CSE321: Operating Systems
Introduction
FBA
Course Outcome
● To understand the fundamental concepts of computer system organization and the
structure of operating systems.
● To explore various aspects of process management in operating system
● To know how different CPU scheduling algorithm works and their respective importance
● To develop practical knowledge on the concept of threads
● To inspect process synchronization mechanisms and deadlocks
● To be able to analyze the management of main and virtual memory
Marks Distribution
● Theory – 80%
○ Class participation – 5%
○ Take Home Exam – 5%
○ Quiz – 10% (n-1)
○ Mid – 25%
○ Final – 35%
● Lab – 20%
Operating Systems
"Actual” Introduction
FBA
What is an Operating System?
A program that acts as an intermediary
between a user of a computer and the computer hardware.
USER Application
( a program or application or interface)
Operating System
( a system software )
Hardware
( processor, monitor, keyboard etc. )
System Software Vs Application Software
System Software:
● System Software refers to the operating system and all utility
programs that manage computer resources at a low level.
● Systems software includes compilers, loaders, linkers, and
debuggers.
Application Software:
● Applications software comprises programs designed for an
end user, such as word processors, database systems, and
spreadsheet programs.
Major Goals of OS
● Execute user programs.
● Make the computer system convenient to use.
● Use the computer hardware in an efficient manner
● Manages and allocate all resources
● Controls the execution of user programs and operations of I/O devices
Timeline of OS
Timeline of OS
Timeline of OS
Timeline of OS
● Another revolution of OS came
in the mobile computing
domain, when Steve Jobs
introduced iPhone with iOS in
2007
● The iPhone introduction video
is now regarded as a classic
advertise video
Operating Systems
Computer System
Organization
FBA
Components of a Computer System
Kernel
The one program running at all times.
● Kernel is the central module of an operating system
● Part of OS that loads first, and it remains in main memory.
● As small as possible
● Provide all the essential services required by other parts of the operating system and applications.
● Kernel code is usually loaded into a protected area of memory to prevent it from being overwritten.
Bootstrap Program
An initial program executed when a computer starts running.
● When a computers is powered up or rebooted, it is executed first.
● Stored in the ROM or EEPROM, known as firmware
● Initializes all aspects of the system, from CPU registers to device controllers to memory contents
● bootstrap program must know how to load the operating system and how to start executing
● Once the OS kernel is loaded and executing, it can start providing services to the system and its
users
Storage Structure
❏ Main memory – only large storage media that the CPU can access directly
❏ Random access
❏ Typically volatile
❏ Secondary storage – extension of main memory that provides large nonvolatile storage capacity
● CPU can load instructions only from main memory.
● General-purpose computers run most of their programs from rewritable memory, called main
memory ( also called RAM)
● Computers use other forms of memory as well - Read Only Memory (ROM) and electrically
erasable programmable read-only memory (EEPROM)
● Only static programs, such as the bootstrap program described earlier, are stored here.
Storage Device Hierarchy
Dual Mode Operation
● Need to distinguish between the execution of operating-system code and user defined code.
● A bit, called the mode bit, is added to the hardware of the computer to indicate the current mode:
kernel (0) or user (1).
● dual mode of operation provides protection of the operating system from errant users
● this protection is provided by designating some of the machine instructions that may cause harm as
privileged instructions that are executed only in kernel mode.
Operating Systems
OS Architecture
FBA
Operating System Architecture
Single-Processor Systems
Multiprocessor Systems Clustered Systems
Operating System Architecture
Multiprogramming
Time Sharing System
● Job Scheduling
● CPU Scheduling
Operating Systems
OS Structure
FBA
Operating System Structure
Simple/Monolithic structure
Layered structure Microkernel structure
DOS are simple example of Microkernel Example : MINX
Windows NT operating system
monolithic operating systems (mini-UNIX) ,QNX,etc
Operating Systems
OS Services
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Operating System Services
● OS provides an environment for the execution of programs.
● Specific services provided, differ from one operating system to another, but there are some
common classes
● Services are provided for the convenience of the programmer
Operating Systems
System Call,
System Program,
System Boot
FBA
System Call
● System calls provide an interface to the services made available by an operating system.
● These calls are generally available as routines.
● Routines are written in C or C++. Some low level tasks are written in assembly language.
A program to copy the contents of a file to another file !
Open the input Read from input
Input two Close the
file, and create file, and Write
file name file
the output file into output file
Acquire input file name
Open the input file Loop Close output file.
System Calls
Write prompt to screen
if file doesn't exist, abort Read from input file Write completion
Accept input
Create output file Write to output file message to screen.
Acquire output file name
if file exists, abort Until read fails Terminate normally.
Write prompt to screen
Accept input
System Call Interface
● Serves as the link to system calls made available by the operating system.
● A number is associated with each system call, and the system-call interface maintains a table
indexed according to these numbers.
● Invokes the intended system call in the operating-system kernel and returns the status of the system
call and any return values.
