MODULE#5: PRESENTATION OF DATA
Data may be presented in the following forms,
a. Textual
b. Tabular
c. Graphical
Example 1. The manager of a department store currently receives customer feedback saying that
customers have a long waiting time in being served by the sales representatives. The manager does
some observations of the waiting time of 20 customers and listed down the following observations.
Customer Waiting time (sec)
43 42 36 46
38 31 45 36
44 45 40 54
50 46 48 37
32 43 46 31
Textual Presentation of Data
In Textual presentation of data, the data is presented in the form of words, sentences and paragraphs
Textual presentation is used by researchers to present qualitative data which cannot be presented in
graphical or tabular form.
From the example state in words how you descnbe the data. Here, you may describe the data set as.
"The 20 observations give a minimum waiting time of 31 seconds and a maximum waiting time of 54
seconds. The average (mean) waiting time is 41. 55 seconds. Most of the customers wait for 46
seconds.
Tabular Presentation of Data
Here, in tabular presentation, the data is arranged in columns and rows, and position the data to
facilitate comprehension and understanding. In, other words, the data will be presented in a
meaningful table.
From the data in example 1.
Table 1. Waiting Time of Twenty Department Store Customers
Waiting Time (sec.) Frequency, f Percentage
(number of customers)
30-35 3 15%
36-40 5 25%
41-45 6 30%
46-50 5 25%
51-54 1 5%
We also call Table 1 as the frequency distribution table of the waiting time of twenty department
store customers. The table shows that most of the customers wait for 41 to 45 minutes, since the
waiting time gives the highest percentage in this time range. Furthermore, the data shows that only
5% wait for more than 51 seconds.
Parts of a Statistical Table
1. The TABLE NUMBER is used for identification and easy cross referencing in the future.
2. The TITLE indicated the nature of information that is included in the table.
3. The STUBS represent specific issues and indicated at the left side of the rows. The title of the
horizontal rows
4. The CAPTIONS are placed at the top of the column/ columns.
5. The BODY comprises the numerical content.
6. The FOOTNOTE provides the scope for further explanation and helps in the clarification of the
data mentioned in a table.
7. The INFORMATION SOURCE is always placed at the bottom of a table. It indicates the source
where the information (data) is extracted
Example 2.
Graphical Presentation of Data
Graphic representation is another way of analyzing numerical data. A graph is a sort of chart through
which statistical data are represented in the form of lines or curves
Line graph
The simplest method of graphical presentation
The data is represented in the form of straight lines
Each line line and corresponding heights represent an observation and its and height represents a magnitude.
The distance between line is uniform
Bar graph
Presents grouped data with rectangular bars whose height is proportional to the size of each
group
The width of the bars and the space between them are kept constant.
The independent variable is shown on the x-axis and the dependent variable is shown on the y-
axis.
Pie Chart
A circular statistical graph,, which is divided into slices to illustrate numerical proportion.
In a pie chart, the arc length of each slice, is proportional to the quantity it represents.
Histogram
A graphical representation that organizes a group of data points into user-specified ranges
It is similar in appearance to a bar graph
The histogram summarizes the data set into an easy viscal interpretation. In a histogram, the y -
axis represents the frequency (the number of counts of percentage of occurrence of the data in
the set)
The x-axis represents the outcomes
The histogram shows the approximate distribution of a numenical data
Construction of the Histogram
Divide the entire range of values (outcomes) the BIN, into a senes of equal intervals
Count how many values (the frequency) fall in to sach interval, Make sure there is no
overlapping of the intervals.
Plot the frequency versus the equal interval using rectangles (height is proportional to
frequency) with no spaces between rectangles.
Histogram of the table of example 1.
