MODULE 1

General Concepts in Science, Technology & Society

Objectives: At the end of this module, you should be able to:

1. define Science & Technology;

2. write the effect of science & technology in the society and to the environment;
3. identify the technological development in different eras;
4. state the impact of these technological development in this era;
5. discuss some important inventions in the Philippine setting;
6. discuss the paradigm shifts through history;
7. explain how intellectual revolution changed the way how humans see the world;
8. describe the technological advancement that happened in the following;
A. Development of Science in Mesoamerica
B. Development of Science in Asia
C. Developmengt of Science in Africa
9. explain how early Filipinos applied scientific principles in their daily living;
10.present government policies on science and technology and explain their importance to the nation;
and
11. discuss the role of science and technology in nation-building.

Outline

Welcome to the first module. Module 1 covers the historical antecedents in the course of Science &
Technology. It comprises 3 lessons and enumerated below:

Lesson 1. The Concepts Science & Technology and its global impact to the society
Lesson 2. Historical Antecedents in the Course of science and technology
 Ancient Era
 Medieval Era
 Modern Era
 Phillipine Inventions
Lesson 3. Intellectual Revolutions
 Copernican revolution
 Darwinian revolution
 Freudian revolution
Lesson 4. Science, Technology and Nation-Building
 Pre-colonial period
 Colonial period
 Post-colonial period

Overview
 In Lesson 1, entitled “The Concepts Science & Technology and its global impact to the society”. It
discusses the meaning of science & technology and how these technology affects human society and the
environment as well.

In lesson 2, you will explore the different developement of technology in different period of time. You
can imagine how these technological developments shape the human society and the world we live in. And we
can also name some Filipino scientits that contributes inventions in the Philippines.

In lesson 3, shows the advancement in science and technology changed people’s perceptions and beliefs.

In lesson 4, discuss how development of science and technology affect the development of the
Philippines as a nation.
Are you now ready? Prepare yourself to be driven to explore the technological developments that gives
impact globally.

Introduction

Science and technology indeed play major roles in the everyday life. They make difficult and complicated
tasks easier and allow people to do more with so little effort and time. The developments in this field are not just
products of people’s imagination, they are also brought about by gradual improvement to earlier works from
different time periods.

The driving force behind this continuous progress or development is the desire to raise the quality of life of
the people. However, let us take consideration to the real situation of human’s health effects of these various
development of technologies, their relationship to others, and the globally impact to the environment.

Activating Prior To Knowledge

Do a search of a technology being made with gradual improvements and tell something the difference of these
products to our modern time. Paste the image of that technology.

________________________________________________________________________
__________________________
 Pre-Assessment
Before we proceed to the discussion, in your own words, define briefly Science &
Technology in 2-3 sentences.

Science
_____________________________________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________________________
______

Technology
_____________________________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________________
____

LESSON 1: The Concepts Science & Technology and its Global

Impact to the Society

Science may be defined as the system of knowledge of the natural world gained through the scientific
method. It was originally called “Philosophy of the Natural World” since it stemmed from the Greeks’ desire to
know about nature. These philosophers of nature tend to:
a) understand the natural world

b) have the ability to name and classify the objects found in nature was seen as the first step towards
knowledge.

The scientific search for truth early on recognized the usefulness of language and the ability it gave to
describe, classify and explain the different objects of study.

Science is a systematized body of knowledge based on facts, gathered through observation and
experimentation formulated by theories and laws.

Technology comes from the Greek words “tekhne” meaning “art or craft” and “-logia”, meaning a
“subject or interest.” Taken together, the term has come to mean “practical applications of what we know about
the nature” using the scientific principles for the betterment of the human situation..

The table below gives the technology with three areas of Science; Physics, Biology & Chemistry and
its advantages & disadvantages. Examples are done for you, fill in the remaining blank, write the
appropriate answer corresponds to each technology.

Technology Advantages Disadvantages

Physics:

Vehicles Mode for easy transportation Contribute to air pollution

Mobile phone __________________________ ________________________
Appliances __________________________ ________________________

Biology:

Cloning Mass production of animals and plants No more identity differences

DNA testing Fraternal identification Costly
GMO products __________________________ ________________________

Chemistry:

Medicine Cure different illnesses It can be lead to addiction

Cosmetics Boost of one’s self-confident It can cause allergy
Condiments _______________________________ __________________________
Processed food _____________________________________________ ______________________________________
Fabrics _________________ ______________

Discussion: Science and the Early Sources of Scientific Knowledge

1. Prehistoric Attitudes Toward Nature. At this period, early technologies and tools for survival and for
obtaining necessities for life, evidence of practical knowledge of science of prehistoric men manifested in
certain practices in agriculture, fishing hunting, and healing of the sick. There are five prehistoric ages: the
ice ages, the Palaeolithic age, the Neolithic Age, the bronze age and the iron age, is the discovery and the
use of metals.

2. Oral Tradition, is the only means of Communication. They are particular in a content of oral tradition,
fluidity and continuing evolution as features of oral tradition which made transmission of ideas and beliefs a
difficult problem, invention of writing greatly helped in the development of science such as:

a. Pictographs – a written sign which stood for the object itself

b. Lopograms – a word sign created for important words

c. Syllabic writing – a sign for every word or syllable, (1500 BC)

d. Alphabetic writing – a sign for each sound, (800 BC)

 Summary
This lesson discussed the meaning of Science & technology and its global impact to
society and in the environment. Science defined as the system of knowledge of the natural world. It was
originally called “philosophy of the natural world since it stemmed from the Greek’s desire to know about this
nature.

Moreover, technology comes from the Greek word “tekne” meaning “art or craft” and “logia”
meaning “subject or interest”, taken together, meaning “the practical applicationof what we know about the
nature” it also discussed the early sources of scientific knowledge through the prehistoric attitudes towards
nature that showed early usage of techonology and tools and the discovery and usage of metals for survival and
serve as necessities of life and practices such as agriculture, fishing, hunting and healing of the sick.

Lesson 2: Historical Antecedents in the Course of Science &

Technology

ANCIENT ERA
In the ancient times, people were concerned with transportation & navigation, communication and record-
keeping, mass production, security and protection as well as health, aesthetics and architecture. Now, let us see the
importance of these concerns of people during this era.

