Answer the following questions as per Technical Standards and your knowledge and Experience.

Do not write anything on Question Sheet Please!

Questions No1 is compulsory.

1. Write the full description for the following abbreviations.

a. SMTP
b. POP3
c. IIS
d. HTTPS
e. SSL
f. NAT
g. RMA Protocol
2. What do TCP & UDP abbreviations stand for? Which of these Protocols is faster and why?
Explain briefly.
3. Write about DHCP, Exchange and DNS Servers.
4. How many Operating systems are you familiar with? Like windows ME, Windows XP, Windows
vista/7, Mac, UNIX/Linux etc.
5. What kind of Firewalls are you familiar with? Explain its procedure if any.
6. What is the difference B/W Domain and Peer to Peer environments?
7. What does VSAT stand for? What types of Bands do we have in VSAT?
8. What types of internet connections do you know? What kind of signal does a Fiber-Optic cable
carry?
9. What kind of security System would you use for the protection of the data files?
10. Describe Network Management in Domain Environment and Peer To Peer Environment?

A Guide to the many ways people can connect to the Internet

As technology grows, so does our need for bigger, better and faster Internet connections. Over the years, the way
content is presented via the Web has changed drastically. Ten years ago being able to center bold, colored text was
something to admire, while today Flash, animations, online gaming, streaming video, database-driven Web sites, e-
commerce and virtual offices — to name but a few — are becoming standards. The need for speed has changed
the options available to consumers and businesses alike in terms of how and how fast we can connect to the
Internet.
While technology changes at a rapid pace, so do Internet connections. The connection speeds listed below
represent a snapshot of general average to maximum speeds at the time of publication. This is no doubt will
change over time and Internet connection speeds also vary between Internet Service Providers (ISP).
Analog (up to 56k)
Also called dial-up access, it is both economical and slow. Using a modem connected to your PC, users connect to
the Internet when the computer dials a phone number (which is provided by your ISP) and connects to the
network. Dial-up is an analog connection because data is sent over an analog, public telephone network. The
modem converts received analog data to digital and vise versa. Because dial-up access uses normal telephone lines
the quality of the connection is not always good and data rates are limited.
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Typical Dial-up connection speeds range from 2400 bps to 56 Kbps.
ISDN
Integrated services digital network (ISDN) is an international communications standard for sending voice, video,
and data over digital telephone lines or normal telephone wires.
Typical ISDN speeds range from 64 Kbps to 128 Kbps.
B-ISDN
Broadband ISDN is similar in function to ISDN but it transfers data over fiber optic telephone lines, not normal
telephone wires. SONET is the physical transport backbone of B-ISDN. Broadband ISDN has not been widely
implemented.
DSL
DSL is also called an always on connection because it uses existing 2-wire copper telephone line connected to the
premise and will not tie up your phone as a dial-up connection does. There is no need to dial-in to your ISP as DSL
is always on. The two main categories of DSL for home subscribers are called ADSL and SDSL.
ADSL
ADSL is the most commonly deployed types of DSL in North America. Short for asymmetric digital subscriber line
ADSL supports data rates of from 1.5 to 9 Mbps when receiving data (known as the downstream rate) and from 16
to 640 Kbps when sending data (known as the upstream rate). ADSL requires a special ADSL modem.
ADSL+2
ADSL+2A is an extension to ADSL broadband technology that provides subscribers with significantly faster
download speeds when compared to traditional ADSL connections. ADSL+2 works in the same fashion as ADSL a
special filter is installed on a subscriber's telephone line to split existing copper telephone lines (POTS) between
regular telephone (voice) and ADSL+2. ADSL2+ service is most commonly offered in highly-populated metropolitan
areas and subscribers must be in close geographical locations to the provider's central office to receive ADSL2+
service.

