EFFICIENT MONITORING OF

ENERGY SOURCES IN
INDUSTRIAL ENVIRONMENT

2015-FYP-30

Submitted by:
Kinza Farooq 2015-EE-058
Azka Khalid 2015-EE-155
Itrat Hussain 2015-EE-176
Mazhar Javaid 2015-EE-181

Supervised by: Prof. Dr. Tahir Izhar

Department of Electrical Engineering

University of Engineering and Technology Lahore
EFFICIENT MONITORING OF
ENERGY SOURCES IN
INDUSTRIAL ENVIRONMENT

Submitted to the faculty of the Electrical Engineering Department

of the University of Engineering and Technology Lahore
in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the Degree of

Bachelor of Science
in
Electrical Engineering.

Internal Examiner External Examiner

Final Year Project

Coordinator

Department of Electrical Engineering

University of Engineering and Technology Lahore

i
 Declaration
I declare that the work contained in this thesis is my own, except where explicitly stated
otherwise. In addition this work has not been submitted to obtain another degree or
professional qualification.

Signed: Signed:
Date: Date :

Signed: Signed:
Date: Date :

ii
 Acknowledgments
After thanking Almighty Allah, we wish to express our sincere gratitude to our project
supervisor Prof. Dr. Tahir Izhar for his continuous support. We extend our earnest
gratitude to our project co-supervisor Dr. Sidra Farid for supporting us on every step.

We offer thanks to the majority of the department employees for their assistance and
backing. We likewise thank our accomplice who upheld us through this endeavor and for
their unceasing consolation, backing and consideration.

iii
Dedicated to our parents, teachers and supervisor

iv
Contents

Acknowledgments iii

List of Figures vii

Abbreviations viii

Abstract ix

1 Problem Statement 1

2 Literature Review 3
2.1 Solutions For Problem Statement . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3
2.2 Literature Review . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3

3 Methodology 5
3.1 Proposed Solution . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5
3.2 Implementation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6
3.2.1 Measurement of the Utility . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6
3.2.1.1 Current Sensor(SCT-013) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7
3.2.1.2 Voltage Sensor(ZMPT101B) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7
3.2.1.3 Water Flow Sensor(YF-S201) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8
3.2.2 Wireless Data Transmission . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9
3.2.2.1 ESP-32 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10
3.2.2.2 ESP-8266 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11
3.2.3 Data Acquisition and Display of Results . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12
3.2.3.1 Cayenne . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12

4 Flow Chart 17

5 Block Diagram 18

6 Implementation and Testing 19

6.1 Sensors . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19
6.1.1 Current Sensor . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19
6.1.2 Voltage Sensor . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 20
6.1.3 Flow Sensor . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 20

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Contents vi

6.2 Filters . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 22
6.2.1 Filter 1 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 22
6.2.2 Filter 2 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 22

7 Results 24

8 Future Works 27

9 Conclusion 28

A Introduction 29
A.1 Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 29
A.1.1 Cloud . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 29
A.1.1.1 ThingSpeak . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 30
A.1.1.2 IO.Adafruit . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 31
A.1.1.3 Cayenne . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 31
A.1.2 Microcontrollers Used . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 32
A.1.2.1 ESP-32 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 32
A.1.2.2 ESP-8266 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 32

References 34
List of Figures

3.1 Current Sensor(SCT-013 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7

3.2 Voltage sensor(ZMPT101B) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8
3.3 Water Flow Sensor(YF-S201) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9
3.4 ESP-32 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11
3.5 ESP-8266 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12
3.6 Cayenne . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13
3.7 Data Display . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15
3.8 Bars and Graphs Being Displayed . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16

4.1 Flow Chart . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17

5.1 Block Diagram . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 18

6.1 Electricity Monitoring Circuitry . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 21

6.2 Water Monitoring Circuitry . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 22

7.1 Graph Of Electricity . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 24

7.2 Graph Of Water Flow . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 25
7.3 Waveform of CT with inductive and relatively dominant resistive load . . 25
7.4 Inductive load . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 25
7.5 Inductive load . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 26
7.6 For resistive dominant . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 26

A.1 Cloud computing . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 30

A.2 ThingSpeak . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 31

vii
Abbreviations

GPM Gallons per Minute

GPS Gallons per Second
API Application Programming Interface
IoT Internet of Things
ADC Analogue to Digital Convertor
OS Operating System
CT Current Transformer
PT Potential Transformer
MQTT Message Queuing Telemetry Transport