I. TRANSPORTATION was significant during that time because people were trying to go places and
discover new horizons. However, navigation assisted them in their journeys to unfamiliar and strange areas
in the world and it allowed them to return home after they discovered new places or completed an
important trade with another group of people. In here, they will use an important tool to navigate places
before they returned home.

There are reasons why they go to places using transportation; for them to (1) Search for food and find
better locations for their settlements and (2) Trade their surplus goods in exchange for things that they lacked
necessities.
This condition implied that people must be able to produce food at a given time and space since resources
were getting scarcer as more people struggled to share the basic necessities.
That is the reason why people need to form of technology that would enable them to increase food supplies
and other survival needs without them travelling more or working harder.

As they discovered new places, the development of weapons and armors for their security and protection.

The primary challenge they faced was the conservation of life. Different illnesses and diseases, both
natural and man-made, hampered the full potential of human being. Given this predicament, science and technology
played a major role in the discovery of cures if not, the prevention of illnesses.
II. COMMUNICATION was also essential in their endeavors to discover and occupy new places. They needed a
way to communicate with natives of the areas they visited so as to facilitate trade and prevent possible conflicts.
Record-keeping was also important since they needed to remember the places they had been to and document
the trade they made with each other. It was also vital to keep records of their history and culture so they could
establish their identities as they tried to relate with other cultures and civilizations.

III. ENGINEERING The development of this field allowed human to build structures that would address their
specific needs and wants. Some of the structures built during the ancient times still exists today and continually
awe people.

IV. ARCHITECTURE might see as a mere style but during the ancient times, elaborate architectural designs were
signs of technological advancements of a particular civilization.

V. AESTHETIC People were not contented on beautifying only their infrastructures and surroundings. They
discovered that people looked more visually presentable and appealing by adding some features and decorations in
their body.

The following civilizations will tackle the different major technological advancements during the ancient
times. It will continue to describe the gradual application of knowledge up to the contemporary time.

SUMERIAN CIVILIZATION

Sumeria is located on the southernmost tip of ancient Mesopotamia. Sumerians are known for their high degree of
cooperation with one another and their desire for great things. This desire pushed them to develop many things
connected with science and technology.

a. CUNIEFORM. The first writing system developed by the Sumerian. It is a system that utilizes word
pictures & triangular symbols which are carved on clay using wedge instruments & then left to dry. Keep
records of things with great historical value or their everyday life.

CUNIEFORM
https://tinyurl.com/y4fb4ehf
b. URUK CITY. Considered as a great wonder not only because it is
considered to be the first city in the world but also for the way it was
erected. Sumerians able to build this city with a big challenge because of
using only mud or clay from the river, which they mixed with reeds,
producing sun-baked bricks.

https://tinyurl.com/y3skuhsz

C. GREAT ZIGGURAT OF UR. The Ziggurat of Ur is a Neo-Sumerian

ziggurat in what was the city of Ur near Nasiriyah, in present-day Dhi Qar
Province, Iraq. The structure was built during the Early Bronze Age but
had crumbled to ruins by the 6th century BCE of the Neo-Babylonian
period, when it was restored by King Nabonidus. Ziggurat is called
mountain of god, was built as the same manner that they constructed the
City of Uruk. Ziggurat served as the sacred place of their chief god.

https://tinyurl.com/y3rslmzp

d. Irrigation & Dikes.

 Main problem: As population increased, so did the demand for food. to mass production of food but
the elements in the environment seemed uncooperative. Difficult to get water from the rivers, thus
they could not maintain farmlands. Scarcity of water supply while others had problems with flooding
caused by the river

Solutions: Sumerians created dikes & irrigation canal to bring water to farmlands and at the same time
control the flooding of the rivers.

Results: This method was considered as one of the world’s most beneficial engineering works.
Through dikes and canals, the Sumerians were able to enjoy year-long farming and harvesting, which
increased their food production.

e.Sailboats - Another challenge for Sumerians was mode for transportation. Why?
(wheel was not yet invented, the main mode of transportation was through
waterways such as rivers and seas.)

- Essentials: transportation and trading as well in fostering their culture,

information and technology.
https://tinyurl.com/y2k32w6f

f. Wheel - Sumerians were able to invent the wheel.

- The first wheel is not intended for transportation but for farm and food
process.
- With the use of the wheel and axle, mass production was made easier.
- Farmers were be able mill grains with less effort in less time.
https://tinyurl.com/y62ujw8f
g. Plow – another technology invention by the Mesopotamians.

- This technology which would enable them to dig the ground where
seeds would be planted.
https://tinyurl.com/y3mblhqc

h. Roads - Sumerian developed the first road to facilitate faster and easier
travel. They made the roads with the same technology they used in making the
sun- baked bricks that they laid down on the ground. They latter poured
bitumen, a black sticky substance similar to asphalt, to smoothens the roads.
https://tinyurl.com/y6nyjsr8

BABYLONIAN CIVILIZATION
 Babylonian civilization emerged near the Tigris and Euphrates Rivers.
 They were great builders, engineers and architects.
 Hanging Gardens of Babylon, one of the seven wonders of the ancient world. - King
Nebuchadnezzar II built for his wife Queen Amytis
 No evidence has been found to prove the existence and even the exact location is
unknown.
 Lacked of documentation or archeological evidence.
 If it is true, this may be considered as one of the greatest engineering and architectural
achievements of the world that can not be replicated.
 Contributions to the society: the use of unit of length, weight and capacity, multiplication tables, geometry
and land surveying, systematic measurement of time, astronomical observations, astrology

EGYPTIAN CIVILIZATION
 Another civilization famous for its legacy and located in North Africa.
 Engineering feats regarding the infrastructures established by the pharaohs.
 Other technologies includes:
A. PAPYRUS
- One of the contributions of Egyptian by developing a system of writing.
- Before, clay tablets were used, however, safe-keeping and transporting them
were a major problems.
- Reasons: Clay tablets were very fragile, heavy and delicate to handle (major
challenge to bring one place to another)
- The invention of papyrus or paper was a welcome development.
- Advantages:
a. Easy to carry and to store. https://tinyurl.com/y6mlocyq

b. Less breakable
c. For record-keeping and communication.
B. HIEROGLYPHICS – is system of writing using symbols by the
Egyptian Civilization
https://tinyurl.com/yxla5faj
C. WATER CLOCK/CLEPSYDRA - Developed from the reign of
King Amenhotep III (1390-1352 BC)
- It is made of alabaster and was probably used for indicating the passage
of hours of the night.
- In use, the vessel was filled with water, which leaked out slowly from a
small hole near the bottom. The time is indicated by the level of the
water in the vessel, which is shaped so that it falls at a uniform rate. At
this time it was customary to divide the period of daylight and darkness
into twelve `hours` which thus varied with the seasons. The inside of
the vessel has twelve scales each marked with the name of the month.
https://tinyurl.com/y2aazntk

