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Descriptive Statistics
STATISTICAL ANALYSIS AND
SOFTWARE APPLICATION consist of organizing and summarizing data
describe data through numerical summaries,
tables, and graphs
MODULE 3: DESCRIPTIVE STATISTICS
Descriptive Statistics
Data Presentation
Example • data are usually collected in a raw format
A badminton player wants to know his average score for the past 10 • raw data need to be summarized, processed, and
games. analyzed
Janine wants to determine the variability of her six exam scores in • the information derived from the raw data should be
Algebra. presented in an effective format
A politician wants to determine the total number of votes his rival • planning how the data will be presented is essential
obtained in the past election based on his copies of the tally sheet of before appropriately processing raw data.
electoral returns.
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Main Forms Of Data Presentation
Presentation of Data
• refers to an exhibition or putting up data in an attractive
and useful manner such that is can be easily interpreted
TEXTUAL TABULAR GRAPHICAL
Textual Presentation
Textual all the data is presented in the form of text, phrases, or
paragraphs
it involves enumerating important characteristics,
Presentation
emphasizing significant figures, and identifying important
features of data
text is the principal method for explaining findings,
outlining trends, and providing contextual information
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Textual Presentation Textual Presentation
Example The data presented in textual form would be like this:
A researcher is asked to present the performance of a In the statistics class of 40 students, 3 obtained the perfect
section in the statistics test. The following are the test score of 50. Sixteen students got a score 40 and above, while
scores: only 3 got 19 and below. Generally, the students performed
34, 42, 20, 50, 17, 9, 34, 43, 50, 18, 35, 43, 50, 23, 23, 35, well in the test with 23 or 70% getting a passing score of 38
37, 38, 38, 39, 39, 38, 38, 39, 24, 29, 25, 26, 28, 27, 44, 44, and above.
49, 48, 46, 45, 45, 46, 45, 46
Textual Presentation Textual Presentation
Advantage Remember!
Keep your paragraphs simple and short.
The data would be more interpreted.
Always make sure that the readers are provided with
Can help in emphasizing some important points in data
additional explanations about the relevance of the figures
Small sets of data can be easily presented.
and its implications.
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Tabular Presentation
Tabular It is a systematic and logical arrangement of data in the
form of Rows and Columns with respect to the
Presentation characteristics of data.
A table is best suited for representing individual
information and represents both quantitative and
qualitative information
Tabular Presentation Tabular Presentation
Advantage Preparing Tables
The making of a compact table itself is an art. This should
More information may be presented.
contain all the information needed within the smallest
Exact values can be read from a table to retain precision.
possible space. What the purpose of tabulation is and how
Flexibility is maintained without distortion of data.
the tabulated information is to be used are the main points
Less work and less cost are required in the preparation.
to be kept in mind while preparing for a statistical table.
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Tabular Presentation Tabular Presentation
Preparing Tables
An ideal table should consist of the following main parts: Preparing Tables
A. Title: The title must tell as simply as possible what is in the An ideal table should consist of the following main parts:
table. It should answer the questions: B. Boxhead: The boxhead contains the captions or column
Who? White females with breast cancer, black males with lung cancer. headings. The heading of each column should contain as few
What are the data? Counts, percentage distributions, rates.
words as possible, yet explain exactly what the data in the
Where are the data from? Example: One hospital, or the entire
population covered by your registry
columns represent.
When? A particular year, time period.
Tabular Presentation Tabular Presentation
Preparing Tables Preparing Tables
An ideal table should consist of the following main parts:
An ideal table should consist of the following main parts:
C. Stubs: The row captions are known as the stub. Items in the
D. Footnotes: Footnotes are given at the foot of the table for
stub should be grouped to facilitate interpretation of the data.
explanation of any fact or information included in the table
For example, rows may stand for score of classes and columns for
which needs some explanation. Thus, they are meant for
data related to sex of students. In the process, there will be many
explaining or providing further details about the data that have
rows for scores classes but only two columns for male and female
not been covered in title, captions and stubs.
students.
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Tabular Presentation Tabular Presentation
Part of the Table
Preparing Tables
An ideal table should consist of the following main parts:
E. Sources of Data: We should also mention the source of
information from which data are taken. This may preferably
include the name of the author, volume, page and the year of
publication. This should also state whether the data contained in
the table is of ‘primary or secondary’ nature.
Tabular Presentation Tabular Presentation
Construction of Data Tables
The title should be per the objective of the study Example
Comparison Simple or One-
Alternative location of stubs Way Table
Headings Optionally, the
Footnote table may also
Size of columns include totals or
Use of abbreviations percentages.
Units
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Tabular Presentation Tabular Presentation
Example Compound Table
Example Compound Table We may refer to a compound table as a cross-tabulation
A compound table is just an extension of a simple in which or even to a contingency table depending on the context in
there is more than one variable distributed among its which it
attributes (sub-variable). An attribute is just a quality, is used.
property, or component of a variable according to which it
can be differentiated from other variables.