viii
 Abstract
Energy monitoring implies the run-time determination of energy parameters, calculation
of utilized units, energy consumption trend plotting and data logging. For overcoming the
problems faced by the current monitoring system we are providing the low budget, local
display assisted, IoT based remote display enabled system including the remote control
as well. The system also provides us with the cost per day and month with the globally
accessible proper energy trends as well. In the project, we are using nodes with WiFi
modules, ESP-32 and ESP-8266 for electricity and water monitoring respectively. For
the determination of the voltage, current and water flow we are using ZMPT 101b, SCT-
013, YF-S201 respectively. The data gathered from the potential transformer, current
transformer and the flow sensor is fed into the micro-controller where it is filtered out
and the offset, if any, is removed. The filtered data collected with the help of calibrated
instrument is used to gain the useful information. The voltage and current are used for
the calculation of the apparent power, power factor, real power, units consumed in peak
and non-peak hours. Similarly, the water flow is converted into the gallons consumed
which is used for calculating the bill according to the WASA tariff. For controlling the
devices universally, the two way communication of the web server is developed, providing
the signal to the relay, thus, achieving the necessary action. The system can be installed
anywhere in the SMIs, in the distribution box or to the machine of which energy trends
are to be monitored or bill is to be calculated. Precisely, the cost efficient, user-friendly
and portable system is established for the monitoring and control purpose.

Keywords: energy monitoring; energy efficiency; cloud; remote display; IoT

Chapter 1

Problem Statement

In the modern industrial age where energy is the vital aspect in the progress of the coun-
try, it is need of the hour to monitor the energy consumption. For the government as
well as private sector, the hiking prices of the energy sources are the point of concern
as the energy price determines the running cost of the industry. Government and the
private industries are putting efforts to identify the most suitable measures to improve
the energy efficiency. The two major source of energy in industry, electricity and water,
are under consideration. The limited amount of water in the country and the lack of
proper reservoirs make the problem much intense. Moreover, the production of electric-
ity and its poor utilization also cause the scenario peculiar. Most of the industrial sectors
in Pakistan are energy intensive and are vulnerable to high rate of energy losses across
various production processes resulting in higher energy bills and productivity losses. Cur-
rently, there is a little awareness and even less expertise is available to counter this issue.
While conducting the survey we came across major discrepancies in SMIs including paint
industry, cement industry, cotton industry, thread and textile industry. It is said that,
Save one unit instead of producing the two. For the sake of saving, the basic step is to
monitor. In the jeans industry, the dyeing process utilizes 63 percent of the total water
utilized in the process of manufacturing the jeans. Similarly, in the textile industry the
energy cost stands next to the raw material cost and consumes up to 20 percent of the
budget. In Pakistan, overall the energy utilization of the industries deviates a lot from
the standards and thus cause the high production rates. The per unit cost of the industry
is critical for the estimating the sale cost of a unit. The run time cost is imperial for the
purpose. But, the present monitoring systems lack the property. Besides, the cost of the
energy monitoring systems are much higher and thus the point of reluctance for the small
and medium industries. The availability of the local display only is also the matter to be
looked into. Currently, the energy monitoring systems failed to provide the global access
to the data and the remote control. For the sake of saving the cost it is important to

1
Chapter 1. Problem Statement 2

have the switching access anywhere in the world so that the machine that remains on due
to some sort of error can be turned off from anywhere and the mistake can be rectified
without the much lose of the energy and cost.
Chapter 2

Literature Review

2.1 Solutions For Problem Statement

To establish an comprehensive energy management platform which can provide:

• I mproved efficient energy metering

• C entralized metering

• M ore transmission speed

• Remote metering

Energy Management is a mean to control and reduce organization?s energy consumption

and reduce cost. Our Main concerned with saving energy in:

• Government organizations

• P ublic Sector organizations

• B usinesses

• H omes

2.2 Literature Review

Monitoring can also provide information about power flow and assist to recognize the
cause of power system disturbances. Checking frameworks are utilized generally in me-
chanical plants and structures to watch the energy utilization. In public residencies,
in contrast to the business is comprised of numerous little private clients, for example,

3
Chapter 2. Literature Review 4

houses, manufactured homes, and lofts. Research has demonstrated that these private
vitality purchasers squander practically 41 percent of the power provided to their homes
. Change of voltage, vitality utilization, control factor, and current parameters must
be estimated for structures. Basic understandings of how vitality is devoured, checked,
and controlled are key requirements for a vitality preservation process[1]. Clients wants
to know precisely when vitality utilization happens and where it happens are ready to
take more illuminate choices about how to bring down their building vitality utilization
rates. Our project provides the facility to know about the utilization of energy source
and reduce its cost by cutting the needs.
Studies have recommended that investment funds of over 35 percent of the different elec-
trical loads that all people utilize might be conceivable [5].Many industries have recently
used and applied web-based user interfaces, so a homeowner can adjust thermostate set-
tings or turn off lights from a smartphone, or a web browser. Our project also controls the
usage of energy. When the consumption of energy is more than anticipated amount we
can cut-off the connection from main supply using relay giving command from cayenne.
The ignorance of the energy consumption trends by SMIs is the major reason of the energy
inefficient usage which is causing the cost of the product to increase affecting both, the
economy and masses. The increase in the running cost of the industry is shrinking the
profits as well as affecting the energy reserve of the country. In order to contribute towards
the cause our major objective is providing SMIs an efficient and low-cost solution.
The idea of programmed load sharing of transformer or over-burden insurance of trans-
former is finished by different methods like by utilizing chip, by utilizing GSM innovation,
and by utilizing transfers. In this work we are utilized a transfer and comparative ICs
for programmed load sharing between three transformers[20]. Our system is cost efficient
and shows the required results of usage of energy resources in any available device like
laptop or smart phone.
This problem has significant financial impact on the industrial sectors and severely affects
the competitiveness in export markets. The energy cost as a share of total production cost
ranges from 20 to 50 percent in different industrial sectors. Using the energy efficiently
from small scale to the big scale may minimize the imports as well. Benefits for industrial
firms by improvements in energy efficiency include reductions in resource usage, pollution
reduction and improved production.
The proper usage of water may help the upcoming generation to have the clean natural
water which is our obligation. For the purpose of proper usage, it is very important to
monitor the usage in the run time. In the long term, we may get the economic benefits
and well as the clean water for usage.
Chapter 3