D. COSMETICS - This was for both HEALTH & AESTHETICS REASONS

 KOHL –wore around the eyes to prevent and even cure eye diseases.
- It is made of mixing soot with mineral galena
- Wearing up was protection from evil and that beauty was a
sign of holiness
https://tinyurl.com/y465pbtx
E. WIGS - Wigs were worn for health and wellness rather than aesthetic purposes.
- protect the shaved of the wealthy Egyptian from the harmful rays of
the sun
- Better than putting on a scarf since a wig allowed heat to escape.
https://tinyurl.com/y4xywufu

GREEK CIVILIZATION
 In-depth works of the Greek Civilization: philosophy and mathematics, coliseums
and the Olympics
 Inventions:
A. ALARM CLOCK
 This was invented to tell an individual when to stop or when to start
 They made use of water (small stones or sand) that dropped into drums which sounded as alarm.
 Plato used this alarm clock to signal the start of his lesson. He used 4 water vessels line up
vertically. The upper vessel supplied the water which dropped to the vessel below it, which
was set to be filled in a given time. After it was full, water was siphoned off at a faster rate
into the third vessel which would cause the expulsion of contained
https://tinyurl.com/y55atqt8
air, creating a whistling noise.

B. WATER MILL is commonly used in agricultural processes like milling of

grains which was necessary form of food processing.
https://tinyurl.com/y3ajco48

ROMAN CIVILIZATION
It was perceived to be the strongest political and social entity in the west.
 Discoveries and inventions still relevant today. In the early Roman
civilization, they produced:
1. NEWSPAPERS, the first newspapers known as GAZETTES. It contains
announcements of the Roman empire.

https://tinyurl.com/y5qlp4xv

2. BOUND BOOKS or CODEX A codex is distinguished by handwritten,

sequential pages bound together and enclosed between a case
(that is, cover) to form a single, portable unit of reading material.
These early books replaced scrolls but pre-date the invention of
the mechanical printing press. (wikipedia.org)
 Aside from Romans writing down information about history and politics, https://tinyurl.com/y3nemy7a

literature also changed form from clay tablets to parchments papers.

 According to sources, Julius Caesar started the tradition of stacking up papyrus to form pages
of a book. Later on, they were able to provide covers to protect the papyrus.
 This covers were made up of wax, until later on replaced by animal skin.
 The ancient Roman empire was able to produce the first books or CODEX.
 Importance with the invention of papers:
a. it became easier for civilizations to write down everything.
b. Record-keeping was much easier
ROMAN ARCHITECTURE - One of the most visual contributions of the ancient Roman Empire to the world.
ROMAN NUMERALS - Number systems had already been established before the Roman Numeral, these old
systems could not keep up with the high calculation requirements.
 Devised their number system specifically to address the need for a standard counting method.

CHINESE CIVILIZATION
It is considered to be the oldest civilization in Asia. Also known as the middle kingdom. It was famous
because of silk trade, tea production, Great Wall of China,
gunpowder
 Inventions:
  SILK - They developed the technology to harvest the silk and process it to produced paper and
clothing.
 Silk production resulted in the creation of a product for trade.
https://tinyurl.com/yy8bfx2b
 TEA PRODUCTION - This is a beverage produced by pouring hot or boiling water over crushed or
shredded dried tea leaves.
 The first tea was drunk by the Chinese
Emperor.

https://tinyurl.com/y3uvq5b6

 GREAT WALL OF CHINA - This was a man-made structure

 The largest and most extensive infrastructure that the nation built.
 It is made of stone, brick, wood, earth and other materials.

https://tinyurl.com/y2yjbz6n
 GUNPOWDER - One of the most interesting inventions in China
 It was developed by Chinese alchemists who aimed to achieve immortality
 It is mixed with charcoal, sulfur and potassium nitrate, but instead of creating elixir of life, they
accidentally invented a black powder that could actually generate large amounts of heat and
gas.
 Instead of prolonging life, gunpowder is widely used to propel bullets from guns and cannons
which cause countless death.

Discussion: MEDIEVAL OR MIDDLE AGES

 Welcome to medieval era. This is the start of the middle ages was marred by massive invasions and
migrations.
 Trade and commerce among nations increased

Middle Ages
 This refer to the period of a thousand years between the fall of ancient civilization and rise of the Italian
Renaissance (476 – 1550 AD). It is sometimes referred to as the “Dark Ages” because the cultural and political
traditions of the ancient world were eclipsed with the collapse of Roman civilization and the conquest of Europe
by Germanic tribes. There is shortage of currency; the industry, agriculture, commerce and trade ceased to be
active and productive, wars caused many deaths among the nobles and military leaders.
Important events happen during this era
• The Arabic conquest of Asiatic countries
• Islamic science
• The Dark Ages: translation of Greek words into Arabic

Renaissance: (14th-16th century)

During this era, the technological developments and inventions increases due to the different scientists arises
such as the revival of European culture particularly in Italy, retranslation of Greek words into Latin, rediscovery of
Aristotle's works and other Greek writing, paper making, geographical discoveries and navigation, establishment
of modern universities, economic growth, increased wealth and opportunities and population growth and the
revival of culture and interest in scientific pursuit

The Rise of Modern Science

 The publication of the work of Copernicus on the Revolution of the Heavenly Bodies in 1543 started the
scientific revolution. His ideas were promoted by Galileo and other scientists. This is the start of the rise of
modern science. Many discoveries and instruments were developed and refined to enable scientists to
pursue their investigations.