Tabular Presentation Tabular Presentation
Organize Quantitative Variables in Table Organize Quantitative Variables in Table
Classes are categories into which data are grouped. When The class width is the difference between consecutive
a data set consists of a large number of different discrete lower-class limits.
data values or when a data set consists of continuous data, Age Number (in thousands) Class width = 10
we create classes by using intervals of numbers. Lower Class 25-34 14,482
Limit (LC)
Make sure that the classes do not overlap. This is 35-44 14,156 35-25 = 10
45-35 = 10
necessary to avoid confusion as to which class a data value Upper Class 45-54 13,801
55-45 = 10
belongs. Also, make sure that the class widths are equal for Limit (UC) 55-64 12,123 65-55 = 10
all classes. 65-74 7,010
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Tabular Presentation Tabular Presentation
Organize Quantitative Variables in Table
One exception to the requirement of equal class widths Guidelines for Determining the Lower Class Limit of the
occurs in open-ended tables. A table is open-ended if the First Class and Class Width
first class has no lower-class limit or the last class has no Choosing the Lower Class Limit of the First Class:
upper-class limit. Scores Frequency Choose the smallest observation in the data set or a convenient
10-19 25 number slightly lower than the smallest observation in the data
20-29 36 set. For example, the smallest observation is 10.2. A convenient
30-39 40 lower class limit of the first class is 10.
40 and over 12
Tabular Presentation Tabular Presentation
Guidelines for Determining the Lower Class Limit of the
First Class and Class Width
Determining the Class Width:
Decide on the number of classes. Generally, there should be Frequency Distribution Table
between 5 and 20 classes. The smaller the data set, the fewer A frequency distribution lists each category of data and the
classes you should have. number of occurrences for each data category.
Determine the class width by computing: (Round this value up to a convenient number)
𝑥 −𝑥 𝑐𝑤 is the class width
𝑐𝑤 = 𝑛𝑐 is the number of classes
𝑛𝑐
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Tabular Presentation Tabular Presentation
Example Use the “Sample Data file” Example Use the “Sample Data file”
Tabular Presentation Tabular Presentation
Example Procedure in Constructing Frequency Table
Example Procedure in Constructing Frequency Table If the data is in the form of qualitative data:
If the data is in the form of qualitative data:
To construct the frequency distribution using MS Excel use the
command:
=frequency(data_array,bins_array)
Then Ctrl Shift Enter
{=frequency(data_array,bins_array)}
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Tabular Presentation Tabular Presentation
Example Procedure in Constructing Frequency Table Example Procedure in Constructing Frequency Table
If the data is in the form of qualitative data: If the data is in the form of qualitative data:
Tabular Presentation Tabular Presentation
Example Procedure in Constructing Frequency Table Example Procedure in Constructing Frequency Table
If the data is in the form of qualitative data: If the data is in the form of qualitative data:
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Tabular Presentation Tabular Presentation
Example Final Output Example Use the “Sample Data file”
Table 1 shows the frequency and percentage distribution of the respondents in terms of
sex. It can be gleaned from the table that, out of 128 respondents considered in the
study, 65 or 50.8% are male and 63 or 49.2% are female.
Tabular Presentation Tabular Presentation
Example Procedure in Constructing Frequency Table
Example Procedure in Constructing Frequency Table
If the data is in the form of quantitative data:
If the data is in the form of quantitative data:
Steps
Steps
1. Set an interval or range for your data. It is needed for the “BIN
4. Highlight your data for the “INPUT RANGE”.
RANGE”.
5. Highlight your data for the “BIN RANGE”.
2. Click “DATA” on the menu bar and Click “DATA ANALYSIS” on
6. Click the box of “LABELS IN FIRST ROW” then click “OK”.
the toolbar.
7. The result will appear on the new worksheet of the Excel file.
3. The dialog box “DATA ANALYSIS” will appear and choose
Get the Percentage and total.
“HISTOGRAM” on the dialog box then click OK.
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Tabular Presentation Tabular Presentation
Example Procedure in Constructing Frequency Table Example Procedure in Constructing Frequency Table
If the data is in the form of quantitative data: If the data is in the form of quantitative data:
Tabular Presentation Tabular Presentation
Example Procedure in Constructing Frequency Table Example Procedure in Constructing Frequency Table
If the data is in the form of quantitative data: If the data is in the form of quantitative data:
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Tabular Presentation Tabular Presentation
Example Procedure in Constructing Frequency Table Example Final Output
If the data is in the form of quantitative data:
Tabular Presentation
Example
Identify problems with the following table:
Indicators Q1 Q2 Q3 Q4
Family Income 1,000,000 1,200,000 2,050,000 500,000
Allowance 2,000 5,000 3,000 2,000
Hours 20 24 18 10
Percentage of Passing 90% 85% 96% 87%
Answer:
Useless information, poor alignment, and difficult to read.