Methodology

The high energy consumption at the industry level yielding the far less production is the
major hindrance in implementing the strategy if sustainable development in the coun-
try. In accordance with the situation it is the need of the hour to monitor the energy
consumption trends in the industry so that it may help us to minimize and optimize the
energy consumption and thus effectively take part in the county progress. To monitor the
energy being utilized in a specific environment we must have to consider all the major
utilities being used.
Efficient monitoring of energy resources has a great impact on social, industrial and
economic environment. All of these factors are interlinked with each other and have
significant impact on each other. In long run, the energy loss can be minimized while
optimizing the cost and getting the most out of the industries, flourishing the economy
and directly raising the living standards of the masses. In third world countries, where
most of the energy is being generated using thermal methodology, we have to import
furnace oil and coal which affect the economy. This results in higher costs of electricity
unit and water gallon.

3.1 Proposed Solution

The main idea is to provide an energy monitoring and management system in industries.
By this way the people can get an idea of how much energy they are consuming in
real time, inside their industries itself. By uploading the data into the cloud, detailed
consumption of energy will be available for every month, every day and every hour.
This serves as a tool for energy conservation. Also, the loads in the houses can also
be controlled remotely via computers/smart phones. In order to cutoff the running cost
of the industry it is very important to monitor the utilization of resources. We would
constrain ourselves to these three major utilities of the industry:

5
Chapter 3. Methodology 6

• E lectricity

• W ater

3.2 Implementation
The overall energy monitoring system is divided into three steps:

• M easurement of the utility.

• W ireless data transmission.

• Data acquisition and display of results

3.2.1 Measurement of the Utility

The major sources of energy in an industry aforementioned are electricity, water and
gas. Electricity can be generated by the industry on its own and can also be purchased
from government. In both the cases it is very important for the manufacturer to monitor
its utilities so that he can estimate his running cost and can optimize it using the time
optimization and resource optimization techniques.
Sensors
A sensor is a gadget used to quantify a property, for example, weight, position, tem-
perature, or speeding up, and react with criticism. The explicit information could be
light, warm, movement, dampness, weight, or any of an extraordinary number of other
natural marvels. The yield is commonly a flag that is changed over to comprehensible
presentation at the sensor area or transmitted electronically over a system for perusing
or further preparing.

Eliminating the traditional method of measurement with the mounted meters we shall
use sensors for the collection of the data. Same methodology would be followed using the
respective sensors. In the case of electricity and water flow measurement we would use;

• C urrent sensor (SCT-013)

• V oltage sensor (ZMPT101B)

• F luid flow sensor (YF-S201)

Chapter 3. Methodology 7

3.2.1.1 Current Sensor(SCT-013)

Current transformer (CT) is a kind of transformer that is utilized to quantify alternating
current (AC). It creates a current in its auxiliary which is corresponding to the current
in its essential. Current transformers, alongside voltage or potential transformers, are
instrument transformers.

Figure 3.1: Current Sensor(SCT-013

Specifications

• Open size: 13mm13mm 1m leading wire Core

• Material : Ferrite Fire resistance

• Property: in accordance with UL 94-V0

• Dielectric strength: 1000V AC/1min 5mA (among shell and yield)

3.2.1.2 Voltage Sensor(ZMPT101B)

The Voltage Sensor square speaks to a perfect voltage sensor, that is, a gadget that
changes over voltage estimated between two points of an electrical circuit into a physical
flag corresponding to the voltage.

Specifications

This Voltage sensor is basically a power transformer with following specifications:

Chapter 3. Methodology 8

Figure 3.2: Voltage sensor(ZMPT101B)

• M aximum output RMS voltage: 1.5V.

• M easured voltage is analog signal.

• Rated current: 1 2mAmp

3.2.1.3 Water Flow Sensor(YF-S201)

This sensor sits in accordance with your water line and contains a pinwheel sensor to
quantify how much fluid has traveled through it. There’s a coordinated attractive corridor
impact sensor that yields an electrical heartbeat with each upset. The corridor impact
sensor is fixed from the water pipe and enables the sensor to remain sheltered and dry.