 Such inventions being produced

 Printing press – the first printing press was developed by Johann Gutenberg
 Microscope – Zacharias Janssen invented the first microscope.
 Telescope - Middle ages was also known as the Age of Exploration, the need of
nautical inventions was high.
- This invention of telescope, an optical instrument that helps in the observation of remote
objects, was a great help for navigators.
- Together with the telescope, the inventions of the compass, oars and rudders made sea
travelling easier and safer.
 War weapons

Discussion: MODERN TIMES

 During the 19th century onwards demanded that more goods be produced at a faster and easier way by
means of transportation and communication to establish connections between and among nations.
 Machines that required animals to operate thus be upgraded.
 Food processing and medicine posed some of the bigger challenges since health was of great concern.
 Inventions:
 Pasteurization – Louis Pasteur
 Petroleum Refinery – Samuel M. Kier
  Telephone – Alexander Graham Bell
 Calculator

Discussion: HISTORY AND PHILOSOPHY OF SCIENCE IN

THE PHILIPPINES

EARLY AGES (STONE AGE AND IRON AGE)

 early settlements can be traced around 50,000 years ago in Palawan and Batangas
 early simple tools or weapons of stone flakes
 techniques for sawing, drilling and polishing hard stones for about 40,000 yrs
 3,000 BC, pottery flourished
 metal tools and implements (copper, gold, bronze and, later, iron) during second or third century B.C. to the
tenth century A.D
 weaving cotton, smelting iron, making pottery and glass ornaments and agriculture by the first century A.D

CHINESE ERA
 build boats for coastal trade by the tenth century A.D (porcelain, beeswax, cotton, true pearls, iron pots,
iron needles and tin, etc)
 regular trade relations with the Chinese had been well established during the tenth to the fifteenth
centuries AD
 Hindu-Buddhist, Malay-Sanskrit and Arab-Muslim Cultural and technological influences spread to the
Philippines

SPANISH ERA
beginnings of modern science and technology
• mining, jewelry making, agriculture, wine making, cloth weaving
• learned to make and use modern artillery, system of writing and weights and measures
• established schools, hospitals and started scientific research
• religious orders in the conquest and colonization of the archipelago
• Economic trade (Galleon Trade) adopted by the colonial government, reduction of agriculture, boom in
shipbuilding
• Reduccion – new government, convents, collection of tax
• system of education – pharmacy and medicine, natural sciences
• UST was founded

AMERICAN REGIME
• science and technology in the Philippines advanced rapidly
• extensive public education system; the granting of scholarships in science and engineering
• higher professional education; industrial and vocational education
• proliferation of private schools
• UP was established
• Bureau of Science and other science organizations and agencies
• remaining primarily as an exporter of agricultural crops and raw materials and an importer of
American manufactured goods
 PHILIPPINE INVENTIONS:
 Despite being considered a developing country, the Philippines also contributes to the global advancement
of science and technology.
 The Philippines is known to be one of the most vulnerable countries in terms of natural disasters. Many of
the discoveries and inventions made by the Filipinos were built from indigenous materials or created to
adapt to the harsh tropical environment.
 Inventions:
A. UPGRADING OF VEHICLES. Examples: conversion of American military jeeps used in World
War II into jeepneys.
- Innovation of a sidecar to a motorcycle, transforming it into a tricycle to accommodate more
passengers.
- SALAMANDER AMPHIBIOUS TRICYCLE was invented that can cross not only flooded
streets but also rivers and lakes.

https://tinyurl.com/y474myph

o Dominic N. Chung & Lamberto Armada with Chief designer Victor Llave innovate
this vehicle to solve the problem on flooded street.
B. SALT LAMP
- One of the major needs in the Philippines, as a developing
nation, is electrification.
- Filipinos have resorted to using candles and kerosene
lamps but they carry certain risks as they are fire hazards.
- Solar power is also welcome development but too
expensive for ordinary Filipinos.
https://tinyurl.com/y67j7knu
- AISA MIJENO, a young Filipina, was able to invent a
lighting system that utilizes a material abundant in the
Philippines – saltwater.
o She invented the Sustainable Alternative LighTING (SALt) LAMP
 SALt lamp an environment-friendly light source that runs on salt water.
 Safer as it poses no risk of fire and emits no toxic gases.
  Aside from People live from coastal areas, it may also benefit those
from far-flung barrios because they can make their own saltwater
lamp by mixing 2 tablespoon of salt and a glass of tap water.
C. MEDICAL INCUBATOR
- DR. FE DEL MUNDO, a Filipino pediatrician and the first Asian woman
admitted into Harvard Medical School, devised a medical incubator made from
indigenous and cheap materials which did not run on electricity.
- The incubator was made by placing a native laundry basket inside a bigger
one. Hot water bottles were inserted between the baskets to provide warmth
and a makeshift hood to allow oxygen circulation.
- Purpose: maintain conditions suitable for a newborn, usually a pre-term https://tinyurl.com/yyzmp7mh
babies.

D. MOSQUITO OVICIDAL/LARVICIDAL TRAP SYSTEM

 In 2010, the Department of Science and technology-
Industrial Technology Development Institute (DOST-ITDI) was able to introduce the Mosquito
Ovicidal/larvicidal trap system, also known as OL trap. This trap system IS made of natural ingredients that
are lethal to mosquito but safe for humans and the environment.

https://tinyurl.com/y2jvhffd
E. E-JEEPNEY
 a major innovation that changed the transportation industry in the Philippines
 the diesel-powered jeepney produces large quantities of
black smoke and is usually a major contributor of noise
pollution due to its primitive exhaust system.
 To counter these disadvantages, the e-jeepney was
developed. This modern type of vehicle utilizes electricity
instead of the more expensive diesel.
 It is environment-friendly since it does not emit any smoke
and noise. https://tinyurl.com/y6em2baf

Summary

In lesson 2, tackled about the historical antecedents of the technological advancement that shape the face of
society and the environment.
 In the ancient era, we all know that early people were concerned with the transportation and navigation
which is significant during this period because people were trying to go places and discover new
horizons and search for food and find better settlements and to trade their surplus goods in exchange for
things that they lacked necessities.
 Communication which is also essential in their endeavor to discover and occupy new places. They
needed ways of communication to facilitate trade and prevent possible conflict.
 Engineering allowed people to build structures to address their specific needs and wants. For instance,
their roads which made up of sun-dry bricks as well as irrigation and dikes that served as the source of
water for their agriculture. It also focused on architecture and aesthetic purposes.
 In the medieval era was marred by massive invasions and migration, trades and commerce among
nations increased. It referred to as “Dark Ages” because the cultural and political traditions of the
 ancient world were eclipsed with the collapsed pf Roman civilization and the conquest of Europe by
Germanic tribes. In the Renaissance period, the technological development and inventions increases due
to the different scientists arises such as the revival of European culture particularly in Italy,
 In the modern times, the 19th century onwards demanded that more goods be produced at a faster and
easier way by means of transportation and communication to establish connections between and among
nations as well as for health purposes.
 In the Philippine setting, the influence of science and technology development can be seen before the
time at early ages, various people and community already practiced science. They invented tools and
built structures, studied the medicinal uses of plants, observed heavenly bodies to predict seasons and
weather and used indigenous science in agriculture.

