2: are rings.

Definition 1.3: (Fraleigh & Edition, 2014) Let be a ring with a unity. An
element in is unit of if it has a multiplicative invers in

Example 1.4: Let be a ring of real numbers then is unit, since for we

have

Definition 1.5: (Fraleigh & Edition, 2014) An element of a ring +,.) is called
idempotent element if .

Remark 1.6: (Hungerford, 1974) Let R be a nontrivial ring with identity and
be an idempotent. Then is also idempotent.

Definition 1.7: (Fraleigh & Edition, 2014)Let and both

be rings. Define The Direct Product is
the set T paired with the operation of addition + defined for each
and the operation of multiplication ∗
defined as ∗
2
Example 1.8: Consider the ring and the , the product
ring

Definition 1.9: (Fraleigh & Edition, 2014) A subset of a ring (commutative,

with 1) is said to be an ideal if

(1) (so I is an additive subgroup)

(2) .

Definition 1.10: (Fraleigh & Edition, 2014) Assume is a commutative ring

with . An ideal in a ring is called a maximal ideal if and the only
ideals containing are and

Definition 1.11: (Fraleigh & Edition, 2014) Let I be an ideal of a ring R. The
Quotient Ring of R by I is the set consisting of all congruence classes
modulo I in R

(i.e. , together with binary operations + and · defined by

1. and
2. .

Definition1.12: (Fraleigh & Edition, 2014) A function from a ring

to a ring is said to be a homomorphism (or ring homomorphism) if and only
if :

1.
2. for all .

Example 1.13: Let defined by . Then

1.
2.

3
 Chapter Two

Clean Elements and Clean Rings

In this chapter we study and discuss the concepts of clean elements in

rings and determine some rings that are clean.

Proposition2.1: In the ring is an odd prime, every element is a clean

element except .

Proof: Since is prime, then for any element is a unit and it has only
one non zero idempotent which is then

Hence is a clean element

Now suppose that is a clean element of , then there exist a unit element
and idempotent element in such that ,

4
Case1: If ,

then

Which a contradiction is with because is a filed.

Case2: If , then

Example 2.2: Consider the ring

and , then the sum of units and

idempotents are

Therefore the definition of clean element we get 0,2,3,4,5,6,7,8,9 and 10 are

clean elements of .

5
Proposition 2.3: In is an odd prime every element is a clean element
except

Proof:

Case 1: let then for and , fo

and

Now we have

Hence is a clean element of .

Case 2: For we have and is a unit , then

Then is a clean elements of .

Case 3: For for

is even and idempotent and is a unit for

.

Now

6
 .

Therefore every elements of are clean elements except

Example 2.4: Consider the ring

and , then the sum of units and

idempotents are

Therefore from the definition of clean element we get 0,2,3,4,5,6,7,8,and 9 are

clean elements of .

7
Proposition 2.5: In the ring is prime the elements of the from
is a clean and the elements of the from are not clean element for
and

Proof: Clearly the only non-zero idempotent element of is 1 and the units
are of the from for and .

Let for and Then

( )

Now, suppose that is a clean element. Then there exist an

idempotent and a unit such that , then , because has
the only one non zero idempotent which is

Which is a contradiction with u is a unit.

Hence is not a clean element of .

Example 2.6: Consider the ring

and

, then the sum of units and idempotents are

8
Therefore the definition of clean element we get
0,2,3,4,5,6,7,8,9,10,11,12,13,14,15,16,17,18,19,20,21,22,23 and 24 are clean
elements of .

9
Proposition 2.7: In , is a positive integer, zero is a clean element
everywhere, because is an idempotent and is a unit the

Hence is a clean element of

Proposition 2.8: If is a clean element of a ring , then the homomorphism

image of is also clean element.

Proof: Since is a clean element then there exist an idempotent and a unit
such that .

Now suppose that is a homomorphism from in to

First we show that is a unit and is idempotent of .

Since is a unit, then such that Now

Where is an identity of Hence is also invertible.

and , now

Hence is also an idempotent of

It remains to show that is a clean element of

Now

Hence is a clean element of

10
Proposition 2.9: If are clean rings, then ∏
is also a clean ring.

Proof: Let ∏ . Then for .

From hypothesis is a clean element of for then

Where and for

∏ and ∏ .

Hence for each element ∏ is a clean element and

∏ is a clean ring.

Proposition 2.10: If is clean element of a ring , then ∑ may not be

clean element.

Proof: We can show it by an example: consider the ring we see that

and then the sum of units and
idempotents are

11
Then we see that are clean elements but is not a
clean element is of .

Lemma 2.11: (Anderson & Camillo, 2002) let be a commutative ring and
let be an idempotent.

Then and

If where and then and .

Proof: Let be a maximal ideal of since or

Hence Certainly and

Suppose that where and Now

since is a unit. So

12
and

Hence

since is a unit.

Lemma 2.12: (Anderson & Camillo, 2002) Let be a commutative ring. Let
such that every idempotent element has the form
where and

Proof: Let , so

sBy hypothesis, where and By lemma

2.8, . Hence

and so .

13
References:
1.Anderson, D. & Camillo, V., 2002. Commutative ring whose elements are a
sum of a unit and an idempotent. Communication in Algebra, Volume 30(7), pp.
3327-3336.
2.Fraleigh, J. B. & Edition, S., 2014. Pearson new international edition.
london: pearson education limited.

3.Hungerford, T. W., 1974. Algebra. New York: New York : Springer-Verlag.

4.Nicholson, W., 1977. Lifting idempotents and exchange rings. AMERICAN
MATHEMATICAL SOCIETY: .

5.Theory, E. N., 1980. David ,M.B.. USA: Carl Lindbolm.

14
 ‫پ ــوخ ـت ــه‬

‫لقهكاندا‌ ‌‪‌.‬پیشانمان‌‬
‫ئه ‌‬‫له‌ ‌‬ ‫ی‬
‫و‌گفتوگۆكردن‌دانه‌ی‌پاك‌ ‌‬ ‫وه‌‬
‫وێندنه ‌‬
‫‌‬ ‫له‌خ‬
‫مان‌بريتيه‌ ‌‬
‫‌‬ ‫ره يك‌ئيشه‌ك‌ه‬
‫ى‌سه ‌‬
‫‌‬ ‫ربيۆكه‌‬
‫‌دان‌‌‬ ‫ر‌شیوهی‌‬
‫‌‬ ‫له‌ ‌‬
‫سه‬ ‫ی‌كه ‌‬
‫دانانه ‌‬
‫‌‬ ‫ئهو‌‬
‫شه‌ ‌‬
‫خۆبه ‌‬
‫ك‌ ‌‬‫ژمارةية ي ‌‬
‫‌‌‪‌‌،‬كان‌ ‌‌‌ ‌‬ ‫لقهی‌‬
‫ئه ‌‬‫له‌ ‌‬
‫كه‌ ‌‬
‫داوه‌‌ ‌‬
‫‌‬
‫دانهی‌‌پاك‌بۆ‌‬
‫بنه‌ ‌‬
‫دان‌نا ‌‬ ‫دانهی‌پاك‌وة‌ئةو‌دانانةي‌لةسةر‌شيوةي‌بۆ‌‌‬
‫بنه‌ ‌‬
‫دة ‌‬
‫‌‬ ‫‌و‌‬

‫‪15‬‬