The sensor accompanies three wires: red (5-24VDC power), dark (ground) and yellow
(Hall impact beat yield). By checking the beats from the yield of the sensor, you can with-
out much of a stretch compute water stream. Each heartbeat is around 2.25 milliliters.
Note this isn’t an exactness sensor, and the beat rate varies a bit relying upon the stream
rate, liquid weight and sensor introduction.
The beat flag is a straightforward square wave so its very simple to log and change over
into liters every moment utilizing the accompanying recipe.
Chapter 3. Methodology 9

Figure 3.3: Water Flow Sensor(YF-S201)

3.2.2 Wireless Data Transmission

The Path toward sending and getting radio signals through remote systems includes two
main devices.

• T ransmitter

• Receiver

The beneficiary gets the waves with its reception apparatus transforms the electric flag
over into sound where it very well may be heard.
To transmit sound by radio, the transmitter includes a high recurrence transporter wave
to the sound flag. This makes the adequacy of the bearer wave change, however the
recurrence remains the equivalent. This is called Amplitude Modulation. This type of
regulation produces frequencies which are the ’Addition and Subtraction’ of the trans-
porter and balance frequencies. These frequencies are in some cases called sidebands.
For wireless data transmission we are using:

• E SP-32

• E SP-8266

Wireless data transmission is basically done through WIFI. Digital data is transmitted
by esp32 or esp8266 to cloud for data logging.
Chapter 3. Methodology 10

3.2.2.1 ESP-32
ESP32 is a 2.4 GHz combo chip which sports both WIFI and Bluetooth communication. It
is designed with the TSMC low power technology. It is made to accomplish the best power
and RF execution, appearing, flexibility and unwavering quality in a wide assortment of
uses and power situations. Following are its Specifications

• Robust Design

• U ltra-Low Power Consumption

• H igh Level of Integration

• H ybrid Wi-Fi Bluetooth Chip

Robust Design
ESP32 is equipped for working dependably in modern conditions, with a working temper-
ature going from ? 40C to +125C. Fueled by cutting edge adjustment hardware, ESP32
can powerfully evacuate outside circuit blemishes and adjust to changes in outer condi-
tions.

Ultra-Low Power Consumption

Built for cell phones, wearable hardware and IoT applications, ESP32 accomplishes ultra-
low power utilization with a blend of a few kinds of restrictive programming. ESP32
additionally incorporates best in class highlights, for example, fine-grained clock gating,
different power modes and dynamic power scaling.

High Level of Integration

ESP32 is exceedingly coordinated with in-fabricated radio wire switches, RF balun, con-
trol enhancer, low-clamor get speaker, channels, and power the executives modules.
ESP32 adds inestimable usefulness and flexibility to your applications with negligible
Printed Circuit Board (PCB) prerequisites.

Hybrid Wi-Fi Bluetooth Chip

ESP32 can execute as an entire independent framework or as a slave gadget to a host

MCU, lessening correspondence stack overhead on the primary application processor.
ESP32 can interface with different frameworks to give Wi-Fi and Bluetooth usefulness
through its SPI/SDIO or I2C/UART interfaces.
Chapter 3. Methodology 11

Figure 3.4: ESP-32

3.2.2.2 ESP-8266
ESP8266 The ESP8266 is an ease Wi-Fi microchip with full TCP/IP stack and micro-
controller ability delivered by Shanghai-based Chinese producer Espressif Systems. The
chip previously went to the consideration of western producers in August 2014 with the
ESP-01 module, made by an outsider maker Ai-Thinker.
Following are its Specifications

• H igh Durability

• C ompactness

• P ower-Saving Architecture

• 3 2-bit Tensilica Processor

High Durability
ESP8266EX is equipped for working reliably in mechanical conditions, because of its wide
working temperature run. With profoundly incorporated on-chip highlights and insignif-
icant outer discrete segment tally, the chip offers unwavering quality, minimization and
vigor.

Power-Saving Architecture
Built for cell phones, wearable hardware and IoT applications, ESP8266EX accomplishes
low power utilization with a blend of a few exclusive advances.

32-bit Tensilica Processor

Chapter 3. Methodology 12

The ESP8266EX micro-controller coordinates a Tensilica L106 32-bit RISC processor,

which accomplishes additional low power utilization and achieves a greatest clock speed
of 160 MHz. The Real-Time Operating System (RTOS) and Wi-Fi stack permit about
80 percent of the preparing capacity to be accessible for client application programming
and improvement.