Through the years, many Filipino were able to establish themselves as scientists and science educators in
variuos scientific areas and fields.

Post-test

Multiple Choice: Choose the best answer. Write your correct answer on the space provided.

1. S1: Science is a body of knowledge based on facts gathered through observation and
experimentation formulated by laws and principles.
S2: Science came from the Latin word scientia meaning to study.
a. Statement 1 is true c. Statements are true
b. Statement 2 is true d. Statements are not true.

2. Medicine: cure diseases ____________: fraternal identification

a. Cloning c. GMO products
b. DNA testing d. All of the above

3. In the ancient times, people were concerned with transportation & navigation, communication and record-keeping, mass
production, security and protection as well as health, aesthetics and architecture. Which of these developments of
technology was benefited during that time when people search for food and find better locations for their settlements?
a. Communication c. Security and protection
b. Mass production d. Transportation

4. Which of these technologies during ancient time assisted them in their journeys to unfamiliar and strange areas in the
world and it allowed them to return home after they discovered new places or completed an important trade with
another group of people?
a. Communication c. Record-keeping
b. Navigation d. Transportation

5. People were not contented on beautifying only their infrastructures and surroundings. They discovered that people
looked more visually presentable and appealing by adding some features and decorations in their body.
a. Aesthetics c. Engineering
b. Architecture d. All of the above
6. Which of these civilizations invented the alarm clock?
a. Chinese civilization c. Greek Civilization
 b. Egyptian civilization d. Roman Civilization

7. Chinese: Silk ______: Roman Civilization

a. Cosmetics c. Kohl
b. Gazette d. Wig

8. The largest and most extensive infrastructure that the nation built by China, which is made of stone, brick, wood, earth
and other materials.
a. Gunpowder c. Silk
b. Great Wall of China d. Tea production

9. It is made of alabaster and was probably used for indicating the passage of hours of the night.
a. Alarm clock c. Water Clock
b. CLEPSYDRA d. Both b & c

10. Kohl is one example for cosmetics that serve as for both HEALTH & AESTHETICS. Which of the following reason/s
is/are not applicable for kohl?
i. Better than putting on a scarf since a wig allowed heat to escape.
ii. It is made of mixing soot with mineral galena.
iii. Kohl wore around the eyes to prevent and even cure eye diseases.
iv. Protect the shaved of the wealthy Egyptian from the harmful rays of the sun
v. Wearing up was protection from evil and that beauty was a sign of holiness
a. i, ii, iii c. i, iv,v
b. i, iii, iv d. ii,iii,

Activity 1.1 : STANDING ON THE SHOULDER OF THE

GIANTS

Let us explore different eras and their great technological developments that shapes the human society
and the environment. This activity, I will divide the class into four groups. The 3 groups will be assigned to
each of the three periods (ancient, middle, modern) and the last group to Philippines inventions. Each member
of the group should search for one great achievement during their assigned time period aside from those
discussed in the chapter. List of inventions and discoveries of each era are given below. Afterwards, accomplish
the following.
1. Draw or print a picture of your chosen achievement. As a group, collect and paste theses inventions on
a ¼ illustration board. Design the board with a theme appropriate to the assigned time period.
2. State the antecedent of the technology. Explain in your own words how each invention works. Also identify their
use and purpose. Paste the information at the back of the illustration board.
3. Present your project in class. Conclude your report by discussing how these information impacted the people and
the society during the time period when they were made.
Ancient Era
1. Nimrud lens 1. Cuneiform Script
2. Kite 2. Calendar
3. Seismoscope 3. Ancient Roman concrete
4. Antikythera mechanism 4. Units of Measurement
5. Aeolipile 5. Alphabet
6. Umbrella 6. Ink
7. Rocket
7. Cataract removal
8. Baghdad battery
8. Ancient / Water clocks
9. Movable type printing
10. Compass 9. Roman aqueducts
10. Parabolic mirror
11. Abacus
 11. Mulberry tree bark- as a paper

Medieval Era 1. Horseshoe

1. Eyeglasses
2. Tide mill 2. Wind mill
3. Liquor 3. Spinning wheel
4. Hourglass 4. Medieval armor
5. Compass 5. Mechanical clock
6. Long bow 6. Gunpowder
7. Printing press Modern Era 7. Microscope
8. Pike 8. Flush Toilet
9. Weighing scale 1.10.Bicycle
Parachute
1. Penicillin
10. Heavy plough 2.11.Steam Engine
Air pump
2. Smartphones
3. Pasteurization
3. Camera
4. Piano
4. Computer
5. Steam locomotive
5. Spacecrafts
6. Nanotechnology
6. iPad
7. Doppler Radar
7. Bluetooth
8. Fuel Refinery
8. Airplane
10. Telephone
9. ATM
11. Electron microscope
10. Robots
11. Calculator

Philippine Inventions
1. karaoke 1. Quink - ink
2. 16-bit microchips 2. Fermented Fish Sauce
3. coconut oil-fueled power generator 3. Macapuno
4. medical incubator 4. E-Jeepney
5. salt lamp 5. Mosquito Ovicidal/Larvicidal (OL) Trap
6. erythromycin -Ilosone 6. Methods of Controlling Leprosy
7. yoyo 7. Banana Catsup
8. videophone 8. Game of the Generals
9. induced mango flowering (chemical spraying) 9. Coconet
10. DeBCC Cream 10. Eco-G3000, a low-cost, low maintenance fuel-
emission reduction device designed to reduce vehicular
gas consumption and toxic emission

Activity 1.2 QUESTIONS FOR REFLECTION

1. Give three other major scientific and technological developments in the world (or in the
Philippines) that created large impact on your daily life.
2. What historical antecedents gave rise to the inventions you mentioned in the first questions?
3. How did the developments in science and technology shape human history?
 Lesson 3. Intellectual Revolution