SDSL
SDSL is still more common in Europe. Short for symmetric digital subscriber line, a technology that allows more
data to be sent over existing copper telephone lines (POTS). SDSL supports data rates up to 3 Mbps. SDSL works by
sending digital pulses in the high-frequency area of telephone wires and can not operate simultaneously with voice
connections over the same wires. SDSL requires a special SDSL modem. SDSL is called symmetric because it
supports the same data rates for upstream and downstream traffic.
VDSL
Very High DSL (VDSL) is a DSL technology that offers fast data rates over relatively short distances — the shorter
the distance, the faster the connection rate.
All types of DSL technologies are collectively referred to as xDSL.
xDSL connection speeds range from 128 Kbps to 8 Mbps.
Cable
Through the use of a cable modem you can have a broadband Internet connection that is designed to operate over
cable TV lines. Cable Internet works by using TV channel space for data transmission, with certain channels used
for downstream transmission, and other channels for upstream transmission. Because the coaxial cable used by
cable TV provides much greater bandwidth than telephone lines, a cable modem can be used to achieve extremely
fast access.
Cable speeds range from 512 Kbps to 20 Mbps.
Wireless Internet Connections
Wireless Internet, or wireless broadband is one of the newest Internet connection types. Instead of using
telephone or cable networks for your Internet connection, you use radio frequency bands. Wireless Internet
provides an always-on connection which can be accessed from anywhere — as long as you geographically within a
network coverage area. Wireless access is still considered to be relatively new, and it may be difficult to find a
wireless service provider in some areas. It is typically more expensive and mainly available in metropolitan areas.
See the Wireless Networking Standards page of Webopedia for data rates, Modulation schemes, Security, and
More info on Wireless networking.
T-1 Lines
T-1 lines are a popular leased line option for businesses connecting to the Internet and for Internet Service
Providers (ISPs) connecting to the Internet backbone. It is a dedicated phone connection supporting data rates of
1.544Mbps. A T-1 line actually consists of 24 individual channels, each of which supports 64Kbits per second. Each
64Kbit/second channel can be configured to carry voice or data traffic. Most telephone companies allow you to
buy just one or some of these individual channels. This is known as as fractional T-1 access.
Bonded T-1
A bonded T-1 is two or more T-1 lines that have been joined (bonded) together to increase bandwidth. Where a
single T-1 provides approximately 1.5Mbps, two bonded T1s provide 3Mbps or 46 channels for voice or data. Two
bonded T-1s allow you to use the full bandwidth of 3Mbps where two individual T-1s can still only use a maximum
of 1.5Mbps at one time. To be bonded the T-1 must run into the same router at the end, meaning they must run to
the same ISP.
T-1 Lines support speeds of 1.544 Mbps
Fractional T-1 speeds are 64 Kbps per channel (up to 1.544 Mbps), depending on number of leased channels.
Typical Bonded T-1 (two bonded T-1 lines) speed is around 3 Mbps.
T-3 Lines
T-3 lines are dedicated phone connections supporting data rates of about 43 to 45 Mbps. It too is a popular leased
line option. A T-3 line actually consists of 672 individual channels, each of which supports 64 Kbps. T-3 lines are
used mainly by Internet Service Providers (ISPs) connecting to the Internet backbone and for the backbone itself.
Typical T-3 supports speeds ranging from 43 to 45 Mbps.
OC3
Short for Optical Carrier, level 3 it is used to specify the speed of fiber optic networks conforming to the SONET
standard. OC3 is typically used as a fiber optic backbone for large networks with large voice, data, video, and traffic
needs.
Speeds are 155.52 Mbps, or roughly the speed of 100 T1 lines.
Satellite
Internet over Satellite (IoS) allows a user to access the Internet via a satellite that orbits the earth. A satellite is
placed at a static point above the earth's surface, in a fixed position. Because of the enormous distances signals
must travel from the earth up to the satellite and back again, IoS is slightly slower than high-speed terrestrial
connections over copper or fiber optic cables.
Typical Internet over Satellite connection speeds (standard IP services) average around 492 up to 512 Kbps.

Fiber-optic communication is a method of transmitting information from one place to another by sending pulses
of light through an optical fiber. The light forms an electromagnetic carrier wave that is modulated to carry
information. First developed in the 1970s, fiber-optic communication systems have revolutionized
the telecommunications industry and have played a major role in the advent of the Information Age. Because
of its advantages over electrical transmission, optical fibers have largely replaced copper wire communications
in core networks in the developed world.
It carry light signal
Advantages of Fiber Optic Cables Over Copper
Speed: Fiber optic networks operate at speeds up to 10 gigabits per second or higher, as opposed to 1.54 megabits
per second for copper. A fiber optic system is now capable of transmitting the equivalent of an entire encyclopedia
(24 volumes) of information in one second. Fiber can carry information so fast that you could transmit three
television episodes in one second.
Bandwidth: Taken in bulk, it would take 33 tons of copper to transmit the same amount of information handled by
1/4 pound of optical fiber.
Resistance: Fiber optic cables have a greater resistance to electromagnetic noise such as radios, motors or other
nearby cables. Because optical fibers carry beams of light, they are free of electrical noise and interference.
Capacity: Fiber optics have a greater capacity for information which means smaller cables can be used. An optical
fiber cable the size of an electrical cord can replace a copper cable hundreds of times thicker.