Figure 3.5: ESP-8266

3.2.3 Data Acquisition and Display of Results

3.2.3.1 Cayenne
Cayenne is an intuitive programming framework for the IoT that truly makes it a lot less
demanding. It not just makes it conceivable to manufacture programs utilizing simplified,
it institutionalizes the association of gadgets, for example, sensors and engines and ensures
that drivers are set up. In this sense it makes the programming and the equipment a lot
less demanding.
With a sensor introduced the dashboard will demonstrate to you the present perusing -
temperature if it’s a temperature sensor. This is decent, yet for a genuine IoT application
you have to interface the sensor to something that will accomplish something when a
perusing gets to a limit or something to that affect. In Cayenne you can include any of
a scope of actuators as yield gadgets. These incorporate transfers, engines, ADCs, etc.
To influence things programmed you to can characterize triggers, which are if..then decides
that can accept the condition of sensor as the assuming part and the condition of an
actuator as the then part. You can do things like turn something off when the temperature
Chapter 3. Methodology 13

achieves an edge and you can send notices to the outside world utilizing sms messages or
email.

Figure 3.6: Cayenne

We are using ESP8266 to send data to Cayenne IoT by MQTT protocol. MQTT protocol
uses

• P ublish

• S ubscribe

The first step is send data acquired from a sensor connected to ESP8266 to the cloud.
This is a common scenario, and generally speaking, it happens everytime it is necessary
to acquire and send data through MQTT.
Second step is to remotely control a device exploiting MQTT. In this case, we will control
ESP8266 through the MQTT protocol.
If we want to subscribe to the network to establish the connection and to find all the
provided inforation on the cloud we require following

• S SID

• P assword

• C hannel ID

• C hannel Password

• C hannel API Key

Where Connection to Wi-Fi requires

• S SID

• P assword

and connection to Web Server requires

Chapter 3. Methodology 14

• C hannel ID

• C hannel Password

• C hannel API Key

For the sake of efficient monitoring of energy consumption the data from current trans-
former (SCT013), voltage transformer (ZMPT101B), and flow sensor (YF-S201) is being
used. After, the keen calibration of the sensors the data is fed to the microcontrollers
where the digital filters are applied for collecting the reliable data. The data is used for
the calculation of Vrms and Irms.
Power factor is calculated using zero detection. The sample of current and voltage is
averaged after every 20 milliseconds. The difference between these two sample leads to
power factor measurement. The raw data received from the sensors is passed through
various digital filters to get the reliable data. For water consumed gallons per minute
of flow rate is measured and bill is calculated using WASA tariff 2017. On the basis of
consumed electricity unit electricity bill is measured in accordance to LESCO tariff 2017.
This data measured is wirelessly transmitted to cloud using Node MCU ESP32.
The protocol used for messaging is Publish-subscribe based MQTT (message queuing
telemetry transport). This wirelessly transmitted data can easily be accessed from any-
where around the globe by using laptop or mobile which supports WiFi. Moreover, the
consumption of every minute, day and month can be monitored which is vital for the
efficient use of energy. Not only this but for efficient usage of energy resources genetic
algorithm is applied for shifting the load from on peak hours to off peak hours to achieve
the cost optimization.
We are using Cloud for uploading and displaying our data on internet. In Cloud Com-
puting, client can remotely store what’s more, recover their information dependent on
interest benefit, without the weight of neighborhood information stockpiling and upkeep.
In any case, the insurance of the secret information handled what’s more, created amid
the calculation is turning into the real security concern.
The principle goal of cloud registering empowers clients with restricted computational
assets to redistribute their huge calculation outstanding tasks at hand to the cloud, and
financially appreciate the huge computational power, data transfer capacity, stockpiling,
and even suitable programming that can be partaken in a compensation for every utiliza-
tion way. The principle worry of this paper is ideal putting away, recovery of information
with successful security in distributed computing.
The proposed technique recommends the encryption of the documents to be transferred
on the cloud. The respectability and classification of the information transferred by the
Chapter 3. Methodology 15

client is guaranteed doubly by scrambling it as well as giving access to the information

just on fruitful validation. The proposed framework deals with information security while
it is in travel and additionally has systems to help check of information for rightness.

Figure 3.7: Data Display

Reasons to display hourly development of the Work Space Information Tables and graphs
Since a large portion of the information researcher gather is quantitative, information
tables and graphs are normally utilized to sort out the data

• Graphs are made from information tables

• T hey enable the agent to get a visual picture of the perceptions, which rearranges
translation also, making determinations

• V alid ends rely upon association and clear translation of information.

There is an expanding interest for straightforwardness in speculation the executives, for

the most part because of innovation and another age of financial specialists. So it could
easily compare to ever to show subsidize information in a basic and straightforward way.
How are you making your store data vital and clear? Pulling from David’s brilliant and
at minutes silly talk, here are some intriguing focuses to consider on why it’s basic to
make lovely information perceptions.
Chapter 3. Methodology 16

Figure 3.8: Bars and Graphs Being Displayed

Chapter 4

Flow Chart

The flow chart of the project is as follows:

Figure 4.1: Flow Chart

17
Chapter 5

Block Diagram

The block diagram of the project is under given:

Figure 5.1: Block Diagram

18
Chapter 6

Implementation and Testing

6.1 Sensors
6.1.1 Current Sensor
To connect a CT sensor to micro-controller, the output signal from the CT sensor needs to
be conditioned so it meets the input requirements of the ESP8266/ESP32 analog inputs.
CT sensor is a current output type sensor. The current signal needs to be converted to
a voltage signal with a burden resistor. For this purpose a resistor is attached at the
output of current sensor. In order to select a burden resistor following steps are followed.