This lesson provides us view to the development of science and scientific ideas in the heart of the society.
This is the time when the technological advancement has been established that most of the discoveries and
inventions in science and technology during those era were due to humans needs as well as wants.
This is also the reason when advancements in science and technology changed people’s perceptions and
beliefs. It is the goal of this lesson to pronounced ways by which society is transformed by science and tehnology.
But before we start, let us define the scientific revolution. From the genesis of time, science has existed.
Science is as old as the world itself. Science can be defined as:
A. Science as an IDEA. This includes ideas, theories and all available systematic explanations and
observations about the natural and physical world.
B. Science as an INTELLECTUAL ACTIVITY. This encompasses a systematic and practical study of the
natural and physical world. This process of study involves observation and
experimentation.
C. Science as a BODY OF KNOWLEDGE. This refers to a subject or a discipline, a field study or a body
of knowledge that deals with the process of learning about the natural or
physical world.
D. Science as a PERSONAL AND SOCIAL ACTIVITY. This explains that science is both knowledge and
activities done by human beings to develop better understanding of the
world. It is a means to improve and to survive in life.
The view of scientific revolution is claimed to have started in the early 16 th century up to the 18th century in
Europe. Why do we think in Europe? The probable answer is the invention of the printing machine and the blooming
intellectual activities done in various places of learning and the growing number of scholars in various fields of
human interest.
Scientific revolution was the period of enlightenment when the developments in the fields of mathematics,
physics, astronomy, biology and chemistry transformed the views of society about nature. It explained the
emergence or birth of modern science as a result of these developments from the disciplines mentioned.

The paradigm shows how human affects by science ideas to go

deeper in acquiring knowledge.
The science ideas affect human and society through technology.
The acquired knowledge from various science concepts provides human
different ideas pertaining on how to develop innovations for the benefits
of members of society.

The scientific revolution is very significant in the development

of human beings, transformation of the society and in the formulation of
scientific ideas. It significantly improved the conduct of scientific
investigations, experiments and observations. The scientific revolution also led to the creations of new research
fields in science and prompted the establishment of a strong foundation of modern science

Discussion: The Intellectuals and their Revolutionary Ideas

The flow chart shows what exactly happened during the scientific revolution, it is important to look into the
different individuals whose ideas or knowledge have shaken and contested the dominant theories and ideas during
this period - the truths of their time!

Scientists are driven by three different attitudes; curiosity, critical thinking and creativity to explore the
physical and natural world. Their love for science shows their attributes by their deep passion to know and to
discover. These two factors; attitudes and attributes paved the way to discoveries and inventions or technology.

ATTITUDES ATTRIBUTES

CURIOSITY
SCIENTISTS SCIENCE IDEAS

PASSION TO SCIENCE
CRITICAL THINKING KNOW DISCOVERIES

PASSION TO
DISCOVER TECHNOLOGY
CREATIVITY

In this part of the lesson, three notable scientists are discussed that had shaken the world.

Discussion: Nicolaus Copernicus

In early time, people questioned what created days & nights. They wanted to understand what heavenly
bodies like stars, moon and planets are. The invention of the telescope allowed them to peek at the outer space

Knowledge about the nature of the universe had been essentially unchanged since the great days of
Ancient Greece some 1500 years before Copernicus. In the Renaissance period, when Copernicus contributed his
philosophy of science through “thought experiment”.
Copernicus’ idea and model of the universe was essentially complete in 1510. His worked about the model
of the universe in which everything moved around a single center at unvarying rates. Copernicus placed the Sun to
be the centerpiece of the universe. This is called the heliocentrism. This eventually the birth of modern astronomy.
In his model, Copernicus outlined two kinds of planetary motion: (1) the orbits of Venus and Mercury lay
inside the orbit of the Earth, thus, closer to the Sun; and (2) the orbits of Mars, Saturn, and Jupiter lay outside the
Earth’s orbit, thus, further from the Sun.
From this model, he would work on the length of time it will take for each planet to orbit once around the
Sun. He placed the planets in order of increasing distance from the Sun.
 Although Copernican model makes sense now, during those times, it was judged to be heretic or religious
outcast since it was unacceptable to be taught to Catholics.

Discussion: Charles Darwin

Charles Darwin is famous for his theory of evolution. He changed oyr concept of the world’s creation and
its evolution. According to Johnson (2012), he describe Darwin as a genius who came from a line of intellectually
gifted and wealthy family. He struggled in his study in medicine and ministry. Darwin’s life soon changed when
one of his professors recommended him to join a five-year voyage through the HMS Beagel on the Islands of
Galapagos.
Darwin published his book The Origin of Species in 1589. This book is considered to be one of the most
important works in scientific literature. Darwin collected many significant materials in order to present his theory
with overwhelming evidence. His book presented evidence on how speciesevolved around over time and presented
traits and adaptation that differentiated specie.
Darwin’s observational skills as a scientist were extraordinary that moved beyond realms of plants and
animals into the realms of humans.
His book The Descent of Man was so impressive yet very controversial. He introduced the idea of all
organic life, including human beings, under the realm of evolutionary thinking. This replaced the dominant views
of a religious or biblical design that places human beings in a privileged position of having been created by God.
Darwin truly remarkable was his courage to challenge religious and unscientific ideas that are deemed to
be prominent during those days. It is a science marked by observation and experiment.

Discussion: Sigmund Freud

Freud is famous in the field of psychology. Rosenfels (1980) also described him as towering literature
figure and a very talented communicator who did his share the consciousness of the civilized world in
psychological matters.
Freud made a significant contribution in the scientific world through the development of an important
observational method to gather reliable data to study human’s inner life. This method is popularly known as the
method of psychoanalysis. This method is a scientific way to study the human mind and neurotic illness.