• Network Management - Peer to Peer Network

In a Windows Peer to Peer Network, each workstation on the network must be individually configured and
supported. The management of your network is spread out amongst all workstations on the network. When a
technical issue arises, it is not uncommon that it is addressed on each individual workstation throughout the
organization. This configuration can be very inefficient and costly to support.

Network Management - Domain Environment

 The management of the network is conducted from one place - on the server. When a technical issue arises, it is
typically addressed from on the server which often resolves the problem for the entire network including all
workstations.
Home > Did You Know > The Differences and Features of Hardware and Software Firewalls
The Differences and Features of Hardware and Software Firewalls

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By: Vangie Beal
Last Updated: 04-07-2011 , Posted: 06-24-2010
Hardware and Software Firewalls Explained
A firewall is a protective system that lies, in essence, between your computernetwork and the Internet. When used
correctly, a firewall prevents unauthorized use and access to your network. The job of a firewall is to carefully
analyze dataentering and exiting the network based on your configuration. It ignores information that comes from
an unsecured, unknown or suspicious locations. A firewall plays an important role on any network as it provides a
protective barrier against most forms of attack coming from the outside world.
Firewalls can be either hardware or software.
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The ideal firewall configuration will consist of both. In addition to limiting access to you computer and network, a
firewall is also useful for allowing remote access to a private network through secure authentication certificates
and logins.
While many people do not completely understand the importance and necessity of a firewall, or consider it to be a
product for businesses only, if your network or computer has access to the outside world via the Internet then you
need have a firewall to protect your network, individual computer and data therein.
Hardware Firewalls
Hardware firewalls can be purchased as a stand-alone product but more recently hardware firewalls are typically
found in broadband routers, and should be considered an important part of your system and network set-up,
especially for anyone on a broadband connection. Hardware firewalls can be effective with little or no
configuration, and they can protect every machine on a local network. Most hardware firewalls will have a
minimum of four network ports to connect other computers, but for larger networks, business networking firewall
solutions are available.
A hardware firewall uses packet filtering to examine the header of a packet to determine its source and
destination. This information is compared to a set of predefined or user-created rules that determine whether the
packet is to be forwarded or dropped.
As with any electronic equipment, a computer user with general computer knowledge can plug in a firewall, adjust
a few settings and have it work. To ensure that your firewall is configured for optimal security and protect
however, consumers will no doubt need to learn the specific features of their hardware firewall, how to enable
them, and how to test the firewall to ensure its doing a good job of protecting your network.
Not all firewalls are created equal, and to this end it is important to read the manual and documentation that
comes with your product. Additionally the manufacturer's Web site will usually provide a knowledgebase or FAQ to
help you get started. If the terminology is a bit too tech-oriented, you can also use the Webopedia search to help
you get a better understanding of some of the tech and computer terms you will encounter while setting up your
hardware firewall.
To test your hardware firewall security, you can purchase third-party test software or search the Internet for a
free online-based firewall testing service. Firewall testing is an important part of maintenance to ensure your
system is always configured for optimal protection.
Software Firewalls
For individual home users, the most popular firewall choice is a software firewall. Software firewalls are installed
on your computer (like any software) and you can customize it; allowing you some control over its function and
protection features. A software firewall will protect your computer from outside attempts to control or gain access
your computer, and, depending on your choice of software firewall, it could also provide protection against the
most common Trojan programs or e-mailworms. Many software firewalls have user defined controls for setting up
safe file and printer sharing and to block unsafeapplications from running on your system. Additionally, software
firewalls may also incorporate privacy controls, web filtering and more. The downside to software firewalls is that
they will only protect the computer they are installed on, not a network, so each computer will need to have a
software firewall installed on it.
Like hardware firewalls there is a vast number of software firewalls to choose from. To get started you may wish to
read reviews of software firewalls and search out the product Web site to glean some information first. Because
your software firewall will always be running on your computer, you should make note of the system resources it
will require to run and any incompatibilities with your operating system. A good software firewall will run in the
background on your system and use only a small amount of system resources. It is important to monitor a software
firewall once installed and to download any updates available from the developer.
The differences between a software and hardware firewall are vast, and the best protection for your computer and
network is to use both, as each offers different but much-needed security features and benefits. Updating your
firewall and your operating system is essential to maintaining optimal protection, as is testing your firewall to
ensure it is connected and working correctly.