• M aximum current which can be measured by the sensor i.e.in our case it is 100A.

• RMS current is converted to peak current.

• P eak current is divided by number of turns of secondary coil in order to get peak
current of secondary coil.

• T he voltage across the burden resistor at peak-current should be equal to one-half

of the ESP8266/ESP32 analog reference voltage. (AREF / 2). Thus value of burden
resistor will be:

Burden Resistor = (half of reference voltage of ESP8266) / (Secondary peak-current)

Current sensor is calibrated with the help of analyzer by varying loads. The measured
values from current sensor are compared to the values of analyzer. Once the readings are
verified and calibrated these reading are then wirelessly transmitted through ESP32 to

19
Chapter 6. Implementation and Testing 20

cloud. These values are not only stored in the cloud but also displayed in GUI through
which readings could be easily visualized.

6.1.2 Voltage Sensor

A voltage sensor is used to measure AC and DC voltage .The DC voltage is constant so
that the measurement is relatively easy, in contrast with AC voltage that varies according
to a sine wave form and has a voltage magnitude in the positive and negative quadrant.
For this purpose we are using a transformer based sensor i.e. ZMPT101B. In order to
give the measured voltage signal to ESP8266/ESP32 it has to meet the requirements of
micro-controller. For this purpose a resistor is attached at the output of voltage sensor
to limit the current. Then the signal is forwarded to micro-controller.
Voltage sensor is also calibrated using analyzer at different loads .The measured values
from voltage sensor are compared to the values of analyzer which is attached in parallel
to the load. After the verification of readings these are transmitted through WiFi with
the help of ESP32 to cloud. Here the readings are stored and displayed in the form of
GUI.

6.1.3 Flow Sensor

YF-S201 Hall Effect Water Flow Sensor can be used to measure the flow rate of water.
It has an output signal of 5V so it can be easily attached to micro-controller. The flow
rate measured from flow sensor is calibrated by comparing it with the actual flow rate.
Actual floe rate is measured by noting the time it takes to fill a bottle of known volume.
The volume of the bottle is divided by the time to get the flow rate.

Flow Rate (liters/sec) = Volume of the Bottle / Filling Time

Billing

After the flow rate is measured in Liters/Second it is converted to Liters/hour and then
to gallon per minute and per second. This GPM (Gallon per minute) is wirelessly trans-
mitted using ESP8266 to Cayenne. Moreover, the bill of water is calculated on the basis
of consumed gallons. According to the WASA Tariff of 2017 following are the waters
rates for industries. Flow rate of water in an industry is being measured by using flow
sensor (YF-S201). For the calibration of flow sensor the volumetric flow of main pipeline
is measured by filling a gallon of known volume in a specific time. This process is repeated
several time to get an average value. For the purpose of calibration this value is then
compared with the reading of flow sensor.
Chapter 6. Implementation and Testing 21

The volumetric flow rate is then converted into gallon per second (GPS). Which is further
converted into GPM (Gallon per minute). According to tariff, GPM is then multiplied
with the respective gallon rate to gate price of gallons consumed. On industrial scale
rates of consumed gallons varies on basis of following two factors:

Sr ConsumptionPerMonth RuppeePerMonth
1 Upto 5000 Gallons 51.95
2 5001 to 20000 Gallons 92.82
3 20001 and Above 134.27

Minimum bill according to the size of metered connections:

Sr Size of meter (inches) Gallons per Month

1 1/2 5000
2 3/4 20,000
3 1 33,334

After the rates are calculated, the bill is calculated for number of gallons consumed in a
day and number of gallons consumed in a month. Both of these are wirelessly transmitted
to cayenne by ESP8266. The GUI displays the bill of gallons consumed per day and a
separate GUI displays the gallons consumed per month.
Rate of one second, one day and a whole month are being calculated and displayed
on cayenne in the form of trends. Visualization of consumed gallons can be accessed
worldwide through WiFi.

Figure 6.1: Electricity Monitoring Circuitry

Chapter 6. Implementation and Testing 22

Figure 6.2: Water Monitoring Circuitry

6.2 Filters
The value of threshold is set zero in start. The point at which a function crosses the
horizontal axis as its value passes through zero and changes sign is called zero crossing.We
considered number of times threshold is crossed as zero crossing. Now after this Number
of samples incremented are also counted and we consider/select 10 samples per milli
second.

6.2.1 Filter 1
First of all value of current is measured in form of voltage.The value of VCC we considered
is Checking the In voltage is within the range 0.45-0.55. We Take the raw voltage and
current values from samples collected throughout the passage of time.