Discussion: Cradles of Early Science

Development of Science in Mesoamerica

Mesoamerica includes the entire area of central America from South Mexico up to the border of South
America. This region is rich in culture and knowledge prior to the arrival of its European colonizers.
 The Mayan civilization are known for their works in astronomy. They incorporated their advanced
understanding of astronomy into their temples and other religious structures. Examples:
A) the pyramid at Chichen Itza in Mexico is situated at the location of the sun during the spring and fall
equinoxes.
B) Mayan knowledge and understanding about celestial bodies was advanced for their time, as evidenced
by their knowledge of predicting eclipse and using astrological cycles in planting and harvesting.
C) Calendars were very useful for their life especially in planning their activities and in observing their
religious rituals and cultural celebrations.
D) They developed the technology for growing different crops and building elaborate cities using
ordinary machineries and tools. They built hydraulics system with sophisticated waterways to supply
water to different communities
E) They used various tooks and adapt themselves to innovations especially in the field of arts.
F) Mayan hieroglyphics is used as the writing system
G) They are also skilled in mathematics

The Aztec civilization has also made substantial contributions to science and technology and to the
society. Contributions are the following:
A) Mandatory education. They put value on education. It is an early form of universal or inclusive
education, because Aztec children are mandated to get education regardless of their social class,
gender or age.
B) Chocolates. They developed chocolate and served as currency
C) Antispasmodic medication. This type of medicine that could prevent muscle spasm and relax muscles
which could help during surgery.
D) Chinampa. It ia form of Aztec technology for agriculture farming.
E) Aztec calendar. Enabled them to plan their activities, rituals and planting season.
F) Invention of canoe. It is a light narrow boat used for traveling in water system.

Development of Science in Asia

Asia is the biggest continent in the world and the home of many ancient civilization. It is a host to many
cultural, economic, scientific and political activities of all ages.

INDIA
India is a huge peninsula surrounded by vast bodies of water and fortified by huge mountains in its
northern borders.
A. They are known for manufacturing iron and in metallurgical works.
B. Medicine. Ayurveda, a system of traditional medicine as a form of alternative medicine before 2500
BC
C. Ancient India is also notable in the field of astronomy
D. Ancient India also known for their mathematics.

CHINA
One of the ancient civilizations with substantial contributions in many areas of life like medicine,
astronomy, science, mathematics, arts, philosophy and music.
A. The Chinese are known for traditional medicines, a product of centuries of experiences and discovery
of the Chinese people. They discovered various medical properties and uses of different plants and
animals to cure human illness. Example is the practice of acupuncture.
 B. Discoveries and inventions of tools like compass, papermaking, gunpowder or printing tools, iron
plough, wheelbarrow and propeller
C. Different models of bridges, invented the first seismological detector, developed a dry dock facility.
D. In Astronomy, records on supernovas, lunar and solar eclipses and comets. They observed the
heavenly bodies to understand weather changes and seasons that may affect their daily activities. They
used lunar calendars
E. Mathematics, logic, philosophy and medicine are among contributions

MIDDLE EAST COUNTRIES

The Middle East countries are dominated by Muslims. A Muslim scientist named Ibn al-Haytham is
regarded as the Father of Optics, especially for his empirical proof of the intromission theory of light. They also
contributed mathematics specially the concept of algorithm and the term algebra is derived from al-jabr. In the
field of medicine, Ibn Sina pioneered the science of experimental medicine and the was first physician to conduct
clinical trials. Muslim scholars who made significant contributions in the field of science, mathematics,
astronomy, philosophy and even in the field of social sciences.

Development of Science in Africa

The ancient Egyptian civilization has contributed immensely and made significant advances in the field
of astronomy, mathematics and medicine.
A. The development of geometry
B. The great structures of the Egyptian pyramids and the early dams built to divert water from the Nile
River
C. They are the center of alchemy
D. They study human anatomyand pharmacology
E. Astronomy
F. Metallurgy
G. Mathematics

Summary

Scientific revolution is a golden age in the history of Science. It marked the birth of science as a
discipline and as a field of inquiry and gave birth to the development of the scientific method. It was a time in the
history of science where many scientific ideas and discoveries, which were considered innovative and useful, were
developed. The scientific revolution significantly changed how people study science and do scientific activities. It
inspired human creativity and critical thinking, moving away from thought experiments to data-driven and
experiment-based ideas.
There are many intellectuals who made essential contributions in science. Nicolaus Copernicus developed
a model of the universe in which everything moved around a single center at unvarying rates. He placed the sun as
the center of the universe and all the planets were orbiting it. Charles Darwin made significant contribution in the
field of evolutionary biology and philosophy of science. His theory of evolution by natural selection is very useful
until now. Sigmund Freud developed the idea of psychoanalysis that helped in understanding human behavior
especially neurological conditions.
 Science is also developed in different parts of the world: in Asia, Europe, Mesoamerica and Africa.
People in these continents invented tools to help them in everyday life, discovered medicine to cure diseases,
observed heavenly bodies, built structures, and mathematics as a tool and as a discipline.

Activity: Reflections

1. Why do you think were most intellectual ideas controversial?

2. Why did the people accept these new discoveries despite being contradictory to what was widely accepted at
that time?
3. How do intellectual revolutions transforms societies?

Activity

Group activity:

One group will research on the positive results or impact brought about by innovations and technological advances
in early science while the other group should focus on the negative impact.

Report your finding in class. Afterwards, make a reflection paper based on the presentations of each group.

Lesson 4: Science, Technology and Nation Building

The development of science and technology in the Philippine has already come a long way. Many
significant inventions and discoveries have been accomplished by or attributed to Filipinos. This chapter tackles
how the development of science and technology affect the development of the Philippine as a nation.

Brief Historical Background of Science and Technology in the Philippines

The history of science and technology in the Philippines started way back before the country gained its
independence from their colonizers.
There are two factors that influences the development of Science & Technology in the Philippines
Internal Influences
Survival External influences
Culture  Foreign Colonizers
Development of
Economic Activities  Trades with Foreign Countries
Science and
 International Economic Demands
Technology in the
Philippines
 Science and technology may have significant impact on the lives of the people and in the development of
the Philippine society. Improving the quality of science education still remains as a big challenge in the country.

Let us dicuss the antecedents how technology is being impart in the Philippines.

PRE-COLONIAL PERIOD
During this period, Science in pre-Spanish Philippines, is embedded in the way of life of the people. Science
can be observed in:
A. the way they plant their crops that provide them food.
B. taking care of animals to help them in their daily tasks and for food production.
C. the way they interpret the movements of heavenly bodies to predict seasons and climates and in
organizing days into months and years.
D. They use science in preparing soil for agricultural purposes and they discovered the medicinal uses of
plants.

