Biostatistics (BB – 215)
Lecture – 01
Topic 2 (Presentation of Data)
Data:
Data are individual pieces of functional information, recorded and used for the purpose of analysis.
It is the new information from which statistics are created. Statistics are the results of data analysis,
its interpretation and presentation.
Classification of Data:
Broadly data can be classified into four classes
i) Geographical
ii) Chronological
iii) Qualitative
iv) Quantitative
i) Geographical Data:
The data which is based on area wise, cities, districts etc.
Example, Rice production in different countries:
Countries Rice Production (Metric Ton)
Bangladesh 36.2 MT
India 187.9 MT
Pakistan 92.7 MT
ii) Chronological Data:
These data are collects on the basis of time.
N.B: Data are observed over a period of time.
Example, The sales figure of a company are given below:
Year Sales (Lac BDT)
2009 18810
2010 23610
2011 23816
2012 32435
2013 39343
2014 42501
iii) Qualitative Data:
These data are collected according to some attributes such as sex/gender, colour of hair/skin,
literacy, religion etc.
iv) Quantitative Data:
These data are collected in the term of some magnitudes / characteristics that can be measured such
as height, weight, income, sales etc.
Frequency:
Frequency is the number of times, a value, a category or a class of values occurs.
Frequency Distribution:
Distribution of raw data into categories, classes according to frequency of the each value/ category/
class.
It may be categorized as ungrouped frequency and grouped frequency.
Data Presentation Techniques:
Data presentations have three techniques.
i) Array
ii) Tabular Presentation
iii) Graphical Presentation
i) Array:
Data are arranging in order. There are two types of ordering.
(1) Ascending
(2) Descending
ii) Tabular Presentation:
A table is format containing in rows and columns. Data are filled into the table in a form that is
compact, concise and readily understandable without losing and information of interest.
It has three (03) types:
(1) Univariate: One variable at a time.
(2) Bivariate: Two variables at a time.
(3) Multivariate: More than two variables at a time.
Univariate Table:
Age (Years) Number of Students (f)
6 – 10 2
11 – 15 3
16 – 20 5
21 – 25 6
Bivariate Table:
Age (Years) Male Female
6 – 10 1 1
11 – 15 2 1
16 – 20 2 3
21 – 25 6 0
Multivariate Table:
Age (Years) Male Female
Literate Illiterate Literate Illiterate
< 40 5 0 4 1
40 ≥ 6 1 5 2
Total 11 1 9 3
iii) Graphical Presentation:
Q: “Advantages of graphical presentation is more than tabular presentation” – Explain.
Statistical data can be simplified and condensed through proper classification and tabular
presentation. Tabulation is no doubt an important step in systemic presentation of data. But often it
is not easy to get the message it carries quickly. The significance and trend of data are more easily
revealed by diagrams and graphs. So, the graphical presentation has more advantages over tabular
presentation.
The graphical presentations are –
(i) Simple, appealing and attractive.
(ii) Enables visual analysis through comparison among concerned groups.
(iii) This is suitable for managers & discussion makers as these save time and energy.
Types of Graphical Presentation:
Qualitative Univariate Data, Qualitative Bivariate Data; Quantitative Univariate Data, Quantitative
Bivariate Data all are represented by different types of Graphical Presentations.
Types of data with different types of graphical presentations are given below:
Type of Table
Data Type
Univariate data Bivariate data
Simple bar diagram
Component bar diagram
Qualitative Multiple bar
Pie diagram
Line diagram
Histogram
Frequency polygon
Frequency curve
Quantitative Scatter diagram
Ogive (Cumulative frequency curve)
Stem and leaf
Box and Whisker
J. M. Kamirul Hasan Chowdhury
Assistant Professor
Dept. of Biochemistry and Biotechnology
University of Science and Technology Chittagong
Email: kamirulhasan@ustc.ac.bd