6.2.2 Filter 2
In this step we apply digital low pass filter to extract the offset which has value 2.5V to
1.6V.It Works in accordance with the first filter that how much the ADC count deviates
from the mean value calculated through out the samples given.
We are restricting the output signal to zero count. This is being done by subtracting the
offset from the current value of the signal to get the reliable values.
Converting to RMS
We drive the RMS value of the whole waveform by squaring all the filtered values and
Adding them.
Instantaneous Power Calculation: filtered I filtered V having the calibration for the phase
Counting the number of zero crossings to get the wave calculated in halves and to get
the integer number of samples to increase calculation accuracy RMS calculation with the
calibration applied: Sample/ms so the Supply voltage is divided by 1000 and further by
Chapter 6. Implementation and Testing 23

ADC counts to get the required value which is then multiplied by the calibration factor
to scale it according to requirement.

Apparent Power: Vrms*Irms

Real Power: Ifactor * Vfactor * Power Instantaneous
Power Factor: Real Power / Apparent Power
Chapter 7

Results

Figure 7.1: Graph Of Electricity

24
Chapter 7. Results 25

Figure 7.2: Graph Of Water Flow

Figure 7.3: Waveform of CT with inductive and relatively dominant resistive load

Figure 7.4: Inductive load

Chapter 7. Results 26

Figure 7.5: Inductive load

Figure 7.6: For resistive dominant

Chapter 8

Future Works

A wide range of adjustments, additions, and improvements have been left for the future
because of need of time (for example the trials with genuine information are normally
very tedious, requiring even days to complete). Future work concerns further examination
of specific systems, new recommendations to attempt modern strategies, or essentially
interests of people. There are a few thoughts that I would like to share and contribute as
Future works.
This proposal has been predominantly centered around the monitoring of Energy re-
sources and then to cutoff the usage to possible minimum amount and the greater part
of the wellness capacities used to locate the best result where gotten from it, leaving
the concern of wellness works outside the extent of the postulation. The accompanying
thoughts could be tried:

• Global control over the devices to turn them on and off.

• F uture load prediction.

• Automated control of the devices based on the optimized trend.

• Optimized energy trend for cutting off the running cost of the industry.

27
Chapter 9

Conclusion

Efficient and low cost energy monitoring system is being implemented by collecting per-
fect, real-time energy and water usage data using CT, PT and water sensors. This data
is wirelessly transmitted on cloud using node MCU ESP32. This data is accessed using
mobile phones or computers. The consumption of every day and month is analyzed and
monitored with the help of trends of consumed energy units and water gallons. On the
basis of consumed energy units and water gallons the electricity and water bill are calcu-
lated. These bills are calculated in accordance to LESCO and WASA tariff which plays
an important role in efficient monitoring. Moreover, Our project is highly scalable. Not
limiting it to the SMIs and including the residential loads as well makes the high use of
the project. With the increase in the demand, the cost of the product is not increasing
but the profitability increases as hardware is one time cost if installed at a place but the
revenue saved from the efficient energy usage and trend studies make it much profitable.
Similarly, in order to perform energy consumption test the prebuilt hardware can be used
and one can additionally transform to the service provider as well making it more scal-
able. Physically, large industries can also be catered with the similar approach just by
adding slight cost to the hardware for getting higher rating equipment.

28
Appendix A

Introduction

A.1 Introduction
Energy management is the process of collecting information about where, when, how, and
why energy is being used within an organization, so you can increase efficiency, reduce
cost and improve sustainability. The process usually includes collecting perfect, real-time
energy usage data using sensors, analyzing this data with software to prominent areas
of discomfort, inefficiency, and taking action based on the results of the analysis. Our
objective defined in one line is as follows:
“An Efficient, Low-Cost and Remote Energy Monitoring System.” In accor-
dance with the situation it is the need of the hour to monitor the energy consumption
trends in the industry so that it may help us to minimize and optimize the energy con-
sumption and thus effectively take part in the county progress. To monitor the energy
being utilized in a specific environment we must have to consider all the major utilities
being used.

A.1.1 Cloud
To begin with, it is presumably a decent place to begin by asking: “ What is cloud
programming? ” Basically cloud programming is programming that is ’facilitated’ by a
specialist co-op and ’leased’ on a yearly - or on account of any cloud given, a month
to month premise, to clients of the product. The suppliers deal with the majority of
the servers required to run the product - ie. the equipment, obviously the product as
well, that lives on their servers, the storage room for your information and documents,
the reinforcement and fiasco recuperation methodology and critically, the security of the
whole framework. Put just, the suppliers put resources into the framework, you pay
to utilize it. For private ventures this has significant focal points as they never again
need to put resources into equipment, for example, servers, or programming to run the
29
Appendix A. Introduction 30

applications. In reality, even the requirement for in-house IT staff is diminished when
utilizing cloud programming since this job is given as a feature of standard help for
supporters of their administration.