Technology in the Philippines is used by people:

A. in building houses, irrigations and in developing tools that they can use in everyday life. A
complicated engineering feat was achieved by the natives of the Cordilleras when they built rice
terraces by hand
B. They developed tools for planting, hunting, cooking, and fishing; for fighting their enemies during war
or tribal conflicts; and for transportation.
C. They also developed technologies in creating musical instruments.
D. use of certain plants and herbs as medicines.
E. They also made sophisticated designs of jewellery, ceramics and metal tools.
F. They do trading with China, Indonesia, Japan and other neighbouring countries

COLONIAL PERIOD
A. Spaniards. Life during the Spanish era, they brought with them their own culture and practices and slowly
became modernized. In terms of:
 construction (walls, roads, bridges and other large infrastructures) - using some engineering skills and
tools
 They established schools for boys and girls and introduced the concept of subjects and disciplines
 beginning of formal science and technology in the country
 developed health and educations systems
 The galleon trade has brought additional technology and development in the Philippines

A. Americans. Americans have more influence in the development of science and technology in the Philippines
compared to Spaniards. Like,
 establishes the public education system
 improved engineering works and health of people
 established a modern research university (UP)
 created more public hospitals
 mineral resources were explored and exploited
 transportation and communication were improved
 researches were done to control malaria, cholera and tuberculosis and other tropical diseases
 POST-COLONIAL PERIOD
The Philippines continued to pursue programs in science and technology under different administration.
Each leadership had its own science and technology program or agenda.

DEVELOPMENT OF SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY POLICIES IN THE PHILIPPINES

NATIONAL GOALS
SCIENCE &
TECHNOLOGY
INTERNATIONAL TREATIES
POLICIES
PROGRAMS
LEGAL FRAMEWORKS
PROJECTS

SOCIAL NEEDS. ISSUES AND PROBLEMS

As shown in the diagram, the development of policies in science and technology is shaped or influences
by several variables: policies, programs and projects need to be aligned to national goals, consider international
commitments based on legal frameworks and respond to various social needs, issues and problems.
Policies ensure that the whole country and all people will experience the progress that science can bring.
Policies are guides to direct all efforts to a goal of developing a scientifically advanced country.

Governmeny Policies on Science & Technology

The Philippine government introduced and implemented several programs, projects and policies to boost the
area of science and technology.
The goal is to prepare the whole country and its people to meet the demands of a technologically driven
world and capacitate the people to live in a world driven by science.
In the field of education, several science-related programs and projects were created to develop the scientific
literacy of the country.
Special science classes were organized and special science elementary schools were established in different
regions. The current K to 12 education program included Science, Teachnology, Engineering and Mathematics
(STEM) as one of its major tracks in the senior high school program to encourage more students to enroll in
science-related fields in college.
There are also other existing programs supported by the Philippine government through DOST. Some of
these projects are:
A. Providing funds for basic research and patents related to science & technology
B. Providing scholarship for undergraduate and graduate studies of students in the field of science and
technology.

FAMOUS FILIPINOS IN THE FIELD OF SCIENCE

FILIPINO SCIENTISTS CONTRIBUTIONS
Ramon Cabanos Barba tissue culture in Philippine mangoes
Josefino Cacas Comiso observing the characteristics of Antarctica using
satellite images
Jose Bejar Cruz Jr known internationally in the field of electrical engineering
Lourdes Jansuy Cruz research on sea snail venom
Fabian Millar Dayrit research on herbal medicine
Rafael Dineros Guerrero III research on tilapia culture
Enrique Mapua Ostrea Jr. inventing the meconium drugs testing
Lilian Formalejo Patena research on plant biotechnology
Mari-Jo Panganiban Ruiz outstanding educator and graph theorist
Gregory Ligot Tangonan research in the field of communication technology

There are other outstanding Filipino Scientists who are recognized here and abroad.
FILIPINO SCIENTISTS CONTRIBUTIONS
Ceasar Saloma internationally renowned physicist
Edgardo Gomez famous scientist in marine science
Willaim Padolinoa chemistry and President of National Academy of Science and
Technology-Philippines
Angel Alcala marine science

Many of these Filipino scientists are products of good school science. It means they taught and inspired by
great teachers. Their interests in science started to manifest during their childhood years. Their natural
environment ignited their curiosity to learn more about the natural and physical environment. Schools and
laboratories where they studied and worked nurtured this

INDIVIDUAL INTERESTS IN
SCIENCE SCHOOL SCIENCE SCIENCE
LABORATORIES
TEACHING-
FAMILY (REAL-LIFE
LEARNING
ENVIRONMENT CONTEXT)

NATURAL ENVIRONMENT

FILIPINO SCIENTISTS

FACTORS THAT INFLUENCE THE DEVELOPMENT OF FILIPINO SCIENTISTS

Summary

This lesson focused on the development of Science and Technology in the Philippines. It is started way back
before our country gained its independence from our colonies. The development of Science and Technology in the
Philippines considered to factors: the internal influences which served as for survival, to showcased culture and
increased economic activities. While the external influences are due to foreign colonizers, trades with foreign
countries and for international economic demands.
The historical antecedents on how technology is bening impart in the Philippines. During pre-colonial, people
embedded science and technology in their daily life without knowing it. In the colonial period, Spaniards and
Americans contributed science and technology in the Philippines by introducing their own culture and practices
and became modernized. Durinf post-colonial period, the Philippines continued to pursue programs in Science and
Technology under different administration. Each leadership had its own science and technology program or
agenda. They follow policies, programs, and projects that are aligned to national goals, considering the
international treaties which based on legal frameworks and social needs, issues and problems.
Through the years, may Filipinos were able to establish themselves as scientits and science educators.
 Activity: Questions for reflection:

1. Trace the development of science and technology from the pre-colonial times up to the present. What have
you observed?

2. What do you think are the major contributions of science and technology to Philippine nation-building?

3. What specific government policy do you like the most in terms contributing to the development of science
and technology in the Philippines?

4. What do you think are the major contributions of the Philippines to the field at present?

5. What policies do you want the government to implement in the near future?

Activity:
Divide the class into 6 groups. Each group will be assigned to a president after Marcos. Identify some
achievements in the field of science and technology under the assigned administration and trace how they helped
shape the Philippines as a nation.

SHOW YOUR FINDINGS TO CLASS THROUGH A 5-10-MINUTE CREATIVE VIDEO PRESENTATION.