Figure A.1: Cloud computing

The response to for what reason is straightforward. Keen gadgets are advantageous and
work anyplace whenever and are changing the manner in which we work together and
bolster our workforce. The transformation has been well and genuinely been won and
today the advanced mobile phone is particularly a standard device in the workforce.
Having said that, there never truly was any upheaval for advanced cells and customer
appropriation, as they were generally so helpful for them. Be that as it may, the issue of
business selection has been genuine as the product providers attempted to stay aware of
the interest for amazing, yet simple to utilize, business applications. We’ve used 3 types
of clouds

• T hings Speak

• I O.Adafruit

• C ayenne

A.1.1.1 ThingSpeak
”ThingSpeak is an open-source Internet of Things (IoT) application and API to store
and recover information from things utilizing the HTTP convention over the Internet or
by means of a Local Area Network. ThingSpeak empowers the production of sensor log-
ging applications, area following applications, and an informal community of things with
Appendix A. Introduction 31

Figure A.2: ThingSpeak

announcements”. ThingSpeak was initially propelled by ioBridge in 2010 as an adminis-

tration in help of IoT applications. ThingSpeak has incorporated help from the numerical
processing programming MATLAB from MathWorks,allowing ThingSpeak clients to ex-
amine and picture transferred information utilizing MATLAB without requiring the buy
of a MATLAB permit from Mathworks.
A.1.1.2 IO.Adafruit
IO.Adafruit is a cloud benefit - that just methods we run it for you and you don’t need
to oversee it. You can interface with it over the Internet. It’s implied principally to store
and after that recovering information however it can complete significantly something
other than that! For IO.Adafruit, web books are one of a kind URLs that you can use to
send information to your feeds from anyplace on the web, without sharing you IO API
mystery keys. They’re somewhat similar to one-off API endpoints that you can oversee
independently from your security qualifications and feed protection.
A.1.1.3 Cayenne
Cayenne is an intuitive programming framework for the IoT that truly makes it a lot less
demanding. It not just makes it conceivable to manufacture programs utilizing simplified,
it institutionalizes the association of gadgets, for example, sensors and engines and ensures
that drivers are set up. In this sense it makes the programming and the equipment a lot
less demanding.
With a sensor introduced the dashboard will demonstrate to you the present perusing -
temperature if it’s a temperature sensor. This is decent, yet for a genuine IoT application
you have to interface the sensor to something that will accomplish something when a
perusing gets to a limit or something to that affect. In Cayenne you can include any of
a scope of actuators as yield gadgets. These incorporate transfers, engines, ADCs, etc.
To influence things programmed you to can characterize triggers, which are if..then decides
that can accept the condition of sensor as the assuming part and the condition of an
actuator as the then part. You can do things like turn something off when the temperature
achieves an edge and you can send notices to the outside world utilizing sms messages or
email. Using triggers in IO.Adafruit to control and respond to your information. Design
triggers to email you when your framework goes disconnected, respond to a temperature
Appendix A. Introduction 32

sensor getting excessively hot, and distribute a message to another feed.

In the Next step we will create the Cayenne dashboard that sends data to ESPs using
MQTT.

A.1.2 Microcontrollers Used

For wireless data transmission we are using:

• E SP-32

• E SP-8266

Wireless data transmission is basically done through WIFI. Digital data is transmitted
by esp32 or esp8266 to cloud for data logging.
A.1.2.1 ESP-32
ESP32 is a 2.4 GHz combo chip which sports both WIFI and Bluetooth communication. It
is designed with the TSMC low power technology. It is made to accomplish the best power
and RF execution, appearing, flexibility and unwavering quality in a wide assortment of
uses and power situations.
But we prefer ESP-8266 because of its unique characteristics;
A.1.2.2 ESP-8266
ESP8266 is among the most coordinated WiFi contributes the business. Estimating sim-
ply 5mm x 5mm, ESP8266 requires insignificant outer hardware and incorporates a 32-bit
Tensilica microcontroller, standard computerized fringe interfaces, radio wire switches,
control intensifier, low commotion get enhancer, channels and power the executives mod-
ules - across the board little bundle. Which makes it ideal for IoT use-case plan and
improvement.
As a rule, even the creation IoT scene is utilizing ESP8266 because of its abilities and
ground-breaking highlights. What’s more, it is ease and accessible promptly. This course
will cover every one of the ideas one needs to ace beginning from nuts and bolts, And
Connect your Arduino to the web by including ESP8266 WiFi Module! The ESP8266
WiFi module is a finished WiFi arrange where you can without much of a stretch associate
as a serving WiFi connector, remote web get to interface to any microcontroller put
together structure with respect to its basic network through Serial Communication or
UART interface.
The ESP8266 is an ease WiFi microchip with full TCP/IP stack and microcontroller
ability delivered by Shanghai-based Chinese producer Espressif Systems. The chip pre-
viously went to the consideration of western producers in August 2014 with the ESP-01
Appendix A. Introduction 33

module, made by an outsider maker AI-Thinker. Monitoring can give us information

regarding power flow and the demands, also the quality of power. Monitoring can be a
very important procedure, recognizing problem situation on a power grid before they can
create interruptions or intrusion.
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